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	Sasanian Empire
		The Sasanian age was a dynamic time of cultural and economic revival when a new Persian ruling house in southwestern Iran, like the Achaemenid Persians of a thousand years before, extended its dominion over much of Western and Central Asia, in territories that stretched from Transcaucasia to the Indus.
		Sasanian Iran, which remained a highly centralized state for over 400 years, forged a fusion of the offices of church and state, of religious authority and secular rule.
		This symbol is explicit on Sasanian coins where the reigning monarch, with his crown and regalia of office, appears on the obverse, backed by the sacred fire, the symbol of the national religion, on the coin's reverse.
	www.ecai.org /sasanianweb/docs/sasanianEmpire.html (466 words)

	Sasanian Empire
		Ardashir I, a king of Persis, defeats the Parthian king Artabanos IV and two years later is crowned as the first Sasanian king in 226 AD.
		His son, Shapur I, expands the borders to include all of modern Iran and parts of Iraq, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and the Gulf Coast of the Arabian peninsula.
		400 years of war with Rome, Kushans, Chionites and Hephthalites takes its toll and in the mid 7th century the Arabs overrun the Sasanians, replacing Zoroastrianism with Islam.
	www.grifterrec.com /coins/sasania/sasanian.html (157 words)

	Frye. Heritage of Persia
		The purpose of the later Sasanians in attributing an early origin for many offices was probably that they wished to seek authority for new developments by clauning that these were in fact not new, but dated from the beginning of the empire although they had fallen into decay.
		The proliferation of titles and honorifics in the course of Sasanian history was a tendency which lasted down to the twentieth century and the confusion of personal names, offices or titles, and honorifics was a problem for Byzantine writers in their day as it was for more contemporary foreign authors writing about Iran.
		The Sasanian empire was now more occupied with internal affairs than with external, and presumably a modus vivendi between the great feudal lords and the king of kings had been forged in such a way that a new allegiance to the house of Sasan was accepted by all.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/med/fryeheri.html (10494 words)

	Sassanid Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The literature, however, makes it clear that the art of painting flourished in Sasanian times; the prophet Mani is reported to have founded a school of painting; Firdowsi speaks of Persian magnates adorning their mansions with pictures of Iranian heroes; and the poet al-Buhturi describes the murals in the palace at Ctesiphon.
		When a Sasanian king died, the best painter of the time was called upon to make a portrait of him for a collection kept in the royal treasury.
		Sasanian settlements in Oman and Yemen testify to the importance of trade with India, but the silk trade with China was mainly in the hands of Sassanid vassals and the Iranian people, the Sogdians.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sasanian (10145 words)

	Sasanian Army - (CAIS)
		Since the Sasanian horseman lacked the stirrup [163], he used a war saddle which, like the medieval type, had a cantle at the back and two guard clamps curving across the top of the rider's thighs enabling him thereby to stay in the saddle especially during violent contact in battle [164].
		The inventory of weapons ascribed to Sasanian horsemen at the time of Khosrow Anōšīravān [165], resembles the twelve items of war mentioned in Vendidad 14.9 [166], thus showing that this part of the text had been revised in the later Sasanian period.
		The organisation of the Sasanian army is not quite clear, and it is not even certain that a decimal scale prevailed, although such titles as hazārmard [183] might indicate such a system.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/Military/sasanian_army.htm (1546 words)

	The Sasanian Empire (224 BCE - AD 642)
		Sasanian 'Great Kings' were themselves overthrown by the Muslem Arabs in AD 642.
		In the relief Shapur is seen, larger than life size, riding in from the left and wearing the distinctive tall Sasanian crown which breaks through the border of the relief and serves to draw the viewers attention to the king.
		The architecture of the Sasanian period is represented by many remains of a variety of structures: palaces, fire temples, forts, bridges, dams, houses and planned cities.
	www.silk-road.com /artl/sasanian.shtml (893 words)

	Notebook
		In the first century of Sasanian rule, the empire was extended in the East at the expense of the Kushans of north-western India, whose power was already on the decline.
		The greatest territorial extension of the Sasanian empire and the last apogee of its artistic activities were reached in the time of Khusraw II [591-628], a well known figure in the history and legend of the West, who had taken the Holy Cross from Jerusalem to his capital, Ctesiphon.
		Resistance of the Sasanians was broken in the battle of Nihavend in 642.
	www.noteaccess.com /Texts/Porada/15.htm (4497 words)

