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	Saul Perlmutter Wins E. O. Lawrence Award in Physics
		Perlmutter is Berkeley Lab's 25th recipient of the prestigious award, which includes a gold medal and $25,000.
		Many of Perlmutter's subsequent accomplishments, notably his leading role in the discovery of the universe's accelerating expansion, owe much to the practical methods he and his colleagues devised for using supernovae as "standard candles" to measure the cosmic expansion rate.
		The group in which Perlmutter did his graduate work, headed by Berkeley Lab and UCB physicist Richard Muller, was constructing a robotic telescope to look for relatively nearby Type II "core collapse" supernovae, whose brightness, it was thought, could be calculated from the velocity of their expanding shells.
	www.lbl.gov /Science-Articles/Archive/Phy-Lawrence-Award-Perlmutter.html (1047 words)

	2003 California Scientists of the Year (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Saul Perlmutter, Ph.D. Since the 1930s, scientists have known that galaxies are all moving away from one another, and there has been a concerted effort to study the rate of this expansion.
		Prior to Perlmutter’s efforts, almost all astronomers expected that the expansion of the universe was slowing, due to the gravitational attraction of galaxies and other matter.
		Perlmutter’s estimates of the cosmological constant’s magnitude are consistent with Lange’s observations of a flat universe.
	www.californiasciencecenter.org /GenInfo/NewsAndEvents/AnnualEvents/ScientistOfTheYear/PastSotY/Bios/LangePerlmutter.php (518 words)

	Carnegie Mellon Press Release: March 6, 2002
		Perlmutter, a senior scientist at the EO Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory whose measurements of the accelerating universe were Science Magazine's 1998 "Breakthrough of the Year," will use an empirical approach to answer the philosophical question about the continuity of the universe.
		Perlmutter says light from distant exploding stars (supernovae) mark a path across space and time, which give clues about the universe's rate of expansion and its fate.
		Perlmutter will address theories that predict permanence of the universe and unending expansion, as well as the possibility of a mysterious dark energy that may pervade the universe.
	www.cmu.edu /PR/releases02/020306_buhllecture.html (241 words)

	Perlmutter Perlhealth.com Is Home To The Perlmutter Health Center In Naples, Florida. David Perlmutter, Md I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Perlmutter and Schuelke, an Austin, Texas general civil litigation law firm with lawyers focusing on serious personal injuries, legal malpractice, class actions, mediation and trial consulting Perlmutter and Schuelke, LLP is a general civil litigation firm that focuses on:.
		Saul Perlmutter Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory 50-232 University of California Berkeley, CA 94720 the American Astronomical Society, Washington, DC.
		Perlmutter is Berkeley Lab's 25th recipient of the.
	www.99hosted.com /names14096.html (527 words)

	Saul Perlmutter - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		All active users are invited to vote in the Elections for the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation.
		Saul Perlmutter is an astrophysicist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and heads the Supernova Cosmology Project.
		This project has found evidence that the universe's expansion is accelerating.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Saul_Perlmutter (72 words)

	The Daily Californian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Saul Perlmutter, a senior scientist at Berkeley lab and head of the Supernova Cosmology Project, has won this year's E.O. Lawrence Award in physics for his unexpected discovery that the expansion of the universe is speeding up rather than slowing down.
		Perlmutter, who got his doctorate at UC Berkeley in 1986, started working in 1988 on what later was called the Supernova Cosmology Project.
		Perlmutter says new space telescope, the Supernovae/ Acceleration Probe, has been proposed to study supernovae over a greater range of distances and to get incredibly accurate measurements of thousands of supernovae.
	www.dailycal.org /particle.php?id=9635 (510 words)

	Saul Perlmutter: Setting His Sites on a New View of Universe - 2/21/00 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		At this point, said Gerson Goldhaber, a gray-beard particle physicist on the Perlmutter team, the technique looked impressive enough that it was adopted by some of the same astronomers who had been vocal critics earlier, such as supernova expert Robert Kirshner of the rival Schmidt group.
		While Perlmutter uses high-brow names from the classics for his explosions, Kirshner mischievously noted that the rival team led by Brian Schmidt of Australia's Mount Stromlo and Siding Spring Observatories, had gone the other way with its recent claim to have detected the most distant supernova yet -Dudley Do-Right.
		Perlmutter's ambitious "to-do" list includes the establishment of a supernova "factory," an automated telescope scan that will churn out specimens as if on an assembly line, by the hundreds.
	www.detnews.com /2000/religion/0002/27/02220014.htm (1431 words)

