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	Scab of Wheat; G94-1207-A
		Scab or Fusarium head blight is an important disease of wheat, barley, oats, rye and wheatgrasses.
		Scab manifests itself by the premature death or blighting of spikelets in the wheat head.
		The presence of scab in grain does not ensure that mycotoxins have been produced; however, scabby grain should be analytically assayed for the presence of vomitoxin and zearalenone.
	ianrpubs.unl.edu /plantdisease/g1207.htm (1135 words)

	Apple Scab
		Scab is one of the most common and serious diseases of apple and flowering crabapple in Kansas.
		Scab first appears in early spring as roughly circular, velvety, olive-green spots on both the upper and lower surfaces of leaves.
		The scab fungus overwinters as immature fruiting structures in partially decayed leaves on the orchard floor.
	www.oznet.ksu.edu /dp_hfrr/extensn/problems/applescb.htm (582 words)

	Pear scab - Venturia pirina
		Pear cultivars differ in susceptibility to scab; however, cultivars resistant in one region of the country may not be resistant in another region.
		Scab lesions may develop in as few as eight days after infection on young leaves and in as many as two months on older leaves.
		The Mills Table used to evaluate temperature and wetting periods for apple scab infection is applicable to pear scab.
	www.caf.wvu.edu /kearneysville/disease_descriptions/ompearsc.html (915 words)

	The Scab: From The war of the Classes (The World of Jack London)
		When the scab crumples up and is ready to go down before the fists, bricks, and bullets of the labor-group, the capitalist-group puts the police and soldiers into the field, and begins a general bombardment of injunctions.
		Because the British laborer is disinclined to scab, that is, because he restricts his output in order to give less for the wage he receives, it is to a certain extent made possible for the American capitalist, who receives a less restricted output from his laborers, to play the scab on the English capitalist.
		Their hatred for a scab is as terrible as the hatred of a patriot for a traitor, of a Christian for a Judas.
	www.jacklondons.net /writings/theScab.html (5579 words)

	Wheat Scab (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Scab is early identified in the field when healthy heads are green.
		The fungi that cause scab overwinter on infested crop residues such as cornstalks, wheat stubble, and stubble from other grasses.
		During moist, warm weather the wind-borne scab spores infect and colonize the spent anther cases (pollen producing sacks) of the flowering wheat and go on to invade the spikelet and developing seed.
	ipm.ppws.vt.edu /stromberg/smallgrain/biology/wscab.html (188 words)

	Encyclopedia: Apple scab (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Malus) caused by the Classes Archaeascomycetes Hemiascomycetes Euascomycetes Neolectomycetes Pezizomycotina Pneumocystidomycetes Saccharomycotina Schizosaccharomycetes Taphrinomycetes mitosporic Ascomycota Members of the Division Ascomycota are known as the Sac Fungi and are fungi that produce spores in a distinctive type of microscopic sporangium called an ascus (Greek for a bag or wineskin).
		Scab lesions located on the woody tissues may also overwinter in place, but will not undergo a sexual reproduction cycle; these lesions can still produce infective conidial spores in the spring.
		Scab lesions on woody tissue should be excised from the tree if possible and similarly destroyed.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Apple-scab (1004 words)

	Routing Pecan Scab --Protecting a Popular Nut
		Reilly says weather conditions are the driving force in scab infection and that the disease worsens during periods of high rainfall.
		A second discovery was that the approximate 4-day kickback activity --the fungicide's ability to kill scab after infection --was closer to being nonexistent for most fungicides, under commercial field conditions.
		A major scab control problem for pecan growers is the time required to spray an entire orchard.
	www.ars.usda.gov /is/AR/archive/aug98/scab0898.htm (1072 words)

	IPM : Reports on Plant Diseases : Common Scab of Potato
		The first symptom of common scab is the appearance of small, brownish specks or spots (lesions) on the young tubers.
		The scab bacterium is disseminated in infected tubers and fleshy roots or in soil.
		Generally scab is more severe in dry soils, especially those deficient in organic matter, and becomes less severe in moist soils, although researchers have pointed out some exceptions.
	www.ipm.uiuc.edu /diseases/series900/rpd909 (1452 words)

	Apple Scab
		However, scab outbreaks such as those that occurred in the early 1980's indicate that persons associated with the central Washington apple industry must constantly be alert to conditions that are conducive to the development of this disease, even in arid climates such as central Washington.
		Once the initial ascospore caused infections (called primary scab) are established, the fungus continues to grow in the infected tissue and eventually produces a second type of infectious spore (known as a conidium) in the scab lesions.
		The critical period for scab control is from the beginning of bud growth until the apples are 1/2 inch (1.27 cm) in diameter.
	gardening.wsu.edu /library/tree005/tree005.htm (1604 words)

