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Topic: Schleswig Plebiscite

	Schleswig-Holstein Question - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		His reward was the duchy of Schleswig and the famous charter, known as the Constitutio Valdemariana, which laid down the principle The Con- that the duchy of South Jutland was never to be incor- T i e Con- porated in the kingdom of Denmark or ruled by the same tit utl sovereign (7 June 1326).
		On Schleswig the Schauenburg counts had no claim; their election in Holstein would have separated the countries; and it was easy therefore for Christian to secure his election both as Char Charter of duke of Schleswig and count of Holstein (5 March 1460).
		Schleswig, until the peace, was to be administered separately, under a mixed commission, Holstein was to be governed by a vicegerent of the German empire - an arrangement equally offensive to German and Danish sentiment.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /S/SC/SCHLESWIG_HOLSTEIN_QUESTION.htm (6275 words)

	Propaganda Postcards of the Great War (World War 1) - Schleswig
		Prussia occupying and administering Schleswig and Austria occupying Holstein.
		The plebiscite region, closely equivalent to the traditional Duchy boundaries and identified in the terminology of Versailles as the "evacuation zone" was divided into two sections.
		The plebiscite vote took place on March 14, 1920 and as expected, the northern third of the province voted to return to Denmark, the southern two-thirds to remain a part of Germany.
	www.ww1-propaganda-cards.com /schleswig.html (610 words)

	Second War of Schleswig Encyclopedia Article @ MrsGermany.com (Mrs Germany) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Like the First War of Schleswig, the second was fought for control of the duchies because of succession disputes when the Danish king died without an heir acceptable in the German Confederation.
		The secessionist movement in Schleswig-Holstein was defeated in the First War of Schleswig (1848–51), but the movement continued throughout the 1850s and 1860s, as proponents of German unification increasingly expressed the wish to include two Danish-ruled provinces Holstein and Schleswig in a 'Greater Germany'.
		Oct 30: In the Treaty of Vienna (1864) Denmark cedes Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg to Prussia and Austria.
	www.mrsgermany.com /encyclopedia/Second_War_of_Schleswig (2117 words)

	Plebiscite issues make interesting collection
		In the plebiscite, the Masurians voted with the Germans for a lopsided return of 97.9 percent in favor of union with Germany.
		Schleswig was a grand duchy with a mixed German and Danish population Prussia had acquired Schleswig as a result of wars with Denmark in 1864 and Austria in 1866.
		A plebiscite was to be held first in Zone A. If that election went against Austria, then a second plebiscite would be held in Zone B. The plebiscite was held in Zone A on Oct. 10, 1920, with 59 percent of the vote going to Austria.
	www.linns.com /howto/refresher/plebiscites_20030526/refreshercourse.asp (1683 words)

	Schleswig-Holstein - ROFLPedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Duchy of Schleswig was originally an integral part of Denmark, but was in medieval times established as a fief under the Kingdom of Denmark, with the same relation to the Danish Crown as for example Brandenburg or Bavaria vis-à-vis the Holy Roman Emperor.
		Essentially, Schleswig was either integrated into Denmark or was a Danish fief, and Holstein was a German fief and once a sovereign state long ago.
		According to the line of succession of Denmark and Schleswig, the crowns of both Denmark and Schleswig would now pass to Duke Christian of Glücksburg (the future King Christian IX); the crown of Holstein was considered to be more problematic.
	www.roflpedia.com /wiki/index.php?title=Schleswig-Holstein (1761 words)

	Grænselandsportal
		Schleswig became a Danish duchy in the 12th century and remained a fief associated with Denmark until 1864.
		Schleswig and Holstein wanted to form a single region within a united Germany, while a Danish countermovement insisted that Schleswig had always belonged to Denmark and should be a part of it.
		When the plebiscite was held in 1920, 75 % of the population in the northern part of Schleswig voted for incorporation in Denmark, while 80 % of the middle of Schleswig voted for remaining within Germany.
	www.graenselandsportal.dk /default.asp?objtype=artikel1&func=showdetail&id=1101&ilanguage=dansk (596 words)

