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Topic: Scale insects

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	SCALES
		Scales are usually small and inconspicuous and by the time an infestation is noted, the population is usually so great the plant is unsalable.
		In a general scale life cycle, eggs are produced beneath the female shell and hatch into tiny crawlers which are invisible to the unaided eye.
		The yellow streaks in the foliage which appear to radiate from the scales are feeding injuries and are typical of injuries caused by this pest on palms.
	mrec.ifas.ufl.edu /lso/scales.htm (769 words)

	AllRefer.com - scale insect (Zoology: Invertebrates) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Scales are popularly subdivided into three groups; the armored scales, the unarmored scales, and the mealybugs.
		The females never leave the protection of the scale after once forming it, but the adult males, which do not feed, develop a single pair of wings, leave the scale, and seek out the females, fertilizing them after the females are under the shell.
		Among the important armored scale pests of citrus, other fruits, and ornamentals are the San Jose scale, the oyster scale, the purple scale, and the California and Florida red scales.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/scaleins.html (423 words)

	Scale Insects Affecting Conifers
		The most vulnerable stage of the scale insect's life cycle is the crawler stage, an active unarmored stage that occurs after egg hatch.
		The female scales remain stationary throughout the rest of their lives; male scales feed for a period of a few weeks and emerge as winged adults.
		The juniper scale sometimes attacks the needles of juniper, particularly Pfitzer juniper, and is associated with dieback during outbreaks.
	www.ext.colostate.edu /pubs/insect/05514.html (1612 words)

	ScaleNet: A Database of the Scale Insects of the World
		This site is all about scale insects (Coccoidea): a group of insects comprised of about 7,355 species.
		Scale insects vary dramatically in their appearance from very small organisms (1-2mm) that occur under wax covers (some look like oyster shells), to shiny pearl-like objects (about 5mm), to creatures covered with mealy wax.
		The objective of this site is to provide comprehensive information on the scale insects of the world, including queriable information on their classification, nomenclatural history, distribution, hosts, and literature.
	www.sel.barc.usda.gov /scalenet/scalenet.htm (330 words)

	Royal Horticultural Society - Gardening Advice: Scale Insects
		Some species of scale insect produce a sticky liquid called honeydew that is excreted by the scales and is deposited in the foliage.
		Scales in glasshouses or on houseplants breed throughout the year so all stages in the life cycle may be present at the same time.
		Scale insects can remain attached to the plant long after they are dead but new growth should be free of scales once they have been brought under control.
	www.rhs.org.uk /advice/profiles0801/scale.asp (443 words)

	Scale Insects: Introduction
		The three most common families of scale insects are the armored scale, the soft scale, and the mealybugs.
		The body of the scale insect is protected by a cover (the armor) made from wax secreted by the insect and cast skins (exuviae) of previous growth stages.
		Soft scales are fairly large (2 to 6 millimeters long) and can be distinguished by their larger size, round or oval body outline, and convex or hemispherical profile.
	www.entomology.umn.edu /cues/inter/inmine/Scale.html (730 words)

	cycad aulacaspis scale, Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi
		Although scale insects may be spread short distances by wind dispersal of crawlers, we surmise that the long distance spread of this scale insect is by transport of infested plants.
		The scale insects are consistently more numerous on the lower than on the upper surfaces of leaflets, and in light infestations they occupy the lower leaf surfaces exclusively.
		In the landscape, the scale insects have been observed at different depths on primary (3 cm in diam) and secondary roots in groups of a few to several individuals from near the soil surface to a maximum depth of 60 cm.
	creatures.ifas.ufl.edu /orn/palms/cycad_scale.htm (1494 words)

	Scale Insects of Christmas Trees
		Crawlers are the mobile stage of the pine tortoise scale, and are usually present in mid- to late June.
		Heavy populations of scales are not common in pine forests because of natural enemies such as parasitic and predatory insects.
		Scales are white, "oyster-shaped" or oblong flecks on pine needles.
	forestry.msu.edu /extension/ExtDocs/scales.htm (1255 words)

	Houseplant Scale Insects \| Iowa Insect Information Notes
		Adult scales are fl and to the left in the picture, immature scales are beige and to the right.
		Scales may be from 1/16 to 1/4 inch in diameter and are usually found on the stems and/or leaves.
		Scale insects feed by sucking plant sap and may cause poor, stunted growth.
	www.ent.iastate.edu /ipm/iiin/housepla.html (414 words)

	Scale Insects
		Scale insects are divided into three groups: (1) armored scales, (2) soft scales, and (3) mealybugs.
		Scale species may overwinter in any life stage but most overwinter as eggs or mated females which are the stages that best survive low winter temperatures.
		The egg stage and hatch of the crawlers are often correlated with the flush of new growth in the spring.
	woodypest.ifas.ufl.edu /scales.htm (1289 words)