	War of the Classes: The Scab
		The striking teamster complacently takes a scab driver into an alley, and with an iron bar breaks his arms, so that he can drive no more, but cries out to high Heaven for justice when the capitalist breaks his skull by means of a club in the hands of a policeman.
		Because the British laborer is disinclined to scab,-that is, because he restricts his output in order to give less for the wage he receives,-it is to a certain extent made possible for the American capitalist, who receives a less restricted output from his laborers, to play the scab on the English capitalist.
		It is treason to one's fellows to scab, it is unchristian-like not to scab.
	sunsite.berkeley.edu /London/Writings/WarOfTheClasses/scab.html (5663 words)

	Scab of Cucurbits fact sheet
		Although scab of slicing and pickling cucumbers is rare because of the availability of many resistant varieties, this disease can still be of significance for other cucurbits including summer and winter squash, true and other pumpkin types, muskmelon and cantaloupe, and gourds.
		Scab is caused by the fungus Cladosponum cucumerinum.
		Lack of the olive green sporulation of scab serves to distinguish between angular leaf spot and scab.
	vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu /factsheets/Cucurbit_Scab.htm (1023 words)

	Diseases of Apples and Other Pome Fruits
		Scabs on the fruit have early symptoms similar to those on leaves.
		Secondary spores are produced on the scabs with subsequent reinfection of leaves and fruits.
		Except for those already mentioned (rust, scab, frogeye leaf spot, and powdery mildew), leaf spots are generally not serious enough in North Dakota to merit control measures beyond raking up leaves and fallen fruit in the fall and destroying by burning or burying.
	www.ext.nodak.edu /extpubs/plantsci/hortcrop/pp454w.htm (5087 words)

	Pecan Scab and Rain - A Note from the Literature
		This was indicated by general observation of scab development in the two orchards and also by the nut scab counts which were made on August 9 at Monticello, and on August 10 at Quincy, Florida.
		This was an ideal condition for the growth and infection by spores of the scab fungus.
		The reason that pecan scab was so bad at Monticello was that of the 25 rains that occurred in June, July and August, 15 fell after 6 PM, so the nuts remained wet for 15 nights or 180 hours.
	www.geocities.com /CollegePark/Campus/3370/field.htm (641 words)

	Apple tree disease: scab
		Scab in apple trees is a plant disease which is caused by venturia inaequalis.
		As venturia inaequalis scab infection continues on previously uninfected leaves, twigs and apples the entire tree may quickly become reinfected and show signs of scab damage due to the spread of fungal spores which over wintered and spread each spring.
		This is why it is especially important to treat signs of venturia inaequalis scab as soon as they emerge and are evident as apple tree damage and not let the damage continue on to the following year’s growing season.
	ks.essortment.com /applestreessca_rkbj.htm (651 words)

	scab
		Scab can be identified by a pink discoloration on the kernels and shriveled kernels.
		However, in heavy scab infestations, a gravity table may not provide significant improvement in grain quality if many moderately infected kernels are present, which are approximately the same size and density as uninfected kernels.
		Cleaning infected grain with a fanning mill will reduce scab and vomitoxin levels, but air cleaning will result in a significant loss of non-scabby grain as well because of the air levels needed to get rid of the scabby grain, he says.
	www.ndaglinks.com /scab.htm (522 words)

	PPA-38: Head Scab of Small Grains in Kentucky
		The fungi that cause head scab survive in soil and in crop residues, particularly barley, corn, grain sorghum and wheat, and on various grasses.
		Work is hampered by the sporadic nature of head scab under field conditions and the difficulty in artificially simulating head scab epidemics in the field.
		Because of the widespread occurrence of head scab fungi in nature, it is unlikely that current control measures will provide much relief when conditions favor a large scale epidemic, however, adherence to the following may help limit the impact of head scab when conditions are less than optimal for development of the disease.
	www.ca.uky.edu /agc/pubs/ppa/ppa38/ppa38.htm (1337 words)

	Ag Answers: Weather Data Gives Researchers A Head's Up On Scab
		Ohio State University researchers are trying to stay one step ahead of head scab, a fungal disease in wheat that can cause severe losses in yield and profits.
		The first model predicts the probability of head scab seven days prior to crop flowering, by looking at the duration of precipitation and the number of hours temperatures are between 60 degrees and 86 degrees, the optimal time for spore development.
		Head scab, also known as fusarium head blight, is likely to occur when warm, wet weather persists during the crop's flowering stage in May and June.
	www.agriculture.purdue.edu /agcomm/aganswers/story.asp?storyID=3021 (749 words)

	Apple Scab (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		During spring rains, ascospores are discharges from spore-containing organs and wind currents carry the spores to new leaves, where primary infections occur.
		Summer rains wash conidiospores from these scab spots and cause secondary infections on both leaves and fruit.
		Control of apple scab is achieved primarily through the use of proper fungicides thoroughly applied on a regular spray schedule.
	www.extension.iastate.edu /Pages/hancock/diseases/apple.scab.html (337 words)

