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Topic: Scatterometer

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	Patent 5196906: Modular scatterometer with interchangeable scanning heads
		The modular scatterometer of claim 1 wherein the interchangeable scanning head further comprises a beam dump means at the position of the specular component of the light beam as reflected from the subject surface and operably connected with the control means for measuring the intensity of the light beam as reflected from the subject surface.
		The modular scatterometer of claim 6 wherein the analog electrical signals are sent to the base unit via the transmission means and the base unit further comprises an analog-to-digital conversion means for converting the analog electrical signal to a digital signal representing the light detected by the detector means.
		The modular scatterometer of claim 13 wherein the scanning head further comprises beam dump means at the position of the specular component of the light beam as reflected from the subject surface and operably connected with the control means for measuring the intensity of the light beam as reflected from the subject surface.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5196906.html (7021 words)

	Patent 5241369: Two-dimensional optical scatterometer apparatus and process
		An optical scatterometer system is in claim 1 wherein said screen means is shaped to form a curved surface to increase its light gathering capabilities and to thereby increase a bandwidth characteristic of the optical scatterometer system.
		A commonly used scatterometer system employs a laser light beam incident on a point of a sample and a single light detector that is mechanically rotated or scanned in an arc contained in the plane of incidence, defined by the incident and specularly reflected light beams that are centered about the point on the sample.
		10 is a pictorial diagram illustrating a two-dimensional scatterometer detector system constructed in accordance with the present invention in which the sample is located on one side of the screen and the camera used to view the scattered light appearing on the screen is located on the oppposite side of the screen.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5241369.html (6921 words)

	Scatterometer including an internal calibration system - US Patent 6795193 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Additionally, this document describes a scatterometer system utilizing a rotating block to translate a light beam emitted from a light source to different points of the entrance aperture of a lens to illuminate the substrate at different angles of incidence.
		Generally, the present invention is directed to apparatus and methods used in scatterometry, wherein a pitch calibration standard, i.e., a simple periodic standard pattern and a corresponding reference data library, is integrated into the metrology tool so that any variations in the hardware of the tool may be detected and monitored in a time-efficient manner.
		The scatterometer is released for further measurement when a result of the comparison is within a predefined allowable range.
	www.patentstorm.us /patents/6795193.html (5317 words)

	WHAT IS SCATTEROMETRY
		Scatterometers are unique among satellite remote sensors in their ability to determine the wind direction over water.
		The ERS scatterometers differ from others in that they operate on C-band (which has longer waves than Ku-band), they cover less area (one 500km wide swath), and they are not always in operation.
		The NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT) was launched on the polar orbiting ADEOS satellite and measured wind speeds from Sept. 15, 1996 to June 30, 1997.
	coaps.fsu.edu /~bourassa/scat_html/What_is_Scat.shtml (774 words)

	Scatterometer design
		The purpose of the Wind Scatterometer is to obtain information on wind speed and direction at the sea surface for incorporation into models, global statistics and climatological datasets.
		A transmit pulse is produced by the Scatterometer Electronics and amplified by the IF Radar unit, converted to an RF signal in the transmitter/converter unit and amplified by the High-Power Amplifier.
		Noise measurements and internal calibration are regularly performed in the interval between the transmitted pulse and the reception of the return echo.
	earth.esa.int /rootcollection/eeo4.10075/scatt_design.html (339 words)

	RSS / Scatterometer Data / Description (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		SeaWinds scatterometers are essentially radars that transmit microwave pulses down to the Earth's surface and then measure the power that is scattered back to the instrument.
		Scatterometer data files and browse images are overwritten until data is finalized, usually within 2 days of observation.
		Scatterometer images of active tropical storms are located in our Active Storms section.
	www.ssmi.com /qscat/qscat_description.html (1789 words)

	DAAC Study: Teaching Old Data New Tricks
		The Scatterometer Climate Record Pathfinder (SCP) project, sponsored by NASA as part of the broader NOAA/NASA Pathfinder Program, is a collaborative effort between investigators at Brigham Young University, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the European Space Agency, and the National Ice Center.
		Scatterometer data have proven useful in global climate studies largely due to the length of the data record.
		The scatterometer data also show striking changes in Antarctica, but the evidence for warming in that region is not as clear.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Study/scatter (1337 words)