	Scale Insects and Mealy Bugs
		Most insects are active animals that fly, hop, scamper, crawl or burrow, but these queer creatures spend most of their lives merely sitting in one spot, sucking plant juices from a branch, twig, leaf, or fruit.
		Adult scale insects are extremely variable in shape, and range in size from that of a pinhead up to forms which are a quarter of an inch long.
		The natural enemies of scale insects and mealy bugs are tiny parasitic wasps, certain flies, lacewings, beetle larvae, and a few infectious diseases.
	www.newton.dep.anl.gov /natbltn/400-499/nb404.htm (644 words)

	Scale insects (from homopteran) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Insects are distinguished from other arthropods by their body, which is divided into three major regions: (1) the head,...
		Insects have been so successful in their fight for life that they are sometimes described as the human race's closest rivals for domination of the Earth.
		The scales on the upper portion of the body may be extremely smooth and shiny, or there may be an elevated longitudinal ridge, or keel, running down the center of each scale.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-39637?tocId=39637 (853 words)

	Scale Insects and Mealybugs on Ornamental Plants
		Scale insects are the most serious pests of many ornamental plants.
		Scale infestations are often not noticed until leaf yellowing, dieback, or sooty mold are apparent.
		Scale insects often thrive in warm, humid environments, so increase air flow or decrease plant density in the area to make conditions less conducive.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /MG005 (1575 words)

	scale insects
		Scale insects are among the more unusual — and mysterious — insects associated with landscape plants.
		Felt scales or eriococcids (Eriococcidae): Azalea bark scale settles on bark of azalea, rhododendron, andromeda and Kalmia; European elm scale is often found by twig crotches on elm.
		Gall-like scales or kermesids (Kermesidae): On oaks, pin oak kermes and northern red oak kermes sometimes cause twig dieback, which may be mistaken for injury caused by twig girdlers, twig pruners or cicadas.
	grounds-mag.com /mag/grounds_maintenance_tipping_scales/index.html (1824 words)

	Scale Insects on Orchids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Scales are probably the most important insect pests of cultivated orchids in northern climates.
		The more common species of these odd insects that infest orchids are immediately recognized in the adult stage by the light yellowish to greenish-brown, tan, or dark brown, oval to circular, objects that show-up on leaves, petals, sepals, petioles, pseudobulbs, and sometimes rhizomes and roots.
		Because the life cycle of scales can be so short combined with the overlapping of generations, in order to bring a serious problem under control you will need to do a treatment every 2-5 weeks, depending on the life cycle period of your particular problem scale species.
	nat_hist.sdstate.edu /orchids/pests/scales.htm (2973 words)

	Scale Insects on Peaches and Plums
		An initial symptom of scale infestations is a decline in the trees' vigor, characterized by sparse, yellow foliage.
		Scale insects in all stages of development exist throughout the year, except during periods of extremely cold weather.
		Also, scale insects can rapidly reproduce on trees in years when there is a crop failure due to weather conditions because producers do not normally carry out a spray program when this happens.
	entowww.tamu.edu /extension/publications/siopaplum.html (832 words)

	Scale Insects on Houseplants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Scale insects are a common pest of houseplants and can be found stunting and deforming plants throughout the year.
		Scale insects feed on plant sap sucked thorough a slender stylet that remains inserted constantly into the plant tissue.
		More commonly noticed than the scales is the large quantity of a sweet sticky liquid called honeydew that is excreted by the scale insects.
	www.ipm.iastate.edu /ipm/hortnews/1995/11-10-1995/scale.html (432 words)

	2005 Florida Citrus Pest Management Guide: Soft-Bodied Insects Attacking Foliage and Fruit
		In approaching management of scale insects, the first consideration should be to determine if the problem is induced by management practices and, if so, to determine if it can be solved by changing those practices.
		Scale bodies from previous generations often remain on the plant for several months and may be mistaken for live scales, resulting in the application of scale pesticides at inappropriate times.
		Generally, the intent of spraying for scale insects is to reduce populations with a single application in a way that no additional sprays are necessary during that season and in a way that is least disruptive to the system.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /CG004 (2996 words)

	Later's Pest Info Bulletin - Scale Insects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Scale Insects suck the sap from plants, causing them to lose luster, vigour and colour and in severe cases death of the plant.
		Scale Insects (over 3000 species in North America) are related to Mealybugs, but instead of a white waxy substance Scale Insects use a harder cover for protection.
		Males are immobile too, but some emerge as 2-winged, yellowish insects with antennae, 3 pairs of legs and a long appendage projecting from the tip of the abdomen.
	www.laters.com /insects/scale.htm (711 words)

	Scale Insects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Soft scales are sucking insects that attack a wide variety of plants.
		Soft scales such as brown soft scale and the hemispherical scale are common pests of houseplants.
		To control scale insects on houseplants, use insecticidal soap or horticultural oil(scale that have been sprayed with oil) for houseplants or a houseplant spray that is registered for use.
	www.agnr.umd.edu /users/hgic/diagn/house/scale_insects.html (208 words)

