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	Joseph Justus Scaliger (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Joseph Justus Scaliger was born in Agen on the night between 4 and 5 August, 1540,the tenth child and third son of Julius Caesar Scaliger (1484—1558) and Antoinette de Roques Lobejac.
		As a consequence, Scaliger was an accomplished Latinist even before he went on to study at the University of Paris (1558—62) in order to refine his Greek, a feat he seems to have accomplished largely on his own, with the aid of a Latin translation of Homer.
		Although Scaliger had every reason to be relieved at being able to leave France, which seemed to be in a perpetual state of chaos, on arrival in Holland he was disturbed by the notorious rudeness of the Dutch and the heavy drinking of his new-found colleagues.
	www.thoemmes.com /404.asp?404;http://www.thoemmes.com/encyclopedia/scaliger.htm (1611 words)

	Joseph Justus Scaliger - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Joseph Justus Scaliger (1540-1609) was the tenth child and third son of Julius Caesar Scaliger and Andiette de Roques Lobejac.
		The Jesuits, who aspired to be the source of all scholarship and criticism, perceived that the writings and authority of Scaliger were the most formidable barrier to their claims.
		Muretus in the latter part of his life professed the strictest orthodoxy; J Lipsius had been reconciled to the Church of Rome; Isaac Casaubon was supposed to he wavering but Scaliger was known to be hopeless, and as long as his supremacy was unquestioned the Protestants had the victory in learning and scholarship.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Joseph_Justus_Scaliger (2426 words)

	Scaliger (crater) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Scaliger is a prominent lunar impact crater that is located in the southern hemisphere on the far side of the Moon.
		To the west of Scaliger crater is the Lacus Solitudinis lunar mare.
		The outer wall of Scaliger is somewhat polygonal in shape, especially in the southern half.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Scaliger_(crater) (217 words)

	SCALIGER - LoveToKnow Article on SCALIGER
		JOSEPH JUSTUS ScALIGER (154oI6o9), the greatest scholar of modern times, was the tenth child and third son of Julius Caesar Scaliger and Andiette de Roques Lobejac.
		The author professes to point out five hundre s lies in the Epislola de vetustate of Scaliger, but the main argt n ment of the book is to show the falsity of his pretensions to b d of the family of La Scala, and of the narrative of his father s early life.
		It is written, for Scaliger, wit Lt unusual mederation and good taste, but perhaps for that ver h reason had not the success which its author wished and eve a expected.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /S/SC/SCALIGER.htm (4807 words)

	The Galileo Project
		Scaliger's father, Benedetto Bordon, was an expert miniaturist and illuminator of manuscripts and books, and a graphic artist.
		Apparently Scaliger was a soldier between roughly 1509 and 1515.
		About 1515 SCaliger composed a poem, "Elysium," dedicated to Alfonso and Isabella d'Este, but the outcome seems to indicate that he failed to gain the patronage he was manifestly seeking.
	galileo.rice.edu /Catalog/NewFiles/scaliger.html (756 words)

	Appendix: Scaliger's List of Eras (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Scaliger took his Palestinian calendar as announcing that AD 1575 = Jewish 5335 was year 1 of the Sabbatic cycle, and he knew that 5335/7 = 762 rem.
		Scaliger points out that errors have been made about this «a quibusdam Astronomis magni nominis», and that it is vital to provide a «character» for the Olympic era to prevent recurrences of the mistake.
		Scaliger holds that the interval starts before the death of Nero, and that only one year passed from the death of Nero to the accession of Vespasian [modern accounts set the interval between Nero's death on 6 June 68 and Vitellius' by 20 December 69].
	hbar.phys.msu.su /gorm/fomenko/scalera.htm (6409 words)

	The 21st Century and the Third Millennium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Scaliger knew that the year of Christ's birth (as determined by Dionysius Exiguus) was characterized by the number 9 of the solar cycle, by Golden Number 1, and by number 3 of the indiction cycle, or (9,1,3).
		Then Scaliger chose as this initial epoch the year characterized by (1,1,1) and determined that (9,1,3) was year 4713 of his chronological era.
		Scaliger's initial epoch was later to be adopted as the initial epoch for the Julian Day numbers.
	aa.usno.navy.mil /faq/docs/millennium.html (723 words)