	Land surface monitoring using the ERS-1 scatterometer
		Finally the sensitivity of the scatterometer to variation in the vegetation cover is demonstrated for the tropical rainforest of the island of Kalimantan in Indonesia.
		Figure 6: ERS-1 scatterometer map of Africa for summer 1993 and a Hovmoeller diagram for a slice through Africa from 35° N to 35° S at the longitude of 20° E. Monthly averages of NRCS are plotted for the period from 1 November 1991 to 28 February 1994.
		Beside the scatterometer image of Africa a so-called Hovmoeller diagram is shown for a slice through Africa from 35° N to 35° S extending longitudinally from 20 to 26° E. Monthly averages of the radar cross section are plotted for the period from 1 November 1991 to 28 February 1994.
	esapub.esa.int /eoq/eoq44/wismann.htm (2511 words)

	Jet Propulsion Laboratory
		The Quick Scatterometer, or "QuikScat," is a rapidly developed mission that replaced the capability of the NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT) instrument on Japan’s Midori satellite (previously known as the Advanced Earth Observation Satellite (ADEOS)), which lost power in 1997 nine months after launch in September 1996.
		The scatterometer instrument it carries is known as Seawinds.
		Scatterometers operate by sending radar pulses to the ocean surface and measuring the "backscattered" or echoed radar pulses bounced back to the satellite.
	www.jpl.nasa.gov /missions/current/quikscat.html (222 words)

	NSCAT Research :: MERS -- BYU
		The polar regions play a central role in regulating global climate, and it is important to accurately record and monitor the extent and surface conditions of the earth's major ice masses.
		A radar scatterometer measures the radar backscattering cross-section (termed "sigma-0" by scientists) of the Earth's surface.
		Because the radar response is sensitive to the type and density of vegetation, the scatterometer data can provide information useful for discriminating and mapping vegetation.
	www.ee.byu.edu /ee/mers/NSCAT-1.html (1224 words)

	NASA Scatterometer Climate Record Pathfinder (Center for Remote Sensing - BYU)
		The launch of Seasat, carrying a Ku-band scatterometer (SASS), in 1978 provided a baseline against which studies of global change can be measured.
		The SCP datasets are based on a time series of enhanced resolution images made from the scatterometer backscatter (sigma0) measurements using the Scatterometer Image Reconstruction (SIR) and SIR w/filtering algorithms.
		The Scatterometer Climate Record Pathfinder Project announces a new Current Icebergs web page tracking the current position of large Antarctic icebergs based on Near-real-time QuikSCAT imagery.
	www.scp.byu.edu (422 words)

	Global Ice and Land Climate Studies Using Scatterometer Image Data
		Though these scatterometers were originally designed to measure oceanic surface winds, their data are also extremely useful in a broad range of ice and land applications, including the use of extensive scatterometer time series to determine seasonal and interannual variability and possible relationships to climate change.
		As scatterometers can be very accurately calibrated to generally to less than a few tenths of a decibel (dB), seasonal and interannual differences that result in changes as low as 1-2 dB may be confidently examined.
		Scatterometer data have also been applied to land studies, making use primarily of changes related to moisture content over both vegetated and bare soil, as well as the seasonal freeze-thaw cycle.
	www.agu.org /eos_elec/010126e.html (2420 words)

	ERS Scatterometer Land Applications: Detecting Soil Thawing in Siberia
		Its incidence angle ranges from 18 to 57°, the illuminated swath is 500 km wide, and the along-track and cross-track spatial resolution is 50 km (ESA, 1992).
		The scatterometer measurements are independent of cloud coverage and illumination by the sun and, therefore, superior to measurements by optical systems.
		When the vegetation cover is sparse or absent, the normalised radar cross-section (NRCS) at C-band, VV polarisation, depends mainly on the moisture content of the soil, the dielectric constant, the penetration depth and the surface roughness.
	esapub.esrin.esa.it /eoq/eoq52/boe52.htm (1900 words)

	JPL Air Sea Interaction & Climate Team
		The scatterometer sends microwave pulses to the earth's surface and measure the backscattered power from the surface roughness.
		The capability of measuring both wind speed and direction is the major uniqueness of the scatterometer.
		All wind retrieval from past and present scatterometers suffers, at various degrees, ambiguities in wind direction because of the sinusoidal relationship between the backscatter and wind direction.
	orbit.jpl.nasa.gov /data/scatterometer.html (248 words)