	CERN Courier - Astrowatch - IOP Publishing - article
		Saul Perlmutter, who is head of the Supernova Cosmology Project, gives an update on his work in the field.
		Perlmutter and his team have studied altogether some 80 high red-shift type Ia supernovae.
		Perlmutter said: "this presumably was due to the universe becoming large enough that the mass became so dilute that its effect was overwhelmed by the accelerating effect of the vacuum energy density Â the cosmological constant."
	www.cerncourier.com /main/article/39/4/8 (868 words)

	Yale Physics: Leigh Page Prize Lectures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Saul Perlmutter is a senior scientist at the E.O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
		Dr. Perlmutter has been honored by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, receiving Science Magazine's "1998 Breakthrough of the Year" Award for measurements indicating an accelerating universe.
		Dr. Perlmutter is the author of more than 70 papers in the fields of physics, astrophysics, and cosmology, in which he has addressed such topics as the cosmological constant, dark energy, supernovae, pulsars, gravitational lenses, massive compact halo objects and advanced detector systems for astrophysics.
	www.yale.edu /physics/calendar/special_events/leigh_page.html (515 words)

	Scientists of the Year 2003
		Andrew Lange, Ph.D. Saul Perlmutter, Ph.D. Los Angeles, CA - The California Science Center has announced the selection of Andrew Lange, Ph.D. and Saul Perlmutter, Ph.D. as co-winners of the 2003 California Scientist of the Year.
		The panel concluded that Lange and Perlmutter’s discoveries compliment each other so well in revealing the nature of the universe that both scientists should be recognized this year.
		Since the 1930s, scientists have known that galaxies are all moving away from one another, and there has been a concerted effort to study the rate of this expansion.
	www.californiasciencecenter.org /GenInfo/MediaRoom/PressReleases/ScientistOfTheYear/ScientistOfTheYear2003.php (741 words)

	Berkeley Lab Currents -- October 4, 2002
		Perlmutter will be cited at the awards ceremony in Washington D.C. on Oct. 28 “for his leading contributions to an unexpected discovery of extraordinary importance: the determination, through the careful study of distant supernovae, that the expansion of the universe is speeding up rather than slowing down.”
		Perlmutter’s subsequent accomplishments owe much to the practical methods he and his colleagues devised for using supernovae as “standard candles” to measure the cosmic expansion rate.
		Perlmutter and Carl Pennypacker were postdocs in the group headed by Berkeley Lab and UCB physicist Richard Muller when they came up with the idea of using newly identified Type Ia supernovae to measure cosmic expansion.
	www.lbl.gov /Publications/Currents/Archive/Oct-04-2002.html (5963 words)

	Wired News: Distant Light (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Perlmutter was part of a team that had earlier discovered the mysterious expanding force by looking at other distant supernovae.
		And instead of confirming their theory that the universe is going to expand for a while, then fall back on itself in a "big crunch," they found that in fact something is causing it to accelerate even more.
		Perlmutter said his team spent 10 years trying to come up with ways to look at supernovae, which they knew must exist.
	www.wired.com /news/print/0,1294,16912,00.html (537 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Saul Perlmutter, leader of the Supernova Cosmology Project, was named California Scientist of the Year by the California Science Center in recognition of his work showing the acceleration of the Universe's expansion.
		Saul Perlmutter won the E.O. Lawrence Award for his "leading contributions to an unexpected discovery of extraordinary importance: the determination, through the careful study of distant supernovae, that the expansion of the universe is speeding up rather than slowing down." The award was presented in a ceremony in Washington on October 28.
		In the 50 auditorium, an overflow audience came to hear Saul Perlmutter address the question "What is the Fate of the Universe?" In the " Universe City " tent Eric Linder coordinated displays and hands-on activities by SNAP, CMB, IceCube and SNO, which were thronged all day by interested visitors.
	www-inpa.lbl.gov /previous.html (2621 words)

