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Topic: Sarcomere

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	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Sarcomere length-dependence of activity-dependent twitch potentiation in mouse skeletal ...
		Due to this variability of sarcomere length during contractions, all results presented herein are related to sarcomere length readings made prior to the contractions (passive sarcomere length), at one position along the length of the fiber.
		The sarcomere length was established in a clear region of the bundle, close to the force transducer.
		An amplifier was used to produce an analog signal, the voltage of which was proportional to the sarcomere length, based on the median intensity profile of the first-order diffraction pattern [12].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1472-6793/2/19 (4772 words)

	Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body. Page 375
		The sarcomere is situated between two membranes of Krause and consists of (1) a central dark part, which forms a portion of the dark band of the whole fiber, and is named a sarcous element.
		When the sarcostyle is extended, the clear intervals are well-marked and plainly to be seen; when, on the other hand, the sarcostyle is contracted, that is to say, when the muscle is in a state of contraction, these clear portions are very small or they may have disappeared altogether (Fig.
		The sarcous element does not lie free in the sarcomere, for when the sarcostyle is stretched, so as to render the clear portion visible, very fine lines, which are probably septa, may be seen running through it from the sarcous element to the membrane of Krause.
	www.bartleby.com /107/pages/page375.html (752 words)

	Sarcomere - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A sarcomere is the basic unit of a cross striated muscle's myofibril.
		Several proteins important for the stability of the sarcomeric structure are found in the Z-line as well as in the M-band of the sarcomere.
		The interaction between actin and myosin filaments in the A-band of the sarcomere is responsible for the muscle contraction (sliding filament model).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sarcomere (915 words)

	Research and Reviews: Meat, Special Circular 172-99, The Relationship of the Sarcomeric Architecture to Meat Tenderness
		The Z-disk is the boundary for the sarcomere and is oriented perpendicular to the thin filaments and the long axis of the myofibril.
		Sarcomeric myosin is an asymmetric molecule, 160 nm in length and 2 to 10 nm wide.
		Sarcomeres in postmortem muscle that have been aged show disruption of the I-band that is believed to contribute to the tenderization of meat.
	ohioline.osu.edu /sc172/sc172_3.html (2848 words)

	SLControl - SL_SREC dialog
		The sarcomere length signal is often invalid during the Ktr step because the imposed length change may be sufficiently large to move the diffracted laser beam off the position sensitive detector.
		Sarcomere length feedback is only initiated after a time interval (defined in ms by this control) which should be sufficiently long for a valid sarcomere length signal to be established.
		It uses this 'error' signal and a sarcomere length calibration factor to calculate the change in motor command (fibre length) voltage which should just be sufficient to adjust the measured sarcomere length signal to the target value.
	www.uky.edu /~kscamp3/SLControl/Interface/sl_srec.html (1868 words)

	Sarcomere Gene Mutation Screening
		Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is inherited as an autosomal dominant disease that is caused by dominant-negative-acting sarcomere protein gene mutations.
		Mutations in sarcomere protein genes as a cause of dilated cardiomyopathy
		Sarcomere protein gene mutations in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy of the elderly
	cardiogenomics.med.harvard.edu /project-detail?project_id=230 (642 words)

	3-D Model and Simulation of The Contractile Behavior of An Isolated Cardiac Myocyte
		The program allows the user to simply control the contraction cycle in terms of which sarcomeres or myofibrils in the cell are displayed and the number of time intervals in the contraction cycle to be displayed (up to 1000 one-millisecond intervals).
		For example, when the x and y coordinate for the center of a hexagon representing one end of a sarcomere is calculated and drawn, an identical hexagon representing the other end of the sarcomere calculated and drawn but displaced to the right and up.
		Sarcomere length uniformity determined from three-dimensional reconstructions of resting isolated heart cell striation patterns.
	www.edcenter.sdsu.edu /cso/paper.html (3493 words)

	Muscle Biochemistry
		Sarcomeres are composed mostly of actin thin filaments and myosin thick filaments.
		Within a sarcomere the thick and thin filaments interdigitate so that in cross section they are seen to form a hexagonal lattice, in which 6 thin filaments are arrayed around each thick filament.
		Changes in sarcomere length are caused by the thin filaments being pulled along the thick filaments in the direction of the M line.
	web.indstate.edu /thcme/mwking/muscle.html (3467 words)

	Please title this page. (Page 2) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Huxleys observed that during muscle contraction, the sarcomere shortens, the H Zone and I bands become narrower and the Z line moves toward the A band.
		The filaments appear to be sliding medially in the sarcomere.
		The overall effect of shortening of all of the sarcomeres in the cell is contraction of that muscle cell.
	www.jcu.edu /biology/EFF1.HTM (1553 words)