	Scale (botany) - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Scale (botany) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It is only the females that damage plants as the males lack mouthparts and so do not feed.
		The female is often wingless and legless, attached to a plant by the head and with the body covered with a waxy scale.
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Scale+(botany) (143 words)

	Scale Insects - Check out our carpet and disaster recovery tips!
		The first signs of a scale problem are leaf yellowing, branch die back and general decline of the plant.
		Scale insects extract sap and nutrients from the plant, weakening it and making it more susceptible to winter damage and drought stress.
		Scale control begins with a horticultural oil spray in the fall, winter or spring for protection against over-wintering adults.
	www.allabouthome.com /tips/pests/scale_insects.html (144 words)

	Scale Insects, Soft Scales, Wax Scales - Family Coccidae
		Young scale insects may still look like an insects, but they are very small.
		The insects live under the protected shell cover, which is their pink waxy secretion.
		ladybird larvae feeding on the scale insects on a Citrus leaf.
	www.geocities.com /brisbane_softbugs/ScaleInsect.htm (255 words)

	Time to Control Scale Insects - The Homeowner's Column
		Scale insects have no discernable head or legs, live under a waxy covering and suck plant juices.
		One method of scouting for scale crawlers is to wrap a piece of fl electrician's tape around a branch with the sticky side out during the time the crawlers are predicted to be present.
		Oystershell scale on plants such as dogwood and lilac should be sprayed now with an insecticide as Vanhoutte spirea is in full to late bloom.
	web.extension.uiuc.edu /champaign/homeowners/040515.html (600 words)

	Scale Insects of Pine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Scales are sucking insects that attack a wide variety of trees.
		Some examples of armored scales that attack needled evergreens are Pine needle scale, Cryptomeria scale, Maskell scale, Minute cypress scale, and Juniper scale.
		Some examples of soft scales that attack needled evergreens are Pine tortoise scale, Fletcher scale, Cottony camellia scale (=Cottony taxus scale), and Spruce bud scale.
	www.agnr.umd.edu /USERS/HGIC/diagn/needle/scale_insects_pine.html (614 words)

	San Jose Scale Insects
		I did have a peach and plum tree but upon inspection I determined that the scale insect was not on them.
		A few days later he contacted me to say that the residue on the samples indicated that the scale had been controlled and that his associate was jumping with joy because he discovered under the microscope that there were "good" parasites now attacking the scale.
		Scales are among the most difficult insect pests to control, especially San Jose Scale.
	www.scvrs.homestead.com /SanJoseScale.html (2137 words)

	Scale insects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Scale insects refers to a group of insects that vary in shape and form and can affect both hardwoods and conifers.
		Scales and damage from these insects can be found on any part of the tree.
		Some scales are white in color and stand out in contrast to a tree's bark; other scales blend in perfectly with the bark.
	www.sfrc.ufl.edu /4h/scalinse.htm (352 words)

	Scale insects on Ficus dying
		The sticky substance is the honeydew excreted by the insects.
		The bumps are adult scale insects under their waxy coverings that make them difficult to treat with insecticides.Ê There are a variety of treatment options available - some treatments preferred by one author, others preferred by another author.
		Plants that are severely infested with insects may be treated (mechanically or chemically) so that their problems will not spread to other plants, or they may be discarded and replaced with healthy plants from a nursery.
	www.cahe.nmsu.edu /ces/yard/2003/081603.html (625 words)

	scale insect on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		common name for members of a highly modified group of insects belonging to several families of the superfamily Coccoidea.
		GM crop farm scale evaluation results on winter oilseed rape published today.
		This place is bugged; Delia Abel, her boyfriend Russell Murdoch and son Isaac, six, crept along to Edinburgh Butterfly and Insect World.(Features)
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/s1/scaleins.asp (531 words)

	Scale Insects - Landscape Nursery and Urban Forestry - UMass Extension
		In general, scales attach themselves to the host plant, insert their feeding stylets into the vascular system for feeding,, and then cover themselves with a waxy covering that often is impermeable to most chemical insecticides.
		Scale insects are categorized into different groupings that include:
		Depending on the species involved, scale insects can be found feeding on the foliage, stems, branches or trunk of the host plant.
	www.umassgreeninfo.org /fact_sheets/scale_insects.html (186 words)

	Scale Insects - PA DCNR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Scale insects (superfamily Coccoidea) are different from most insects in several ways.
		Male scale insects are very small, have one pair of delicate wings, live only a few days, and do not feed.
		Therefore, many scale insect species are important pests in agriculture, horticulture, and forestry.
	www.dcnr.state.pa.us /forestry/pests/scale.htm (147 words)

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