	Omega far from universal
		One international study, headed by Saul Perlmutter of Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in California, studied a series of exploding stars, called supernovae, to calculate how the universe's expansion rate had changed over time.
		But Perlmutter says it will take another couple years of work to prove his findings are correct.
		Perlmutter suspects the results of Nichol and of Bahcall are so contradictory that scientists will be able to sort out which one is right in short order.
	www.postgazette.com /healthscience/19980216bastro.asp (1072 words)

	Science lists 1998âs biggest breakthroughs - - MSNBC.com
		Perlmutter and others found such a yardstick in a particular kind of exploding star known as a Type 1A supernova.
		But Perlmutter cautioned that it would be a mistake to refer to the lambda effect as âantigravityâ â” a term used in some of the reports about the supernova studies.
		Perlmutter said the cosmological constant could be part of the solution for other mysteries of the universe such as dark matter.
	www.msnbc.com /news/224520.asp (1339 words)

	SPACE.com -- Dark Energy: Astronomers Hot on Trail of Mysterious Force
		Riess, who worked on one team that made the 1998 acceleration breakthrough, reported preliminary results of his latest work at the APS meeting and is expected to publish a paper soon, possibly later this year.
		Perlmutter led the other team involved in the 1998 discovery of acceleration.
		Perlmutter was not involved in the two new Hubble discoveries, but he told SPACE.com they are among many important steps that could lead to a firm determination of when acceleration began.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/hubble_expansion_030410.html (1456 words)

	Supernova Cosmology Project
		The Supernova Cosmology Project, based at Berkeley Lab and headed by Saul Perlmutter of the Physics Division, shares the citation with the High-Z Supernova Search Team led by Brian Schmidt of Australia's Mount Stromlo and Siding Spring Observatories.
		In the Jan. 1, 1998 issue of Nature magazine, Perlmutter and his colleagues announced that a supernova with a redshift of 0.83, equivalent to an age of seven billion years, had been found using the National Science Foundation's CTIO and the Keck telescopes and subsequently observed by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope.
		Says Perlmutter, "It's important to have two competing teams; it keeps us all from fooling ourselves about what we're really seeing and what it really means".
	www.oarval.org /SCPen.htm (1245 words)

	News & Events (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Saul Perlmutter, senior scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, will be recognized for his research leading to the discovery that the expansion of the universe is speeding up rather than slowing down.
		Perlmutter is leader of the international Supernova Cosmology Project at the lab and won the Department of Energy's 2002 E.O. Lawrence Award in physics.
		The American Association for the Advancement of Science honored Perlmutter with Science Magazine's "1998 Breakthrough of the Year" Award for measurements indicating an accelerating universe.
	www.oaklandnet.com /parks/news/102003b.asp (153 words)

	Berkeley Lab: Did You Ever Wonder?
		Berkeley Lab scientists led the way to that surprising discovery, and they are leading the effort to determine the nature of the "dark energy" that is stretching space-time itself.
		By then the astrophysical bug had bitten him; one possibility that fascinated him was using robotic telescopes to capture fleeting cosmic events "on the fly" -- events such as relatively nearby exploding stars, called supernovae.
		Perlmutter and his colleagues soon devised ways to guarantee that ever more distant supernovae could be found; with their new search technique, a few nights on the world's best telescopes dependably resulted in many new supernova discoveries.
	www.lbl.gov /wonder/perlmutter.html (368 words)

	Einstein's "Mistake" is Revived
		We could have a closed Universe that continues to expand, pushed on by the mysterious repulsive energy, explains Saul Perlmutter, of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California.
		To constrain the value of w and thus discriminate among dark energy models, Perlmutter and his colleagues used recent data of three types: measurements of the small variations in the cosmic microwave background; the density of galaxies over large distances; and the expansion speed versus distance relations gained from observing distant supernovae.
		Perlmutter stresses that the research is still in "an early stage"--he expects to discriminate more convincingly among models in the coming years, as the many long-term observing projects currently underway report more data.
	focus.aps.org /story/v4/st6 (693 words)

	saul perlmutter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Lawrence Berkeley National Lab's Saul Perlmutter is pictured with a view of the supernova 1987a in the background.
		Says Perlmutter, "A DOE facility like Berkeley Lab is a unique place that brings together many different areas of expertise -- particle physicists, astrophysicists, computer scientists, and engineers were all vital to our program.
		Says Perlmutter, "It's important to have two competing teams; it keeps us all from fooling ourselves about what we're really seeing and what it really means." He jokes that so far the two competing groups "are in remarkably violent agreement."
	198.174.221.241 /pages/online/astro/course_documents/cosmology/expansion/saul_perlmutter.htm (1463 words)

