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	The Sather Language: Efficient, Interactive, Object-Oriented Programming
		Sather is an object oriented language which aims to be simple, efficient, interactive, safe, and non-proprietary.
		Sather avoids many of the runtime tag checking operations that are done by less strongly typed languages.
		Because the compiler uses C as an intermediate language, the quality of the executable code depends on the match of the C code templates used by the Sather compiler to the optimizations employed by the C compiler.
	www.icsi.berkeley.edu /~sather/Publications/article.html (3049 words)

	C programming language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The C programming language is a standardized imperative computer programming language developed in the early 1970s by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie for use on the Unix operating system.
		C is a relatively minimalist programming language that operates close to the hardware, and is more similar to assembly language than to most high-level languages.
		Unfortunately, C is designed as a programming language, not as a compiler target language, so is not ideal for use as an intermediate language, leading to development of C-based intermediate languages, such as C--.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/C_programming_language (5124 words)

	Sather - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sather also takes inspiration from other programming languages and paradigms: iterators, design by contract, abstract classes, multiple inheritance, anonymous functions, operator overloading, contravariant type system.
		Sather is implemented as a compiler to C, i.e., the compiler does not output object or machine code, but takes Sather source code and generates C source code as an intermediate language.
		Optimizing is by the C compiler, Sather code often performs better than the corresponding C++ code, and the generated C code can always be optimized by hand.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sather_programming_language (251 words)

	Misc
		Occam - is a programming language which facilitates writing parallel programs, allowing the programmer to specify whether processes are to be executed sequentially or in parallel.
		One way of placing it in the "space of languages" is to say that it aims to be as efficient as C, C++, or Fortran, as elegant as and safer than Eiffel, and support higher-order functions and iteration abstraction as well as Common Lisp, CLU or Scheme.
		YAFL Programming Language - is a middle term research project which covers the design and the implementation of a new object-oriented language, as well as several attached programming tools.
	www.geocities.com /SiliconValley/Heights/6121/misc.html (3704 words)

	PLE lecture notes -- Sather (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Sather is a statically type-safe language which places great emphasis on efficiency.
		Program restriction is inherently fragile, because software and hardware advances continually change the notion of "efficiently implementable." Indeed, many of the "efficient" constructs in Sather were once considered too inefficient to put in a language.
		Sather supports this by allowing edges in the type graph to be added at will, even outside of the type definitions, as long as the connected types conform in their method signatures.
	www.nt.ntnu.no /users/haugwarb/Programming/sather_lectures.html (1721 words)

	Dr. Dobb's \| The Sather Programming Language \| July 22, 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Sather, however, is "strongly typed," meaning that every Sather object and variable has a specified type and that there are precise rules defining the types of object that each variable can hold.
		Sather is able to statically check programs for type correct-ness_if a piece of Sather code is accepted by the interpreter or compiler, it's impossible for it to assign an object of an incorrect type to a variable.
		Sather allows you to cleanly encapsulate iteration using constructs called "iters" (Murer, Omohundro, and Szy-perski, 1993) that are like routines, except their names end in an exclamation point (!), their bodies may contain yield and quit statements, and they may only be called within loops.
	www.ddj.com /184409399 (3279 words)

	Language list (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		C is often described, with a mixture of fondness and disdain varying according to the speaker, as "a language that combines all the elegance and power of assembly language with all the readability and maintainability of assembly language".
		ICI is a programming language with a dynamic, object based data model with the flow control constructs and operators of C. It is designed for use in many environments, including embedded systems, as an adjunct to other programs and as a text based interface to compiled libraries.
		RPG (Report Program Generator) is a programming language that originated as a report-building program used in DEC and IBM minicomputer operating systems and evolved into a fully procedural programming language.
	home.nvg.org /~sk/lang/lang.html (5710 words)

	Cetus Links: 16604 Links on Objects and Components / Sather
		Sather is an object oriented language which designed to be simple, efficient, safe, and non-proprietary.
		One way of placing it in the "space of languages" is to say that it attempts to be as efficient as C, C++, or Fortran, as elegant and safe as Eiffel or CLU, and to support higher-order functions as well as Common Lisp, Scheme, or Smalltalk.
		Sather has garbage collection, statically-checked strong typing, multiple inheritance, separate implementation and type inheritance, parameterized classes, dynamic dispatch, iteration abstraction, higher-order routines and iters, exception handling, assertions, preconditions, postconditions, and class invariants.
	www.cetus-links.org /oo_sather.html (571 words)

