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Topic: Satem

	Centum-Satem isogloss - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The supposed area of origin of Satemization is shown in darker red (Sintashta/Abashevo/Srubna cultures).
		The Satem languages show the characteristic change of the so-called Proto-Indo-European palato-velars (ḱ, ǵ, *ǵʰ) into affricate and fricative consonants articulated in the front of the mouth.
		Incomplete Satemization in Baltic, and, to a lesser extent, Slavic, is taken as an indication of the diffusion of the satem sound change, or, alternatively, due to loans via early contact of Proto-Baltic and Proto-Germanic speakers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Satem (1284 words)

	Wikipedia: Satem
		The Satem division of the Indo-European family includes the following branches: Indo-Iranian, Baltic and Slavic, Armenian, Albanian, plus a number of barely documented extinct languages, such as Thracian and Dacian (see: Indo-European languages).
		By contrast, in the remainder of the Indo-European family (the so-called Centum languages), palato-velars lost their palatal component and merged with plain velars, while labio-velars remained distinct.
		The Satem group is a paraphyletic group and thus not a phylogenetic unit.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/s/sa/satem.html (203 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Indo-European languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Indo-European sub-branches are often classified in a Satem and a Centum group.
		For example, the Germanic (centum) and Balto-Slavic (satem) families are by many measures more closely related than Germanic is to co-centum groups such as Italic or Celtic and/or Slavic is to a co-satem grouping such as Iranian).
		According to them, Satemization was a "central" development of the latest stage of proto-Indo-European, which did not reach "peripheral" dialects already separated geographically.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Indo-European_languages (3366 words)

	Satem - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		By contrast, in the remainder of the Indo-European family (the then-called Centum languages), palato-velars lost their palatal component and merged with plain velars, while labio-velars remained distinct.
		The Satem shift is conveniently illustrated with the word for '100', Proto-Indo-European *ḱmtom, which became e.g.
		Avestan satem (hence the name of the group), Lithuanian šimtas, Russian sto, etc., as contrasted with Latin centum (pron.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Satem (277 words)

	Indo-European languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Satem languages lost the distinction between labiovelar and pure velar sounds, and at the same time assibilated the palatal velars.
		Geographically, the "eastern" languages belong in the Satem group: Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic (but not including Tocharian and Anatolian); and the "western" languages represent the Centum group: Germanic, Italic, and Celtic.
		The Satem-Centum isogloss runs right between the Greek (Centum) and Armenian (Satem) languages (which a number of scholars regard as closely related), with Greek exhibiting some marginal Satem features.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indo-European_language (2248 words)

	Persian Classification
		Satem is the Avestan (an ancient Iranian language) word for "hundred"; centum is the Latin word for "hundred".
		Thus, the satem branch also includes Farsi, Pashto, Dari, Kurdish, Baluchi, and a number of other languages and dialects.
		In satem languages, the two sounds for k remain separate phonemes, and the palatal k becomes a sibilant.
	www.lerc.educ.ubc.ca /lerc/courses/489/worldlang/persian/classification/classification.htm (975 words)

	Talk:Dacian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		I doubt that there ever was a "Satem branch" or a "proto-Satem language".
		Armenian for instance, though Satem, may be from the same branch as Greek.
		The first element is from PIE gwher-, 'warm', and does not show a Satem* reflex.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Dacian_language (2329 words)

	Brujula.Net - Your Latin Stating Point (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Indo-European sub-branches are often classified in a Satem and a
		In general, the "eastern" languages are Satem, and the "western" languages are Centum.
		There may be some languages that classify neither as Satem nor as Centum.
	www.brujula.net /english/wiki/Indo-European_languages.html (696 words)

	INDOEUROPEAN EVOLUTION
		In Satem, PIE k becomes s or sh, g becomes z or zh, kw becomes k or c (as in church), and gw becomes g or j (as in John).
		I suspect that the progression was to ph, th, kh, then to phi, theta, chi, and finally to f, f, and h.
		The main body of the southern Satem dialect expands into the Ukraine to become the Cimmerians, leaving the Dacians in the original homeland.
	www.ship.edu /~cgboeree/indoeuropean.html (2134 words)

	Indo-European Languages. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Satem is the ancient word for "one hundred" in Avestan, a language in the eastern branch of Indo-European.
		Black and white copies of the Centum chart and the Satem chart are also available if you wish to print out a copy.
		The various charts of Indo-European languages and the maps showing the spread of each Indo-European language, were created by Daniel M. Short for his website at http://www.danshort.com/.
	web.cn.edu /kwheeler/IE_Main.html (478 words)

	Centum and Satem (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Based upon the difference in the word "hundred" in Latin (centum) and Asvestan (satem) two language families have been identified.
		The western, centum, family includes Greek, Latin (with the Italic dialects), Venetic, Germanic, Celtic, Hittite and Tocharian although this latter does not occur in the West.
		The "satem" languages are Slavic, Baltic, Albanian, Armenian and Aryan.
	bwalker.free.fr /lang/centum_satem.htm (75 words)

