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Topic: Saturation (magnetic)

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	Saturation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Saturation (biology), in mutation studies, the observed number of mutations relative to the maximum amount possible (usually undefined).
		Saturation (magnetic), the state when the material cannot absorb a stronger magnetic field
		Saturation arithmetic, in arithmetic, a version of arithmetic in which all operations are limited to fixed range
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Saturation (208 words)

	Saturation (magnetic) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For magnetic materials, saturation is the state when the material cannot absorb a stronger magnetic field, such that an increase of magnetization force produces no significant change in magnetic flux density.
		The relation between the Magnetic field H and the Magnetic flux density B is expressed in terms of the magnetic Permeability (electromagnetism) μ : B = μH.
		Saturation limits the minimum size of transformer cores.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Saturation_(magnetic) (194 words)

	[No title]
		This magnetic field is determined by parameters such as head geometry and spacing between head and disk, as well as by the saturation magnetization of the magnetic material in the head poles.
		Electroplated materials with high saturation magnetization It was recently demonstrated [10] that increasing the Fe content of electroplated NiFe alloys from about 20% to about 55% causes an increase in both the moment and the resistivity of the alloy without significantly affecting other requirements such as corrosion resistance or ease of manufacturing.
		Apart from the capability of increasing the saturation magnetization of the binary NiFe system by Co addition, NiFeCo alloys are readily plated from electrolytes whose composition differs from that of a NiFe plating bath only by the addition of a Co2+ salt, usually a sulfate or chloride.
	www.research.ibm.com /journal/rd/425/robertson.txt (5061 words)

	Chapter 6: Ferromagnetic Nanostructured Materials
		While many of the soft magnetic properties of Finemet-type nanocrystalline alloys are superior, they exhibit lower saturation inductions than Fe-metalloid amorphous alloys, mainly because of the lower Fe content to attain amorphization and because of the addition of Nb and Cu (or other elements to control the nucleation and growth kinetics).
		The issues of composition modification, processing, and the brittle mechanical behavior of these nanocrystalline/amorphous alloys are discussed by V.R. Ramanan in the first volume of this WTEC study, the proceedings of the May 8-9, 1997 panel workshop on the status of nanostructure science and technology in the United States (Ramanan 1998, 113-116).
		Magnetic nanocomposite refrigerants, which have four times the magnetocaloric effects of the best low temperature magnetic refrigerant, were developed by NIST and described by R. Shull (1998, 43-58).
	www.wtec.org /loyola/nano/06_03.htm (1618 words)

	[No title]
		The magnetic field strength is a critical parameter in a magnetron design, but it is one that is often chosen in practice by empirical methods and guesswork.
		The magnetic field B is formed by a cylindrical magnet and a concentric ring of 30 bar magnets, sandwiched between a non-ferrous cathode and a steel pole piece.
		The effect of the pole piece was modeled by using image magnets, and the 30 individual bar magnets in the outer ring were treated as a solid annulus with a reduced magnetization to account for the gaps between bars.
	dusty.physics.uiowa.edu /~goree/papers/Bscan.html (2181 words)

	Nanomagnets Bend the Rules
		Magnets are integral to these devices, used in a variety of communication and defense technologies.
		Determined through accelerated testing methods, the temperature dependence of magnetic saturation and the rate of magnetization decay are key concerns in the design of permanent magnets, hard disks and other magnetic data storage systems.
		The curious “upturn” in magnetic saturation is consistent with another magnetic anomaly reported in 1987 by NIST materials scientist Lawrence Bennett and colleagues.
	www.nist.gov /public_affairs/releases/nanomagnets_bend_rules.htm (791 words)

	MuShield Magnetic Shielding - Frequently Asked Questions
		When magnetic lines of flux encounter high permeability material, the magnetic forces are both absorbed by the material and redirected away from its target, much as a beavers dam absorbs and reroutes water from its den.
		The rounded surface of the cylinder is conducive to the absorption of magnetic flux.
		Since a magnetic shield functions by providing a low reluctance flux path, and magnetic flux flows from its north pole to the south pole, a flat sheet will only cover a portion of the flux path.
	www.mushield.com /faq.html (1193 words)