	From the Cover: Interference fine structure and sarcomere length dependence of the axial x-ray pattern from active ...
		in the overlap region of the sarcomere, whereas the 14.34 to 14.57
		Sarcomere length-dependence of the M3 reflection at rest (A) and at the plateau of an isometric tetanus (B).
		Sarcomere length-dependence of the axial intensity distribution (A and C) and peak spacings (B and D) of the M3 reflection at rest (A and B) and at the isometric tetanus plateau (C and D).
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/97/13/7226 (4660 words)

	CardioGenomics: Sarcomere Protein Gene Mutation Database (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		We have compiled a comprehensive list of mutations and missense polymorphisms in the following sarcomere protein genes.
		Contact us to submit your own sarcomere protein gene mutations and polymorphisms directly to this database.
		Use the Artemis DNA sequence viewer to visualize exons, primers, and known mutations in sarcomere genes.
	genetics.med.harvard.edu /~seidman/cg3/index.html (77 words)

	Muscle Physiology
		Within the sarcomere we will see the contractile proteins that interact with each other in the “sliding filament theory” of muscle contraction.
		The main components of the sarcomere that you should be familiar with are: actin, myosin, troponin, and tropomyosin.
		Remember that the sarcomere is made up of thick and thin filaments laid out in an array which gives the muscle a striated pattern.
	www.etsu.edu /cpah/hsci/forsman/webmuscl.htm (801 words)

	[No title]
		The borders of the sarcomere, the z-discs, are lined up in adjacent myofibrils and contribute to the striations visible with a light microscope.
		The thin filaments are attached to z-discs and extend toward the center of the sarcomere, while the thick filaments are centered in the sarcomere.
		The A-band is the broad region of the sarcomere reflecting the length of the thick filaments, and appears dark (anisotropic) when viewed under polarized light.
	www.sportsci.org /encyc/drafts/Contractile_mechanisms.doc (2348 words)

	The basic structure of the sarcomere (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		These multi-nucleated cells have a striated pattern which is caused by repeats of what is known as the contractile unit or sarcomere.
		The striped pattern of the sarcomere is brought about by the two sets of fibers which go to make up its structure.
		It was proposed as early as 1957 that muscle contracts by these two sets of fibers sliding past each other causing the overall length of the sarcomere to shorten.
	harveyproject.science.wayne.edu /development/muscle/strsrcqt.html (95 words)

	The Titin/Telethonin Complex
		In between each I band, a dense vertical region called the Z line divides the myofibrils into a functional unit called the sarcomere, which is the smallest self-contained contractile unit (resting length 2 to 3 µm) of the striated muscle.
		Anchored at the sarcomeric Z and M lines, a string-like titin molecule spans half of the sarcomere in rigid contact with the thick filament along the A band, but flexible along the I band.
		Whereas previous studies have revealed that the unraveling of the β-strands for titin Ig-domains constitutes the dominant unfolding barrier, in the case of Z1Z2 in complex with telethonin, the force peak observed corresponded to a detachment of one virtually intact Z2 domain from a β-strands of telethonin.
	www.ks.uiuc.edu /Research/telethonin (2042 words)

	Dance of the Sarcomeres (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Sarcomeres are the smallest functional unit of muscle physiology, a molecular-scale structure almost like a microscopic muscle.
		But sarcomeres are so skinny that the number you can fit side to side across a muscle cell skyrockets and becomes, once again, comparable to the number of grains across the width of a silo.
		That is an impressive one thousandth the size of the sarcomere, but still ten to one hundred times larger than the scale of the smallest units involved, the ions and other smaller non-protein molecules that mediate all of this.
	mindbodyguide.ca /articles/dance-of-the-sarcomeres.php (3609 words)

	Instantaneous force-velocity-length relationship in diaphragmatic sarcomere -- Coirault et al. 82 (2): 404 -- Journal ...
		Sarcomere behaviour along single frog muscle fibres at different lengths during isometric tetani.
		Laser diffraction studies of sarcomere dynamics during "isometric" relaxation in isolated muscle fibres of the frog.
		Sarcomere length dispersion in single skeletal muscle fibers and fiber bundles.
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/82/2/404 (4136 words)

	PTR5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The sarcomere is the structural and functional unit of contraction of the skeletal muscle.
		The thick myofilaments extend along the center of the sarcomere, overlapping with the thin myofilaments and attached to the Z lines by titin, elastic fibers.
		The H [H, helle, bright] zone is a bright area in the middle of the sarcomere, the M line is a protein that keeps the thick myofilaments equidistant.
	www.accd.edu /sac/biology/ratorres/torrescourses/printouts/PTR19.htm (1251 words)