	Frye.History of Ancient Iran
		A year earlier the Sasanian governor of Armenia, of the Suren family, built a fire temple at Dvin near modern Erevan, and he put to death an influential member of the Mamikonian family, which touched off a revolt which led to the massacre of the Persian governor and his guard in 571.
		Sasanian settlements in Oman and Yemen testify to the importance of the trade with India, but the silk trade with China, as we shall see, was mainly in the hands of the Sogdians.
		Since the Sasanians were part of a tradition of conservatism it should cause no surprise to find priests acting as witnesses and as udges and custodians of records in various transactions of a village, city or a province in Sasanian Iran.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/med/fryehst.html (6053 words)

	History of Iran: The Persian Gulf Trade in Late Antiquity
		The Sasanian hold on the Persian Gulf was apparent from the beginning: from the start of the dynasty in the third century CE ports and forts were established on the Persian and Arab side of the Persian Gulf.
		The Sasanians were competing with the Romans and disputing trade concessions as far as Sri Lanka, and it appears there was even a Sasanian colony in Malaysia, but again they do not appear to be military colonies.
		By the late Sasanian period (sixth and seventh centuries CE) it is clear from Arab sources that many of the people who lived along the coast of the Persian Gulf were Persians and that the Arabs lived in the mountains and the desert.
	iranchamber.com /history/articles/persian_gulf_trade_late_antiquity.php (6559 words)

	Recent Sasanian Coin Findings on the Territory of Georgia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It was my aim to study Sasanian coins and trace, as far as possible, the routes of their spread over the territory of Georgia, to know how, when and why they could be exported out of the Empire and what was their use and life on the territory of Georgia.
		Sasanian coins arrived into Iberia by incidental, later, after the lapse of 150 years, from the 5th century onward a great number of isolated and scattered finds and hoards have been circulated and found in an unbroken succession.
		All Sasanian rulers are known to have struck coins, the principal denomination being the silver drachm.
	histoiremesure.revues.org /document888.html (3459 words)

	Touraj Daryaee \| The Persian Gulf Trade in Late Antiquity \| Journal of World History, 14.1 \| The History Cooperative
		The Sasanians also built other ports to expand their trade, in such places as Muscat in Oman during the time of Xusro I. The importance of Muscat for Persian traders continued into the Islamic period, for ships sailing from India to Aden stopped at this port.
		In the Sasanian period, not only was production mainly in the hands of private individuals, but the economy seems to have been the domain of the same people and not the state.
		While the Sasanian state may have patrolled the roads and waterways for security, there is simply no evidence that a Sasanian navy was present in the Persian Gulf or was active in the opening markets in the East.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/jwh/14.1/daryaee.html (6660 words)

	The Sasanian period (
		The Sasanian period marks the end of the ancient and the beginning of the medieval era in the history of the Middle East.
		Unlike the Parthians, the Sasanians established their own princes as rulers of the small kingdoms they conquered, except on the frontiers, where they accepted vassals or allies because their hold over the frontier regions was insecure.
		After about 485 the Sasanian government was satisfied that the Nestorian church in their domains was not loyal to Byzantium, and further persecutions were not state-inspired but rather prosecuted by the Zoroastrian clergy.
	www.angelfire.com /nt/Gilgamesh/sasanian.html (1797 words)

	Iranica.com - SASANIAN ROCK RELIEFS
		I-II) to compare Sasanian coin legends and inscriptions on rock reliefs in 1793, and de Sacy's knowledge of Pahlavi was used by Ker Porter, who compared the royal images on the reliefs with early Sasanian coins (Ker Porter 1821, I, 552, 561, pl.
		Howell, The Sasanian Reliefs at Naqsh-i Rustam, Naqsh-i Rustam 6, The Triumph of Shapur I, Iranische Denkmaler 13, Berlin, 1989.
		Skjaervo, The Sasanian Inscription of Paikuli I-III, Wiesbaden, 1978-83.
	www.iranica.com /articles/sup/SasanianReliefs.html (4995 words)