	Permeability (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Magnetic Saturation - That degree of magnetization where a further increase in magnetization force produces no significant increase in the magnetic flux density (permeability) in a specimen
		A third, classical definition of saturation is that total magnetic saturation occurs when all of the magnetic domains are aligned and the permeability relative to that of air becomes one.
		Saturation is defined in this report as the degree of magnetization where an increase produces no significant change in flux density.
	www.battelle.org /pipetechnology/MFL/Links/Permeability.html (297 words)

	Carpenter Technology Corporation - Development of Chrome Core ®13FM Stainless - A Soft Magnetic Stainless Steel
		Saturation induction or saturation magnetization is the largest magnetic flux density induced in a material and represents the ideal state wherein all the elementary magnetic moments are aligned by the applied magnetic field.
		Because low saturation inductions are undesirable, there is clearly a tradeoff between corrosion resistance and saturation induction that should be recognized when choosing an alloy for a particular application.
		The improved soft magnetic properties were achieved by further reductions in the carbon and nitrogen contents and by modification of the bar processing.
	crswnew.cartech.com /wnew/TechArticles/TA00012.html (2873 words)

	Supercomputing Institute July 1999 Bulletin Vol. 16 No. 1
		Saturation in the easy action direction (left), final state after relaxation in zero applied magnetic field at a temperature of 300 K (middle), and as in the middle but at temperature 100 K (right).
		The permalloy is characterized by a uniaxial anisotropy situated along one of the principal axes of the film of 5000 erg/cc&emdash;a nearest neighbor exchange of 1.3 10-6 erg/cm, and a saturation magnetization of 800 emu/cc.
		The lower curve is the magnetization as a function of field as the field is increased from 600 Oe to +600 Oe.
	www.msi.umn.edu /general/Bulletin/Vol.16-No.1/24.html (1084 words)

	Magnetic Recording - an introduction
		The remanent magnetization is the permanent magnetization that remains after the external field is removed.
		Md(H) is the remanent magnetization after saturation in the positive field direction and successive application of a DC field in the negative direction.
		It is important that the magnetic media chosen has a small enough spatial resolution to be able to support the desired frequency range at the given velocity.
	www.ee.washington.edu /conselec/CE/kuhn/magtape/95x1.htm (3930 words)

	Magnetic and How Transformers, Chokes and Inductors Works
		The units for Magnetization force is "H" The results of applying these magnetic field from the current carrying conductor causes the magnetic materials to have magnetic flux being formed inside the magnetic materials.
		The permeability of a magnetic material is the ability of the material to increase the flux intensity or flux density within the material when an electric current flows through a conductor wrapped around the magnetic materials providing the magnetization force.
		Usually it is the DC current that saturate the cores since it is a constant current, and puts the cores to a certain flux level.
	www.coilws.com /magneticandhow.html (1013 words)

	saturation - a definition from Whatis.com
		Saturation is the fully conducting state in a semiconductor junction.
		In a ferromagnetic substance such as laminated or powdered iron, saturation is a condition in which an increase in magnetizing force fails to produce an increase in the magnetic flux density.
		Magnetic saturation is usually undesirable in electronic circuits that use iron-core inductors or transformers.
	whatis.techtarget.com /definition/0,,sid9_gci914375,00.html (257 words)

	physics - Transformer
		Not all the magnetic field produced by the primary is intercepted by the secondary, the remainder being absorbed by other nearby objects and converted to heat.
		Each time the magnetic field is reversed, a small amount of energy is lost to hysteresis in the magnetic core.
		Transformers may also be enclosed by magnetic shields, electrostatic shields, or both to prevent outside interference from affecting the operation of the transformer or to prevent the transformer from affecting the operation of other devices (such as CRTs in close proximity to the transformer).
	www.physicsdaily.com /physics/Transformer (3936 words)