	The Mystery Of Dark Energy
		Saul Perlmutter of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is shown with an image of Supernova 1987a in the background.
		Judging from the enthusiasm of the scientists and graduate students jostling to get into the packed University of Chicago lecture hall, you would think Albert Einstein was about to take the podium and tie up the loose ends in his mind-twisting theories.
		Fast-forward to 1998 and an announcement from Saul Perlmutter, head of the Supernova Cosmology Project based at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) in California.
	popularmechanics.com /science/space/1283066.html (700 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: God's Equation : Einstein, Relativity, and the Expanding Universe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Saul Perlmutter sat in his office high in the Berkeley hills overlooking the San Francisco Bay and watched the sun set below the Golden Gate Bridge.
		Astronomer Saul Perlmutter is central to the story's recent developments, whose supernova observing program lent considerable weight to the accelerating expansion scenario.
		Saul Perlmutter, in 1985 took 20 images of Super Novas and discovered 7 billion years ago the expansion slowed down but as growth occurred the distance increased as so did the speed.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0385334850?v=glance (3017 words)

	UMass Magazine Online \| Highlights
		Last October Rabbi Saul Perlmutter, director of UMass Hillel, was feted in the Great Hall of the State House in Boston for his twenty-five years of service on campus.
		Perlmutter has also launched such initiatives as the Jewish Residential Area Programming (J-RAP) which was cited last year with a Haber Award from the Hillel Foundation.
		The silver anniversary tribute also launched the Rabbi Saul Perlmutter Endowment Fund, which has grown to $55,000, according to Fine, director of the graduate program in communication at Simmons College and co-chair of the event.
	www.umass.edu /umassmag/archives/2000/winter2000/hl_perlmutter.html (288 words)

	The Ever Expanding Universe in Modern Cosmology,
		In 1987 physicist Saul Perlmutter joined the ranks of astronomers and observational cosmologists in trying to determine the fate of the universe.
		Perlmutter had worked in particle physics, but decided that he had to go after the question that had inspired him, what is the fate of our universe?
		Saul Perlmutter and his team are still working on their findings.
	www.laidback.org /~daveg/academic/expandinguniverse/index2.html (4410 words)

	UCSF Today -Print Version (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Astrophysicist Saul Perlmutter, the senior scientist at the E.O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the Center for Particle Astrophysics at UC Berkeley, crossed the Bay last Thursday to expand our universe.
		Until then, recent astrophysical debate and uncertainty had centered around the question of whether or not the gravitational pull of the universe's mass would be sufficient to reverse its expansion, leading to collapse, or whether the universe would go on expanding forever, but more slowly over time.
		A jaw-dropping 65 percent of the energy in the universe needed to account for the universe's accelerating expansion is missing, Perlmutter said.
	pub.ucsf.edu /today/print.php?news_id=200201292 (912 words)

	NERSC and the Fate of the Universe
		Using several ground-based telescopes, the Hubble Space Telescope, and the NERSC T3E, the Supernova Cosmology Project has determined that the universe was expanding faster seven billion years ago (roughly half the time since the Big Bang) than it is today.
		Type Ia supernovae at their maximum brightness can be brighter than entire galaxies, bright enough for their light to have traveled billions of light-years and still be visible.
		Berkeley Lab astrophysicist Saul Perlmutter, with supernova 1987a in the background.
	www.nersc.gov /news/annual_reports/annrep97/perlmutter.html (760 words)

	Eighth International Conference on Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation
		Saul Perlmutter is an astrophysicist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the leader of the Supernova Cosmology Project, an international collaboration of research teams from seven countries.
		Science Magazine named his measurements of the accelerating universe the 1998 "Breakthrough of the Year." He has developed new techniques to discover and study supernovae, leading to the discovery of more than 100 supernovae.
		A lecturer and author, Perlmutter has appeared in PBS and BBC cosmology documentaries.
	www.sri2003.lbl.gov /html/publicscience.html (273 words)

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