	The Julian Period
		Joseph Justus Scaliger was born in France in 1540 and died in the Netherlands in 1609; he was converted to Protestantism, left France before Protestants were massacred there, and accepted a position at the University of Leiden where he remained.
		The reason for that day as a starting point was that Scaliger, in search of a time period long enough to encompass all of recorded history and some time into the future, calculated the earliest date when three important calendrical cycles coincided.
		Scaliger was looking for a time period long enough to cover all of recorded history, and therefore didn’t bother to address the question of dates outside of the 7980 year period.
	www.pauahtun.org /Calendar/julian_period.html (862 words)

	Institute for the Classical Tradition \| Boston University
		Scaliger and Aristotle on Poetic Theory,” IJCT 2 (1995-1996), pp.
		In the decades that followed it was repeatedly translated and commented upon; it also began to be used in theoretical treatises on the art of poetry in general.
		Despite Scaliger’s paying lip-service to Aristotle his Poetices libri septem cannot thus be adequately interpreted and understood with exclusive reference to an Aristotelian framework.
	www.bu.edu /ict/ijct/search/2/1/deitz.html (106 words)

	untitled1.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Scaliger did not want anyone to read Lucan because he felt that Lucan's astronomy was behind his own times, and because he constantly argued that all Roman poets were a thorn in the paw of astronomical progress.
		Scaliger's and later Housman's attacks can be summed up like this: Lucan was not as good an astronomer or geographer as I am, therefore he was an inferior poet (both critics actually were accomplished poets).
		Scaliger had a deep-seated interest in the history of astronomy, specifically in debunking the Renaissance view that astronomy was born whole and perfect among the Magi and slowly deteriorated till its decay in their present.
	www.richmond.edu /~wstevens/keplerlucan/allessay.html (9020 words)

	Scaliger, Definition of Chronology - Timeline Index
		The real importance of Scaliger's work to chronology, however, resides not so much in his results but in the quality of his work, his introduction of new methods such as the Julian Period and his insistence upon a rigorous criticism of sources, and his redefinition of chronology itself.
		Scaliger's conclusions were also disputed by several of his contemporaries, including Arcilla, a professor at Salamanca University, and Hardouin, director of the French Royal Library, among many others.
		The work of Scaliger and his imitators of the seventeenth century, however, represents a high-water mark for the field of chronology for several centuries thereafter.
	www.timelineindex.com /content/view/1459 (250 words)

	The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition: Scaliger, Joseph Justus @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		SCALIGER, JOSEPH JUSTUS [Scaliger, Joseph Justus], 1540-1609, French classical scholar.
		He was the son of Julius Caesar Scaliger, from whom he acquired his early mastery of Latin.
		He adopted Protestantism in 1562, served as companion of a Poitevin noble (1563-70), studied under Cujas at Valence (1570-72), and was professor of philosophy at Geneva (1572-74).
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1E1:ScaligJJ&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (244 words)

	Julian Day Numbers
		The Julian day number system is sometimes (erroneously) said to have been invented by Joseph Justus Scaliger (born 1540-08-05 JC in Agen, France, died 1609-01-21 JC in Leiden, Holland), who during his life immersed himself in Greek, Latin, Persian and Jewish literature, and who was one of the founders of the science of chronology.
		Scaliger combined three traditionally recognized temporal cycles of 28, 19 and 15 years to obtain a great cycle, the Scaliger cycle, or Julian period, of 7980 years (7980 is the least common multiple of 28, 19 and 15).
		Then Scaliger chose as this initial epoch the year characterized by (1,1,1) and determined that (9,1,3) was year 4713 of his chronological era [and thus that year (1,1,1) was 4713 B.C].
	hermetic.nofadz.com /cal_stud/jdn.htm (2907 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2003.02.24
		Scaliger's comments on Sulpicia's poems show not only his well-known cleverness as a textual critic but also a great interest in literary, and moral, interpretation.
		In the introduction to his Castigationes Scaliger, in accordance with his Calvinist orientation, claims that he will not dwell on the immoral content of the poems he studies, comparing the reading of poets to a dangerous sea, and the interpreter to a sailor who has to avoid the reefs of immorality.
		Unlike Cyllenius, Scaliger offers his readers an extensive paraphrasing of Sulpicia's poems, and he even tries to fill in the many gaps of the love story between Sulpicia and Cerinthus by imagining that Messalla himself was in love with her.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2003/2003-02-24.html (2408 words)