	THE SASANIAN PALACES& THEIR INFLUENCE IN EARLY ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE - (CAIS) © (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Butbefore using this drawing to discuss the nature of Sasanian gate complexes, the typical Sasanian arrangement of domed hall fronted by an iwan, or the basilical hall in Sasanian architecture, we should dwell for a moment on its pedigree.
		Sasanian influence becomes a real factor only with the cruciform grouping of rooms which were clearly the focus of these complexes.
		When Sasanian influence is evident at all, it is invariably seen in the official portions, more specifically in the throne-room ensemble which must have embodied for writers and builders alike the essence of Sasanian imperium.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/Architecture/sasanian_palaces_islam.htm (4979 words)

	Department of Ancient Near East (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The complete sequence of Sasanian coins struck at Merv not only indicate that the city was taken during the latter part of the reign of Ardashir I (ca 220-240) but that it remained under direct Sasanian rule throughout this four-hundred year period.
		The last Sasanian ruler, Yazdgard III (633-651) was murdered close to the city and the Sasanian military governor [marzban] Mahawayh b.
		The area of the old Sasanian city in Gyaur Kala was gradually abandoned to become an industrial suburb with ceramic and metal workshops east of the new city which developed between the Raziq and Majan canals.
	www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk /ane/anereexmerv.html (1157 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2002.05.06
		Despite repeated Sasanian operations in Syria and Cilicia in the mid-third century and Roman invasions into Mesopotamia in AD 242-44, 262-264, 283 and 363, the periods of intense warfare until AD 371 largely focused on the precise border in upper Mesopotamia (Nisibis and its hinterland) and especially Armenia.
		A surprisingly large space (chapter II.1) on Sasanian aims in foreign policy is devoted to the question of the Sasanians as self-styled heirs to the Achaemenids, echoing the claim that the Sasanian political agenda involved the reconquest of the earlier empire's possessions (M 1-2, p.
		That the Sasanians exercised restraint while the Romans conquered Palmyra is rather excused by the short reigns of one, and three years by Hormizd I and Bahram I during the years in question (p.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2002/2002-05-06.html (3773 words)

	Persian Gulf Online
		A recent study of the Sasanian period demonstrates that agriculture was the main mode of production in Late Antiquity, in which the state invested in the building of canals and other means to improve agricultural productivity.12 One can assume that the upkeep of roads and communication were other preoccupations of the state.
		From the beginning of the Sasanian period, Persian merchants and official missions visited China.54 We know of a Sasanian official called by the Chinese word sa-pao, who was stationed in Si-nan where the temples of the celestial god of fire was established.55 The Romans, in search of silk, reluctantly took to the sea.
		Sasanian coins belonging to the rulers of the late Sasanian period can be found in such territories: in T‘ien Tz, Yü, Ch‘angan county, the small number of coins found belonged to those of Xusro II and Buran; in Yaoshien, Shensi, Sasanian coins belonging to Peroz, Kawad I, and Xusro I were found.
	www.persiangulfonline.org /research/oldtrade.htm (5336 words)

	Islamic Art - Early Islamic Art
		Characteristic of this transitional period is a stucco relief plaque, depicting a king hunting on horseback, from a small palace in northern Iran, datable to the end of the seventh or the first half of the eighth century (fig.
		The Sasanian crown, once an insignia of royal power, was abstracted and removed from its original context, becoming an important motif in early Islamic art, as can also be seen on an eighth- to ninth-century textile fragment (fig.
		Gilded silver was a favorite material in Sasanian times, and such precious metals also seem to have been used in the production of luxury wares in early Islamic Iran, based on evidence from historical and literary texts.
	www.lacma.org /islamic_art/eia.htm (2588 words)

	The Sasanians, 224-636 \| Thematic Essay \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Sasanians saw themselves as the successors of the
		By the end of Shapur I’s reign, the Sasanian empire stretched from the River Euphrates to the River Indus and included modern-day Armenia and Georgia.
		After a disastrous campaign, the Sasanians were forced to pay tribute to their new eastern neighbors.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/sass/hd_sass.htm (496 words)