	Fluxgate Magnetometer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		The magnetic fields induced in the cores by the primary coil produce a voltage potential in the secondary coil.
		In the absence of an external field (i.e., if the earth had no magnetic field), the voltage detected in the secondary coil would be zero because the magnetic fields generated in the two cores have the same strength but are in opposite directions (their affects on the secondary coil exactly cancel).
		This difference is sufficient to induce a measureable voltage in the secondary coild that is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field in the direction of the cores.
	gretchen.geo.rpi.edu /roecker/AppGeo96/lectures/mag/fluxgate.html (479 words)

	Saturation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		The total flux in a magnetic circuit is limited by any air gaps, and we've got a big one: right down the middle of the coil.
		As we reverse the applied magnetic field, the iron eventually becomes magnetized in the reverse direction until it again saturates.
		As you increase current, the magnetizing force produced by an air coil is always linear, but the response in the projectile is not linear.
	www.oz.net /~coilgun/theory/saturation.htm (623 words)

	Heading Basics
		The higher the magnetic saturation or induced field, the more force can be applied and the greater the mechanical efficiency of the control component.
		Both of these alloys can be considered for use in magnetic components where corrosion resistance superior to that of pure iron, low carbon steel and silicon-iron alloys is desired without the substantial decline in saturation induction associated with the 18% chromium-ferritic stainless steels.
		Note that the saturation magnetization of Chrome Core 8 and 8-FM alloys is highest (1.8 Bs) of all the Chrome Core alloys, and electrical resistivity the lowest at 492 micro ohm-mm.
	crswnew.cartech.com /wnew/techarticles/TA00045.html (2696 words)

	HysteresisLoop
		As the magnetizing force is increased in the negative direction, the material will again become magnetically saturated but in the opposite direction (point "d").
		Note that residual magnetism and retentivity are the same when the material has been magnetized to the saturation point.
		However, the level of residual magnetism may be lower than the retentivity value when the magnetizing force did not reach the saturation level.
	www.ndt-ed.org /EducationResources/CommunityCollege/MagParticle/Physics/HysteresisLoop.htm (628 words)

	EIS Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		A novel magnetic approach is introduced to measure the corrosion rate of bare and coated ferromagnetic materials.
		The magnetic saturation of a ferromagnetic material is a structure insensitive material property; thus it only changes with a change in mass and/or volume of a material.
		The results of electrochemical and magnetic testing revealed a 1:1 relationship between the percent change in mass and the percent change in magnetic saturation.
	dmse.mit.edu /UhligLab/EIS.html (1041 words)

	Small-Angle Neutron Scattering by the Magnetic Microstructure of Nanocrystalline Ferromagnets Near Saturation
		The reaction of the magnetization to the magnetocrystalline and magnetoelastic anisotropy fields is derived using the theory of micromagnetics.
		In the limit where the scattering volume is a single magnetic domain, and the magnetization is nearly aligned with the direction of the magnetic field, closed form solutions are given for the differential scattering cross-section as a function of the scattering vector and of the magnetic field.
		When the saturation magnetization and exchange stiffness constant are known, then the response function can be computed, and the equations then allow the anisotropy field scatter ing function to be determined from experimental scattering data, thus enabling measurement of the anisotropy field microstructure.
	nvl.nist.gov /pub/nistpubs/jres/104/3/html/j43wei.htm (7344 words)

	MuShield Magnetic Shielding - Services - Heat Treating
		With every magnetic shield MuShield manufactures, the Company's goal is to attain the maximum shielding capacity or permeability for that part while maintaining its dimensional and structural integrity.
		Magnetic shielding material reacts in much the same way.
		In addition, the hydrogen atmosphere in the heat chamber produces a chemical reaction with the shielding material, removing impurities such as carbon and oxygen, thereby enhancing permeability.
	www.mushield.com /services-heat-treating.html (301 words)