	The Enterprise Mission - Millenium
		Although this system of dating, called the Julian day numbering system, is usually attributed to Joseph Justus Scaliger (born 1540-08-05 J in Agen, France, died 1609-01-21 J in Leiden, Holland), there is ample evidence that he in fact did not invent it.
		Scaliger was one of Clavius' advisors, and is generally considered to have been one of the founders of the science of chronology.
		Joseph Scaliger proposed a period of 7,980 years of numbered days to be used in determining time elapsed between various historical events otherwise recorded only in different chronologies, eras, or calendars.
	www.enterprisemission.com /millenn3.htm (6682 words)

	Feats of Scholarship
		This conjuring act was performed in the service of a larger project: Scaliger's reconstruction of the chronology of ancient history.
		Scaliger's conception of history was extremely influential; a remark of his on the four ages of Greek poetry would be expanded by Winckelmann into an evolutionary scheme for Greek art.
		Scaliger's younger contemporary, Isaac Casaubon (1559-1614) is today known primarily as the inspiration for Edward Casaubon, the impotent husband of Dorothea Brooke in George Eliot's novel Middlemarch.
	www.brynmawr.edu /library/exhibits/antiquity/occupations3.htm (299 words)

	Julian day number and Julian period
		To set day one of the first Julian period, Scaliger calculated backwards to find the date on which all three of the cycles began on the same day (the beginning of the world?).
		Not surprisingly, Scaliger missed: the three cycles don't start on that date, since, among other complications, the lunar cycle is not exactly 19 years.
		It is often said that Scaliger named the Julian period after his father, but at the end of the introductory section to Book V of De Emendatione Temporum he explicitly states that he named his period after the Julian year.
	www.sizes.com /time/dayJulianr.htm (988 words)

	EDITION OF THE CORRESPONDENCE OF JOSEPH SCALIGER
		Edition of the Correspondence of Joseph Scaliger: In the autumn of 2002, Professor Anthony Grafton was awarded a Balzan Prize for the History of the Humanities.
		Several partial editions of Scaliger’s correspondence already exist, many of them carried out by seventeenth-century editors who eliminated anything which might cause embarrassment to his friends, and one by a nineteenth-century antiquary who worked too quickly.
		The Scaliger Institute of Leiden University, whose library houses the largest single collection of primary material relevant to the edition, has agreed to act as co-sponsor of the project.
	www.sas.ac.uk /warburg/fellowships/scaliger.htm (1098 words)

	SCALIGER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		When Ezzelino IV was elected podesta of the commune in 1226, he was able to convert the office into a permanent lordship.
		His son Can Grande II della Scala was a cruel and suspicious tyrant; not trusting his own subjects, he surrounded himself with German mercenaries but was killed by his brother Cansignorio della Scala, who beautified the city with palaces, provided it with aqueducts and bridges, and founded the state treasury.
		It is licensed under the GNU free documentation license.
	www.yotor.org /wiki/en/sc/Scaliger.htm (468 words)

	AllRefer.com - Julius Caesar Scaliger (Language And Linguistics, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Julius Caesar Scaliger 1484–1558, Italian philologist and physician in France.
		Scaliger studied medicine and settled in France (1526), where he worked as a physician.
		A scholar of profound erudition, Scaliger was nevertheless contentious and arrogant and made many enemies, including Erasmus and Jerome Cardan.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/ScaligJC.html (209 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Julius Caesar Scaliger
		He defended the absolute perfection of Cicero's style and denounced Erasmus as a mere proof corrector, a parasite, and a parricide.
		Scaliger is also the author of the following works: "De comicis dimensionibus" (Lyons, 1539); "Exotericarum exercitationum de subtilitate ad H. Cardanum" (Paris, 1537; Basle, 1560); "Poemata" (Geneva, 1574; Heidelberg, 1600); "Epistolae et Orationes " (Leyden, 1600).
		He translated into Latin Aristotle's "Natural History" (Toulouse 1619), the "Insomniae" of Hippocrates, and wrote commentaries on the treatises on plants of Theophrastes and Aristotle.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/13506a.htm (496 words)

	Boulder Community Network, Y2K, Julian and Gregorian Day Numbers
		The younger Scaliger combined three traditionally recognized temporal cycles of 28, 19 and 15 years to obtain a great cycle, the Scaliger cycle, or Julian period, of 7980 years (7980 is the least common multiple of 28, 19 and 15).
		Little mention seems to be made as to whether Joseph Scaliger regarded -4712-01-01 J as day 0 or as day 1 in the first Julian period.
		Scaliger preceded the astronomers in introducing the notion of decimal times, designating midnight as.00, 6 a.m.
	bcn.boulder.co.us /y2k/y2kbcalc.htm (1530 words)