	Sarcomere Length Measurements
		Since the spacing of the I-bands is the same as the sarcomere length (since the Z-line is at the center of the I-band, and sarcomere length is from Z-line to Z-line), sarcomere length is then equivalent to d in the grating equation.
		Examples of in vivo applications include the measurement of sarcomere length changes in fish while they are swimming and intraoperative sarcomere length measurements in humans during reconstructive procedures.
		Knowledge of a fiber's sarcomere length is important to determine where you are on the length-tension curve and make sure the muscle is at a length which optimal for the tasks it needs to perform.
	muscle.ucsd.edu /musintro/diffraction.shtml (578 words)

	Sarcomere Contraction
		On the microscopic level, the muscle contraction occurs through a smaller contraction of the sarcomere.
		The sarcomere is a functional unit composed of two membranes (Z-lines), which act as boundaries.
		The muscle contraction is a result of the actin and myosin filaments sliding over each other, thereby causing the length of the sarcomere to shorten.
	www.unc.edu /~scmannin/greg.html (72 words)

	Differential serial sarcomere number adaptations in knee extensor muscles of rats is contraction type dependent -- ...
		Differential serial sarcomere number adaptations in knee extensor muscles of rats is contraction type dependent -- Butterfield et al.
		However, after 10 days of training, the serial sarcomere number within the vastus intermedius of both the uphill and downhill rats were significantly different from the serial sarcomere number of the control rats: For uphill walking, serial sarcomeres were lost, whereas for downhill walking serial sarcomeres increased.
		However, after 10 days of training, the serial sarcomere number for the uphill trained rats (concentric contractions) was significantly smaller than that of the control rats, but it did not differ from the serial sarcomere number of the downhill walking rats.
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/99/4/1352 (4844 words)

	Muscular system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The smallest cross section of skeletal muscle is called a sarcomere which is the functional unit within the cell.
		Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcomere when a muscle is stimulated to contract.
		When the muscle no longer needs to contract, the calcium ions are pumped from the sarcomere and back into storage in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Muscular_system (934 words)

	SLControl - General Background
		One way of minimizing this potential artefact is to measure the muscle's mean sarcomere length (normally using a laser diffraction technique) following the perturbation and attempt to prevent gross changes in the measured value by appropriate adjustments to the overall preparation length.
		In this type of scheme, signals, such as muscle force and sarcomere length, are passed from the experimental apparatus to the computer providing information about the preparations's macroscopic state.
		The initial aim was simply to implement sarcomere length control technology in a more modern, reproducible framework, but the project has evolved significantly since then.
	www.uky.edu /~kscamp3/SLControl/Main/history.html (1466 words)

	X-ray diffraction recordings from a single sarcomere within an isolated myofibril — SPring-8 Web Site
		Because the beam size was also ~2 µm (i.e., less than the length of a single sarcomere), this means that diffraction patterns were taken from the volume equivalent to a single sarcomere within a myofibril.
		This is because a single sarcomere contains only one hexagonal lattice, and when the Bragg condition is met for the 1,0 (and 2,0) lattice plane, the Bragg condition is never met for the 1,1 plane.
		This is another piece of evidence that the reflections came from a single lattice of a sarcomere.
	www.spring8.or.jp /en/current_result/press_release/2005/050629 (1148 words)

	BioMed Central \| Abstract \| Sarcomere length-dependence of activity-dependent twitch potentiation in mouse skeletal ...
		Sarcomere length-dependence of activity-dependent twitch potentiation in mouse skeletal muscle
		It has been reported that potentiation of a skeletal muscle twitch response is proportional to muscle length with a negative slope during staircase, and a positive slope during posttetanic potentiation.
		Mouse extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were dissected to small bundles of fibers, which permit measurement of sarcomere length (SL), by laser diffraction.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1472-6793/2/19/abstract (314 words)

	Single-Gene Mutations and Increased Left Ventricular Wall Thickness in the Community: The Framingham Heart Study -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		sarcomere protein gene mutations are predicted to alter the
		Because mutations in the sarcomere protein genes cause unexplained
		sarcomere protein gene mutations is that in older community-based
	circ.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/113/23/2697 (4134 words)

	Muscle Biochemistry
		, and thus a sarcomere extends along a myofibril from one Z line to the next Z line.
		Each sarcomere is composed of hundreds of filamentous protein aggregates, each known as a
		-actinin, serve as an embedding matrix or anchor for one end of the thin filaments, which extend toward the center of sarcomeres on either side of the Z line.
	www.dentistry.leeds.ac.uk /biochem/thcme/muscle.html (3265 words)

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