	Retrieval Of Ocean Winds Form Ers-1/2 Scatterometer And Sar Data Using Natural Network.
		The use of SAR to derive ocean winds is driven by the demands of fine spatial resolution such as in the coast regions.
		The principles of the scatterometer measuring the wind lies in the fact that the microwave radar echo from ocean surface are dependent on amplitude and density of the waves.
		In the design phase of scatterometer, it is desirable that measured data be strongly dependent on the change of wind.
	www.gisdevelopment.net /aars/acrs/1997/ps2/ps4011pf.htm (1922 words)

	Air Sea Interaction and Climate -- Publications
		Liu, W.T. and W. Tang, 2001: Ocean-atmosphere interaction in the North Pacific observed by microwave scatterometer, altimeter, and radiometer.
		Tang, W., and W.T. Liu, 1998: Compiling global wind fields from the NASA scatterometer and studying their relationship with anomalou warming in the Pacific.
		Yan, X.H., Y. He, and W.T. Liu, 1997: Scatterometer wind data used in the data analyses and model studies for the western tropical Pacific ocean.
	airsea-www.jpl.nasa.gov /publication/publications.html (3766 words)

	Vegetation Studies of the Amazon Basin Using Enhanced Resolution Seasat Scatterometer Data (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The Seasat-A Scatterometer (SASS) was designed to measure the near-surface wind field over the ocean by inferring the wind from measurements of the surface radar backscatter.
		The remarkable correlation between the Ku-band radar images and vegetation formations is explored and the results of several successful experiments to classify the general vegetation classes using the image data are presented.
		Because the scatterometer provides frequent, wide-area coverage at a variety of incidence angles, it can supplement higher resolution instruments which often have narrow swaths with limited coverage and incidence angle diversity.
	www.ee.byu.edu /ee/mers/Amazonstudies93/Amazonstudies93.html (227 words)

	Scatterometer captures Pacific typhoons (September 1996) - News - optics.org
		The first images of winds over the oceans taken by the NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT) science instrument onboard Japan's Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS) show two typhoons in the northwest Pacific Ocean as they were seen on September 20.
		The scatterometer takes 190,000 wind measurements per day, mapping more than 90 percent of the world's ice-free oceans every two days.
		Information gathered by the scatterometer is being used by the National Weather Service, an office of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the Japanese Meteorological Agency.
	optics.org /articles/news/2/9/20/1 (223 words)

	Scatterometer Land Applications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The first spaceborne scatterometer was operated during the American Skylab mission in 1973 and 1974, demonstrating the feasibility of spaceborne scatterometers.
		Presently, the scatterometer data is exclusively dedicated to the determination of wind speed and direction over the oceans.
		In order to promote the use of scatterometer data over land and to support the development of new applications a database of ERS scatterometer data obtained over land and ice surfaces is distributed free-of-charge on CD-ROM.
	www.ifars.de /eolas/scatapps.htm (3628 words)

	Performance enhancement of a neutron scatterometer for void fraction measurement. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The objective of this work was to design a scatterometer with improved performance by enhancing the contrast ratio and/or increasing the count rate.
		However, by bringing the source into close proximity of the channel, while moving the biological shielding away from the source by about 0.37 m, the contrast ratio of the device increased to about 17% (from the original design value of about 6%).
		Therefore, this design setup is recommended for use in fast transient measurements, as it enables using the scatterometer without using an extremely intense source.
	digitalcommons.hil.unb.ca /dissertations/AAIMQ72522 (314 words)

	SeaWinds Scatterometer On NASA's QuikSCAT Satellite Casts A Closer Eye On Tropical Cyclones
		In a new NASA-funded study, researchers have dramatically improved the warning time for tropical cyclone development in the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific hurricane basins using satellite data to access a combination of the spin of the atmosphere and wind speed data.
		This new method is based on signals from the scatterometer derived vorticity field, which highlights areas of rotating winds.
		The results of the use of the scatterometer in the Eastern Pacific, however, are more impressive and critical.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2002/01/020116072447.htm (937 words)