	SCALIGER - Online Information article about SCALIGER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Of his life during this period we have interesting details and notices in the Letires francaises in Mites de Joseph Scaliger, edited by M Tamizey de Larroque (Agen, 1881).
		scandal which could be raked together respecting Scaliger or his family is to be found there.
		The fragments of the life of Joseph Scaliger have been printed in the Essays, i.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /SAR_SCY/SCALIGER.html (4919 words)

	Technical Chronology
		Scaliger discredited the forgeries of Annius of Viterbo, for example, upon which many chronologers had depended wholly or in part, and insisted upon the independent value of pagan, non-Biblical sources.
		Scaliger was a brilliant scholar who studied mathematics among his many accomplishments, but he was not a mathematician.
		Likewise, neither Scaliger, nor his imitators or contemporaries had readily available computation resources that would have enabled them, for example, to compare dates with astronomical events with speed and accuracy, correlate complex chronologies, or perform any of the other involved computations that form a necessary part of the modern research arsenal.
	www.hermetic.ch /compsci/techchron.htm (2325 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Scaliger Julius Caesar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Scaliger, Julius Caesar (1484-1558), Italian physician and literary scholar.
		Scaliger’s original surname was Bordon; he claimed to be descended from...
		He was born in Agen, the son of the immigrant Italian physician Julius Caesar...
	encarta.msn.com /Scaliger_Julius_Caesar.html (133 words)

	A.E. Houseman's Commentary on Manilius, I
		It is true that Scaliger in 1579 had often recovered by conjecture the true readings later found in G; but the vulgate was in many parts too deeply falsified for emendation, and nothing could help it but the knowledge of a purer source.
		A third edition, corrected and enlarged from Scaliger's manuscript notes, was published after his death by I H. Boeherus at Strasburg in 1655, with additional remarks by T. Reinesius and L Bullialdus.
		True, there is luck as well as merit in the achievement: many of his emendations required no Scaliger to make them, and were made by Scaliger only because Manilius hitherto instead of finding a Beroaldus or Marullus to befriend him, had fallen, as he was destined often to fall again, into the hands of dullards.
	home.vicnet.net.au /~borth/MANILII3.HTM (2800 words)

	Anthony Grafton (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In this way he was able to write his pioneering biography on Scaliger, which deals not only with its main subject, but also conjures up a network of contemporary scholars and their manifold activities.
		As for Scaliger himself, Grafton had to study not only how and why the great scholar set out to recover the original form of classical texts, and who and what inspired him, but also his work in historical chronology, or the study of dates and calendars in ancient and recent history.
		Grafton successfully undertook the daunting task of piercing the armour of mystery enveloping the subject in general and Scaliger's efforts in particular.
	www.engin.umich.edu /class/eecs281/proj2/large0/f00884 (715 words)

	Combinatory Poetry and Literature in the Internet
		Since the poems of Scaliger, Harsdörffer, Kuhlmann and Tzara fall into this category, they turn into something profoundly different as soon as their algorithms are being transscribed from book pages into computer software.
		Scaliger's example line, ``Perfide sperasti divos te fallere Proteu'' (``Wickedly you hoped to deceive the gods, Proteus''), was the prototype of countless poems in the 17th century whose lines, written either in Latin or in one of the new national languages, contained words to be shuffled.
		Between Scaliger and Tzara, there however is not only a shift from determination to chance, but also from closure to openness of the system.
	userpage.fu-berlin.de /~cantsin/homepage/writings/net_literature/permutations/kassel_2000/combinatory_poetry.html (1973 words)

	Autobiography of Joseph Scaliger (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		From "Autobiography of Joseph Scaliger, with autobiographical selections from his letters, his testament and the funeral orations by Daniel Heinsius and Dominicus Baudius" translated by G. Robinson, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1927
		Interesting letters from the boys' tutors to Julius Caesar Scaliger are printed by Jules de Bourrousse de Laflore, Jules-Cesar de Lescale (Agen, 1860), pp.
		Scaliger makes the same excuse in a letter to Isaac Casaubon, May 7, 1594, where he calls leisure optimum studiorum coagulum.
	hbar.phys.msu.su /gorm/fomenko/scaliga.htm (1135 words)

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