	Brad Appleton's Programming Languages Links
		The work of the project includes theoretical studies of programming languages and their properties, development of new compiler and run-time technology, and empirical studies of the application of advanced language techniques to real-world programming problems, especially in the areas of high-performance networks and operating systems.
		Mercury is a logic-based programming language that has strong type and mode systems that detect a large percentage of program errors at compile time.
		The YAFL Programming Language is a middle term research project which covers the design and the implementation of a new object-oriented language, as well as several attached programming tools.
	www.cmcrossroads.com /bradapp/links/prog-langs.html (2062 words)

	Researchers in Programming Languages and Compilers
		Advanced language and compiler technology for the Scheme programming language; the incorporation of formal methods such as continuation models, type inference, abstract interpretation, etc. as a foundation for such a technology; parallel and distributed computing for symbolic and irregular applications.
		Programming languages and compilers, in particular languages and compilers for parallel machines; design and programming of shared-memory parallel computers; compiling symbolic languages; program profiling and tracing; and program executable editing.
		Programming language analysis and design, including module systems, object-oriented programming, type systems, and reasoning about programs; applications of mathematical logic to programming languages and automated reasoning; algorithms for static analysis of programs.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /afs/cs.cmu.edu/user/mleone/web/language-people.html (4088 words)

	CS267: Programming with pSather
		Sather is an object oriented language designed to be simple, efficient, safe, and non-proprietary.
		Sather was developed at the International Computer Science Institute, a research institute affiliated with the computer science department of University of California at Berkeley.
		Sather programs are strongly typed, so variables can't point to memory of an incorrect type.
	www.cs.berkeley.edu /~demmel/cs267/pSather_lecture.html (3017 words)

	Multi-paradigm programming language Information
		A multiparadigm programming language is a programming language that supports more than one programming paradigm.
		The design goal of such languages is to allow programmers to use the best tool for a job, admitting that no one paradigm solves all problems in the easiest or most efficient way.
		The most ambitious example is Oz, which has subsets that are a logic language (Oz descends from logic programming), a functional language, an object-oriented language, a dataflow concurrent language, and more.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Multi-paradigm_programming_language (196 words)

	Sather home page
		Sather is an object oriented language designed to be simple, efficient, safe, flexible and non-proprietary.
		One way of placing it in the "space of languages" is to say that it aims to be as efficient as C, C++, or Fortran, as elegant as and safer than Eiffel, and support higher-order functions and iteration abstraction as well as Common Lisp, CLU or Scheme.
		Sather is a collaboration between ICSI and people all over the world.
	www.icsi.berkeley.edu /~sather (169 words)

	Survey of Object Oriented Programming Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The initial design for Sather (``Version O'') was written in the summer of 1990, and released by ICSI to the public in June of 1991 (as version 0.1).
		Sather is a Class based language which borrows a lot of ideas and semantics from Eiffel (such as Generic Classes and Exceptions) but attempts to simplify where ever possible.
		Sather also provides support for the ``Design By Contract'' principle in Eiffel, including Pre/Postconditions, Invariants, and generalized Asserts, which are statements that can appear in any block of code and result in a fatal error if they do not evaluate to true.
	www.rescomp.berkeley.edu /~hossman/cs263/paper.html (4325 words)

	C# Programming Language Future Features
		C# is a modern and innovative programming language that carefully incorporates features found in the most common industry and research languages.
		However, if at another point in your program code another Stack class is created, this time with a different value type, such as a long or a user-defined structure as its parameter, the run-time generates another version of the generic type, this time substituting a long in the appropriate places in IL.
		The programmer and language design community is invited to offer their opinion and feedback on these and any other language features they may find interesting.
	msdn2.microsoft.com /en-us/library/aa289180(VS.71).aspx (5294 words)

	GNU Sather
		GNU Sather is an object-oriented programming language designed to be simple, efficient and safe.
		One way of placing it in the "space of languages" is to say that it attempts to be as efficient as C, C++, or Fortran, as elegant and safe as Eiffel or CLU, and to support higher-order functions as well as Common Lisp or Scheme.
		So GNU Sather is an object-oriented language with garbage collection, statically-checked strong typing, multiple inheritance, separate implementations and type inheritance, parameterized classes, dynamic dispatch, iteration abstraction, higher-order routines and iterators, exception handling, assertions, preconditions, postconditions, and class invariants.
	www.gnu.org /software/sather (249 words)