	SAMPLING ERRORS IN WIND FIELDS CONSTRUCTED FROM SINGLE AND MULTIPLE SCATTEROMETER DATASETS
		Cognizance of sampling-imposed limitations is an essential prerequisite to the interpretation and application of wind fields constructed from scatterometer observations.
		The areal coverage of the single, wide-swath SeaWinds scatterometer is 40% greater than that of NSCAT and 3.2 times greater than that of ERS.
		The two lines correspond to the temporal smoothing required to obtain a spatial resolution of 2 deg with a mapping accuracy of 0.72 m/s (heavy line) or an error inhomogeneity of 0.12 m/s (thin line) for smoothed estimates of a wind component at 30 deg latitude.
	www.oce.orst.edu /research/po/research/errors/index.html (1326 words)

	3.6 Progress in Spaceborne Scatterometer and Science Application (2002 - 6IOS) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Timothy Liu, NASA/JPL, Pasaden, CA In the past decade, the European Space Agency and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration have launched four scatterometers to measure ocean surface wind vectors.
		Starting 2002, there will be two wide-swath scatterometers flying in tandem, providing global high frequency (diurnal) wind vector field for the first time.
		Infusion of new technology (polarimetric scatterometer) to improve the measurements while preserving the continuity of the long time series will be discussed
	ams.confex.com /ams/annual2002/techprogram/paper_27193.htm (201 words)

	science@nasa - Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT)
		This scatterometer operates by transmitting high-frequency microwave pulses to the ocean surface and measuring the echoed radar pulses bounced back to the satellite.
		The scatterometer estimates wind speed and direction over the Earth's oceans at 10 m above the surface of the water.
		The SeaWinds scatterometer is providing unprecedented, frequent surface wind speed and direction measurements over the global oceans.
	science.hq.nasa.gov /missions/satellite_51.htm (461 words)

	SOLAS Conference abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Although small-scale variability in wind forcing is acknowledged, global estimates which are based on clima-tological wind values contain considerable potential for error because of nonline-arities in the parameterizations of piston velocity.
		Use of the monthly mean wind speed to estimate the exchange coef-ficient underestimates the flux (less than half) north of 35°, while in areas to the south the flux is overestimated (by 30-300%).
		Although both estimates of the exchange coefficient are measured by scatterometer, the sigma_0 based es-timate presents higher variability than the wind based value for a given scat-terometer cell (25 by 25km).
	www.ifm.uni-kiel.de /fb/fb2/ch/research/solas/abstract/abs-014.htm (347 words)

	Ocean Winds and Remote Sensing
		The Wind Scatterometer is part of the Active Microwave Instrument, (AMI) orbiting on the European Space Agency satellite ERS-2.
		Wind scatterometers record the change in radar reflectivity or backscatter of the ocean due to the wind produced ripples on the surface.
		Measurements by the ERS scatterometer may be used to derive both wind speed and direction.
	www.dgl.salemstate.edu /Profs/Young/Imaging%20Earth/Sea-Winds/windscatterometer.htm (389 words)

	ERS Wind Scatterometer - Fast Delivery Product
		The image shows data from the Scatterometer instrument acquired on 28th November 2000 and colored red, green or blue according to which of the three antennas within the instrument provided the measurements.
		However, additional processing is also possible such as the analysis of measurements from different viewing angles, as shown here, which enables a greater insight to be built up regarding the dynamics associated with the evolution and measurement of intense cyclonic systems.
		The standard data products from the scatterometer provide not only an unprecedented volume of homogeneous wind measurements to meteorologists, but also detailed structure on intense geophysical phenomena such as tropical cyclones where it is normally very difficult to obtain measurements.
	earth.esa.int /services/pg/samples/pgerswscuwi.html (329 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		An algorithm is introduced to remove the directional ambiguities in ocean surface winds measured by scatterometers, which requires scatterometer data only.
		A pressure field is first derived from the median-filtered scatterometer winds, is then noise-filtered, and is finally converted back to the winds, respectively, by an inverted PBL model, a smoothing algorithm, and a PBL model.
		The derived wind field is used to remove the directional ambiguities in the scatterometer data.
	imaqs.uh.edu /kasa/paper/2000/sci/kim.yj.2000.2.html (137 words)

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