	Family Tree DNA Forum - View Single Post - The Deep Origins of Haplogroup I
		It is found in Balts, Slavs, Indic, and Iranian speakers, all of whom are Satem speakers.
		In the Balkans, the Slavs (satem) have lots, the Greeks and Albanians (centum) have little.
		J2 is found in both centum and satem speakers.
	www.familytreedna.com /forum/showpost.php?p=5410&postcount=49 (386 words)

	Satem-Centum Divide, Bangani and Possible Indian Substrate - www.ezboard.com
		Satem languages include Indic languages (Hindi or Assamese), Iranian, Slavic (Russian) and Armenian.
		The distinguishing feature of Satem languages is that the word for hundred begins with an "S" sound (for instance 100 is "Sau" in Hindi).
		This word obviously was not of much use during the Satem split, and it could well have been a variant of the word for 100.
	p076.ezboard.com /fdesivoicefrm63.showMessage?topicID=117.topic (921 words)

	pl Satem The Satem division of the Indo European Indo European...
		pl Satem The Satem division of the Indo European Indo European...
		By contrast, in the remainder of the Indo-European family (the so-called Centum Centum languages), palato-velars lost their palatal component and merged with plain velars, while labio-velars remained distinct.
		Avestan Avestan "satem" (hence the name of the group), Lithuanian Lithuanian "s^imtas", etc., as contrasted with Latin Latin "centum" (pron.
	www.biodatabase.de /Satem (272 words)

	Centum and satem
		Those languages with the s- (sh-) sound are classified satem (after the 'hundred' word in Avestan), those which have a k- sound are the centum languages (after the Latin word).
		Note that in the satem languages, the labial element is lost.
		As observed above, the centum languages retain the PIE articulation better than the satem group: the velars (/palato-velars) in the centum group did not become sibilants and the labial element was retained.
	popgen.well.ox.ac.uk /eurasia/htdocs/anderson.html (939 words)

	eListas.net - Mis eListas: historia_universal: Mensajes
		And here we discover something very interesting: according to the most up-to-date scholarly sources, the Albanian language is neither satem nor centum, but in fact has elements of both centum and satem in its sound-change patterns.
		In fact, what seems to have happened is that the Thracian and Dacian languages were basically Centum, and became partly satemized under the influence of Phrygian and proto-Albanian.
		This idea is given credence by this fact: the Thracian toponyms that end in '-diza/-deiza' are almost all in the extreme southeast corner of Thrace, the region surrounding Buzantion, and this region was closest to the Phrygians.
	www.elistas.net /lista/historia_universal/archivo/msg/693 (314 words)

	Satem - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		pl:Satem The Satem division of the Indo-European family includes the following branches: Indo-Iranian, Baltic and Slavic, Armenian, Albanian, plus a number of barely documented extinct languages, such as Thracian and Dacian (see: Indo-European languages).
		All those languages show the characteristic change of the so-called Proto-Indo-European palato-velars (*k
		This page was last modified 07:33, 17 Jan 2004.
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /Satem (209 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Satem has been servicing in the electrical engineering and construction sector since 1980.
		Satem maintains its high standards in quality and increases is service capacity and brings effective, high-quality solutions to its customers' needs.
		Sara Ltd is a U.K. based company established by the AFW Group to operate in international trade.
	www.satemelektrik.com /afw.htm (188 words)

	Satem Information - Online Prescription Medication Directory
		Later sound changes within a specific branch of Indo-European that are similar to one of the changes, such as the palatalization of Latin k to s in some Romance languages or the merger of *k?
		For words and groups of words, which do not appear in any language with labialized velar-sound, [the "pure velars"] it must for the present be left undecided whether they ever had the u?
		-, Fewer examples of incomplete Satemization are also known from Indo-Iranian, such as Sanskrit guru "heavy" < g?er-, kulam "herd" < k?el-; kuru "make" < *k?er- may be compared, but it arises only post-Rigvedic in our attested texts.
	www.prescriptiondrug-info.com /drug_information_online.asp?title=Satem (1285 words)

	pl Satem The Satem division of the Indo European...
		pl Satem The Satem division of the Indo European...
		Avestan "satem" (hence the name of the group), Lithuanian "s^imtas", etc., as contrasted with Latin "centum" (pron.
		k, see Grimm's law), Greek "(he)katon", Welsh "cant", etc. The Satem group is a paraphyletic group and thus not a phylogenetic unit.
	www.geodatabase.de /Satem (241 words)

	Satem and Centum
		If you have read anything about the IE language groups you might have run across the terms satem and centum...well here is the quick and dirty.
		The original *k sound of PIE is preserved in some IE languages for the most part (except for the Asian IE language, Tocharian) these languages are found in the western IE world, in other words Europe.
		The Satem family is named after the Irainian word for hundred.
	www.ancientworlds.net /aw/Post/488418 (258 words)

	The Indo-European Language Family
		Please note that not all languages fall neatly into these categories.
		Satem languages include Baltic, Slavic, Albanian, Armenian, and Indo-Iranian languages.
		Click here to see the complete satem language tree.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/december/IEFamily.html (980 words)

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