	MSE: Shan Wang: Projects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		His group is investigating high saturation soft magnetic materials, giant magnetoresistance (GMR) spin valves and spin electronic materials, with applications in extremely high density magnetic recording, random access memory, integrated inductors, and bio-magnetic sensing.
		Magnetic nanoparticles (sphere) are being developed to tag unknown DNA fragments (single strand).
		The detection of magnetic nanoparticles then allows us to identify and quantify the unknown DNA fragments that are complimentary to the probes.
	mse.stanford.edu /faculty/wangproj.html (586 words)

	Origin of a Signal Intensity Loss Artifact in Fat-Saturation MR Imaging -- Axel et al. 217 (3): 911 -- Radiology
		of water saturation by means of nominal fat suppression in MR imaging of phantoms and a representative clinical example.
		Schematic of the effect of susceptibility-induced magnetic field shift on the results of a nominal fat-saturation pulse applied to fat and water.
		Lighter regions denote locally reduced magnetic field, and darker regions denote increased magnetic field; lungs and airways are shown as fl.
	radiology.rsnajnls.org /cgi/content/full/217/3/911 (3600 words)

	Holistic Health Encyclopedia - G
		Gallium is a bluish metal similar in many ways to aluminum, including the fact that it is frequently derived from bauxite ore. At extremely high levels of purity, the metal takes on a glassy white appearance.
		Gallium is magnetic, an excellent conductor of heat and electricity and remains in liquid state across a wide range of temperatures--29.7 degrees Celsius to more than 2,200 degrees--making it a good high-temperature lubricant.
		Saturation produces crystallization or the salts referred to in the dictionary.
	www.findhealer.com /glossary/G.php3 (4778 words)

	Amorphous Metal Core & Nanocrystalline Core
		These forms offer a unique combination of high saturation induction (1.56 T), high permeability and low core loss and can be configured into various shapes, allowing for one large gap to be distubuted across several smaller gaps, reducing fringing flux, and core loss.
		The saturation magnetic flux density is twice as high as that of Co-based amorphous metal and three times higher than that of Ni-Zn ferrite.
		M type material is done with no magnetic field applied during annealing We produce H and L type BH loops by annealing with magnetic fields oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the ribbons surface.
	www.hilltech.com /products/power_components/amorphous_nanocrystalline_cores.html (2423 words)

	Amplifier - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Another type of amplifier is the fluidic amplifier, based on the fluidic triode.
		A magnetic amplifier is a transformer-like device that makes use of the saturation of magnetic materials to produce amplification.
		The bandwidth of magnetic amplifiers extends to the tens of kilohertz.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/a/m/p/Amplifier.html (375 words)

	Magnetics Group: Magnetics Publications
		D. Min, and J. Moreland, "Quantitative measurement of magnetic moments with a torsional resonator: Proposal for an ultralow moment reference material," Journal of Applied Physics 97, 10R504(1-3) (2005).
		S. Russek and W. Bailey, "Magnetic domain structure and imaging of Co–Pt multilayer thin-film nanostructures," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 36, 2990-2992 (2000).
		J. Nibarger, R. Ewasko, M. Schneider, T. Silva, "Dynamic and static magnetic anisotropy in thin-film cobalt zirconium tantalum," Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 286, 356-361 (2005).
	www.boulder.nist.gov /div818/81803/htmls/magnetics_publications.html (6713 words)

	INI : Abstracts : MSIW01 : Universal mechanism of dynamo saturation:dynamics of magnetic helicity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		The nonlinear saturation mechanism based on the magnetic helicity evolution is discussed.
		It is shown that this universal mechanism is nearly independent of the form of the flux of magnetic helicity, and it requires only a nonzero flux of magnetic helicity.
		We also studied a simple model for the solar dynamo in the framework of the Parker migratory dynamo, with a nonlinear dynamo saturation mechanism based on magnetic helicity conservation arguments.
	www.newton.cam.ac.uk /programmes/MSI/Abstract1/kleeorin.html (295 words)

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