	Compareti - Sasanians in Africa - Transoxiana 4
		Officially, the Sasanian armies helped the Byzantine generals rebelled to Phocas, but soon the real intentions of Khosrow were revealed when Heraclius (610-641) defeated Phocas (who was put to death) and was proclaimed Emperor.
		Sasanian elements in Ethiopian art were then claimed for the wooden panels at Däbrà Dammò dated 10th century -most likely of Coptic inspiration [Conti Rossini, 1928, pl. XXXVIII, 116; Mordini, 1947; Etiopi, centri e tradizioni, 1971, pp.
		It is possible that the Sasanians were in contact with a not identified African kingdom since the reign of Narseh (293-302).
	www.transoxiana.com.ar /0104/sasanians.html (5404 words)

	Beazley Archive - Gems - Styles and Periods - Late Antique, Early Christian and Jewish (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Innumerable Sasanian gems (3rd to 7th centuries AD) survive, most cut in the materials used traditionally by the Romans (primarily cornelian and agate, but also more exotic materials such as rock crystal, garnet, haematite, and lapis lazuli), but in shapes and styles distinctive to the region.
		Jewish and Christian Sasanian gems are stylistically identical to Mazdean examples, but are distinguishable either by their devices or inscriptions, which may be in Pahlavi Syriac, or Hebrew.
		A small number of gems in Sasanian style are engraved with inscriptions in Syriac, sometimes preceded by a small cross, all of which are Christian, sometimes explicit by the use of the term "servant of Jesus".
	www.beazley.ox.ac.uk /Gems/Styles/EarlyChristian/Script/SasanianRight.htm (451 words)

	SASANIKA
		Sasanian courtly manners were to be adopted by the Late Roman (Byzantine) Empire, as well as Chinese, Central Asian, and later Muslim Caliphs.
		Sasanian silver dishes were also a source of emulation by various kingdoms in Central Asia and the Caucuses, and known for their design, beauty and craftsmanship.
		In terms of economy, Sasanian coins which appear to be the first flat coins in the world to be circulated had immense importance for trade.
	www.rozanehmagazine.com /JanFeb04/asasanika.html (1160 words)

	History of Iran: The Reforms of Khosrow Anushirvan (The Immortal Soul)
		Later the south Arabian kingdom renounced Sasanian overlordship and another Persian expedition was sent in 598 which was successful in annexing southern Arabia as a Sasanian province which lasted until the time of troubles after Khosrow II.
		In 578 a new Byzantine commander Maurice captured several Sasanian strongholds, but the Armenian revolt came to an end with a general amnesty from Khosrow, which brought Armenia back into the Sasanian Empire, and peace negotiations between the two great powers were under way when Khosrow died in 579.
		But the weakness of Sasanian Iran at that time was in no small measure the result of both internal and external fighting in the empire and the lack of rulers with the personal influence and power of a Shapur or Khosrow.
	www.iranchamber.com /history/articles/reforms_of_anushirvan.php (6062 words)

	Iranica.com - SASANIAN DYNASTY
		Sasanian society was basically comprised of three classes (see CLASS SYSTEM ii.): the warriors, the commoners ("cultivators"), and the clergy (see Tafazzoli 2001).
		Incidentally, the view that in the Sasanian period Zurvanism was important or even prevailed as the state religion may have been founded on doubtful onomastic indications and free interpretation of confused non-Zoroastrian reports (Asmussen, 1983, p.
		Although its last days were inglorious, the Sasanian state remained the ideal model of organization, splendor, and justice in Perso-Arab tradition; and its bureaucracy and royal ideology were imitated by successor states, especially the Abbasid, Ottoman, and Safavid empires.
	www.iranica.com /newsite/articles/ot_grp7/ot_sasanian_dyn_20050301.html (11743 words)

	20th WCP: The Context and Contents of Priscianus of Lydia's Solutionum ad Chosroem
		These examples of philsophers who journeyed to the Sasanian Empire do not give any evidence that a trip to Persian territory was an extraordinary undertaking or that it involved any negative catalyst on the part of Roman or Byzantine authorities to force such a trip.
		The Sasanian ruler at the time of the seven Hellenic philosophers' visit to the Sasanian court was probably Khusro I "The Immortal One" (c.530-579).
		Representatives from the various religions and philosophical systems in the Sasanian Empire were invited to attend the conference, having first set out in writing a statement of belief in order for this to be presented at the Sasanian court so that the shah could judge which statement was best.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Medi/MediErha.htm (2987 words)

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