	CTO : Sather (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The language is reminiscent of Eiffel but is contravariant, with a very clever syntax.
		The current implementation of the compiler is written in Sather and emits C code, which leads to various compiling inconveniences.
		Original things that might be worth considering as inspiration for a new language: iterators, operators as syntactic sugar, implicit declarations,...
	cliki.tunes.org /Sather (128 words)

	Dr. Dobb's \| The Sather Programming Language \| July 22, 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Sather, a language that's simple, interactive, and nonproprietary, has parameterized classes, object-oriented dispatch, statically-checked strong typing, multiple inheritance, garbage collection, and more.
		Sather is able to statically check programs for type correctness--if a piece of Sather code is accepted by the interpreter or compiler, it's impossible for it to assign an object of an incorrect type to a variable.
		Sather allows you to cleanly encapsulate iteration using constructs called "iters" (Murer, Omohundro, and Szyperski, 1993) that are like routines, except their names end in an exclamation point (!), their bodies may contain yield and quit statements, and they may only be called within loops.
	www.ddj.com /184409087;jsessionid=NDCCFKKEAVHWWQSNDLQSKHSCJUNN2JVN?_requestid=880749 (3341 words)

	Ruby: Productive Programming Language \| Linux Journal
		A language easy to interpret is not necessarily easy to program, as many a student can attest.
		I began programming in assembler on IBM System/360s in the mid 1960s and have worked with most major languages since (even did a stint as a compiler trouble shooter for Cobol and Pl/1 on mainframes).
		Rather than feel it was the 'bastard child' of some of the other languages that I liked, I concluded (as I am sure all intelligent insightfull developers who are freed from emotional bonds to favoured habits, will) that Ruby truly is a extraordinarity elegant integration of the best of all that I liked.
	www.linuxjournal.com /article/5915 (7214 words)

	HPCnet - Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		CC++ is a parallel programming language based on the C++ programming language.
		GLU not only enables rapid parallel program development using existing sequential code, it results in programs that are portable, efficient, and fault tolerant.
		Split-C is a parallel extension of the C programming language that supports efficient access to a global address space on current distributed memory multiprocessors.
	www.hoise.com /hpcnet/technology/parallel/researchp.htm (1355 words)

	Programming Languages
		TOM is a new object-oriented programming language that advocates unplanned reuse of code (classes can be extended in very flexible ways, even without source code for them).
		The Java Modelling Language, is Java extended with specification facilities (class invariants, preconditions, postconditions etc.); These can be added within comments, so that existing Java tools are unaffected, but the JML tools can perform deeper analysis of the program to detect more errors.
		Haskell is the most popular functional programming language and is the one that I've used a lot (for example, my Z animator, Jaza).
	www.cs.waikato.ac.nz /~marku/languages.html (2231 words)

	Computer Languages History
		There is only 50 languages listed in my chart, if you don't find "your" language, see The Language List of Bill Kinnersley (he has listed more than 2500 languages).
		The AWK Programming Language by Alfred V. Aho, Brian W. Kernighan, and Peter J. Weinberger
		Introduction to SNOBOL Programming Language by Mohammad Noman Hameed
	www.levenez.com /lang (253 words)

	Stephen M. Omohundro's Curriculum Vitae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Program committee member:1997 International Workshop on AI and Statistics, the 1996 and 1995 conferences on Neural Information Processing Systems, the 1996 International Conference on Pattern Recognition, and the 1996 Conference on Computational Learning Theory.
		Programming Languages and System Architectures, Lecture Notes in Computer Science Volume 782, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1994) pp.
		Heinz Schmidt and Stephen M. Omohundro, "CLOS, Eiffel, and Sather: A Comparison", in Object-Oriented Programming: The CLOS Perspective, ed.
	om3.home.att.net /cv.html (1592 words)

	Sather-K home page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Sather-K is a modern object-oriented, imperative programming language that is appropriate for use in teaching, research, and industry.
		Programming get easier because it restricts to solving the application at hand.
		A discussion of the conceptional differences between Sather-1 and Sather-K with rationales and suggestions for future development can be found here.
	www.info.uni-karlsruhe.de /~sather/index_engl.html (204 words)

	Dynamic Dispatch in Object-Oriented Languages - Milton, Schmidt (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		At the same time it can contribute to inefficiency and lack of robustness because it incurs lookup overheads on function calls and hinders the compiler determining the exact type of objects held in variables or returned by functions.
		21 The Sather Programming Language (context) - Omohundro - 1993
		13 The Sather Language (context) - Omohundro - 1990
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /milton94dynamic.html (636 words)

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