	Apple Scab - Tree Fruit & Berry Pathology
		The term sheet scab refers to the condition when the entire leaf surface is covered with the disease; when this occurs, leaves typically shrivel and fall to the ground.
		The term "storage scab" refers to incipient infections that were too small to see prior to fruit storage or may be the result of infections during storage that occur as a result of sporulation from older scab lesions.
		Cultivars that are immune to apple scab are available, including some with fruit quality that appears to be commercially acceptable (e.g., Liberty, Florina, Goldrush); additional selections are being evaluated.
	www.nysaes.cornell.edu /pp/extension/tfabp/apscpm.shtml (1443 words)

	Whole Farm Apple Scab IPM Project
		It was a challenging year for apple scab management in the Northeast; the cool, moist weather was ideal for the growth and spread of the apple scab fungus.
		With previous apple scab management with SI fungicides at both of these sites, it is hypothesized that when we assessed foliar scab in the fall of 1995 the fungus was inhibited by the SI.
		Control of apple scab to protect the fruit was achieved at both orchards because the infections were detected before the fungus was able to spread too far.
	orchard.uvm.edu /uvmapple/appleteam/wholefarm.html (774 words)

	Potato Scab fact sheet
		Potato scab is a common tuber disease that occurs throughout the potato growing regions of the world.
		Potato scab lesions are quite variable and distinctions have been made between russet (superficial corky tissue), erumpent (a raised corky area), and pitted (a shallow-to-deep hole) scab as depicted in figures 1, 2, and 3.
		Coarse-textured soils are conducive to scab, probably because of their moisture-holding capacity; thus, gravelly or eroded areas of fields that tend to dry out rapidly are often sites of heavy scab infection.
	vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu /factsheets/Potato_Scab.htm (1286 words)

	UC IPM: UC Management Guidelines for Apple Scab on Apple
		The main objective in scab management is the reduction or prevention of primary infections in spring.
		Because scab control often is part of a combination treatment aimed at other diseases and insect control, choice of materials and timing are also extremely important.
		This system for forecasting scab and timing sprays has been validated for apple-growing regions in the northern areas of California, but not for the central and southern San Joaquin Valley where temperatures tend to be higher in spring than those in the table.
	www.ipm.ucdavis.edu /PMG/r4100411.html (1019 words)

	Fusarium Head Blight (Scab) of Small Grains
		Fusarium head blight (FHB) or scab is a fungus disease that can occur on all small grain crops but is most commonly seen in North Dakota on spring wheat, durum, and barley.
		Additional indications of FHB infection are pink to salmon-orange spore masses of the fungus often seen on the infected spikelet and glumes during prolonged wet weather (Figure 3).
		Since scab development depends on favorable environmental conditions from flowering through kernel development, disease occurrence and severity varies from year to year.
	www.ext.nodak.edu /extpubs/plantsci/smgrains/pp804w.htm (1883 words)

	Potato Scab -- UVM Extension Garden Disease Control Leaflet 7
		Scab lesions vary in size and shape and usually are slightly darker in color than normal skin.
		Scab infections occur on young, rapidly expanding tubers as well as on stems and roots of potato plants.
		Scab is caused by the bacteria-like organism Streptomyces scabies.
	www.uvm.edu /~uvmext/publications/gardendisease/gd7.htm (587 words)

	Apple scab
		The term "sheet scab" is often used to refer to leaves with their entire surfaces covered with scab.
		An awareness of the scab inoculum situation during the previous year and in adjacent abandoned or commercial orchards may influence early-season scab control decisions.
		During the prebloom period, for both fresh and processing apples, determine apple scab infection periods by observing duration of leaf wetness and average temperatures during the wet period (Table 2, chapter 2).
	www.caf.wvu.edu /kearneysville/disease_descriptions/omapscab.html (1633 words)

	Scab of Potato Tubers, HYG-3105-95 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Scab is a disease of potato tubers that results in lowered tuber quality due to scab-like surface lesions.
		Although scab symptoms are usually noticed late in the growing season or at harvest, tubers are susceptible to infection as soon as they are formed.
		Scab is caused by a group of filamentous bacteria called actinomycetes that occur commonly in soil.
	ohioline.osu.edu /hyg-fact/3000/3105.html (446 words)

	"The Scab" by Jack London (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		"A scab is a two-legged animal with a corkscrew soul, a water brain, a combination backbone of jelly and glue.
		"No man (or woman) has a right to scab so long as there is a pool of water to drown his carcass in, or a rope long enough to hang his body with.
		Judas was a gentleman compared with a scab.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/nalc820/scab.htm (227 words)

	AgWeather - Models - Pecan Scab (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Oklahoma Pecan Scab Model for scheduling fungicides is based on field studies conducted at four sites in Oklahoma during 1993-1996.
		It calculates the number of "scab hours" having temperature and moisture conditions favorable for infection and disease development.
		Using the number of scab hours during the unprotected part of the past 14 days, the Model lets you know when to spray to protect your pecans, but also indicates when it is unnecessary to spray.
	agweather.mesonet.org /models/pecanscab (267 words)

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