	Schleswig-Holstein - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Schleswig-Holstein is drained by the Eider River, which forms the historic border between the former duchies of Schleswig (in the north) and Holstein (in the south).
		Schleswig was placed under Prussian administration and Holstein under Austrian administration, while the duchy of Lauenburg (also lost by Denmark in 1864) went to Prussia in return for a money payment to Austria.
		The Austro-Prussian War of 1866 ended with a swift (7 weeks) Prussian victory; Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg were annexed to Prussia and became the province of Schleswig-Holstein.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-schleswgh1.html (1062 words)

	Columbia Encyclopedia- Schleswig - AOL Research & Learn
		The duchy of Schleswig, created in 1115, was a hereditary fief held from the kings of Denmark.
		His descendant, Christian I of Denmark, inherited (1460) both Schleswig and Holstein, but he was obliged to recognize the inseparability of the two territories and to affirm that they were bound to the Danish crown by a personal union only.
		Schleswig and Holstein (which had also become a duchy) underwent complex subdivisions, although theoretically the principle of the inseparability of the two duchies was not violated.
	reference.aol.com /columbia/_a/schleswig/20051207050109990004 (250 words)

	E.J. Emmett. The American Negro in the World War. Appendix D.
		Helgoland, the island fortress, is to be dismantled at German expense and by German labor.
		A plebiscite for Upper Silesia, with guarantees of coal from that territory.
		Omission of the third zone In the Schleswig plebiscite.
	www.lib.byu.edu /~rdh/wwi/comment/Scott/SChA4.htm (839 words)

	Schleswig-Holstein (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Queen Margrethe was forced to accept fait accompli and grant Schleswig as a hereditary Danish duchy to Gerhard IV 1386.
		The nobility in Schleswig and Holstein however elected the Danish king Christian I as duke and count after he promised that Schleswig and Holstein would for all eternity be undivided and united.
		But Schleswig and Holstein were divided again 1544 in the same manner as in 1490.
	home.student.uu.se /o/orma1967/Kartor/Danmark/schleswig-holstein.htm (669 words)

	Schleswig-Holstein - Avoo - Ask Us A Question - Schleswig-Holstein (help·info) is the northernmost of the 16 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Northern Schleswig, today the Danish South Jutland County, was ceded to Denmark after a referendum following Germany's defeat in World War I.
		Low German is still common in most parts of the state, while Danish is used by the Danes in Southern Schleswig, and Frisian by the North Frisians of the North Sea Coast and the Northern Frisian Islands.
		The Duchy of Schleswig or Southern Jutland was originally an integral part of Denmark, but was in medieval times established as a fief under the Kingdom of Denmark, with the same relation to the Danish Crown as for example Brandenburg or Bavaria vis-à-vis the Holy Roman Emperor.
	www.clearlakecaus.com /topic/Schleswig-Holstein (2071 words)

	A/AC.21/W.18 of 22 January 1948 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		He was responsible to the Commission for maintaining law and order, for securing the freedom and secrecy of the voting, and for the organization and discipline of his forces.
		"The Supreme Plebiscite Tribunal shall alone be competent to judge breaches of penal law committed against the international force or its members or affecting its property or the property of its organs or its members" (paragraph 5 of the above resolution).
		The attempted Vilna Plebiscite was provided for in the resolution of the Council of the League of Nations adopted on 28 October 1920.
	domino.un.org /UNISPAL.NSF/561c6ee353d740fb8525607d00581829/5c8a3a5d5f7129ee052566020045a8b3 (1170 words)

	Der Kieler Kreis -- Kiel
		It was subject to a number of invasions from Denmark and Sweden, and in 1848 it became the capital of Danish-controlled Schleswig.
		The duchies of Schleswig and Holstein long figured prominently in the political history of northwestern Europe.
		In 1460 Schleswig and Holstein became allied to the Danish government during the reign of
	www.geocities.com /redmidnightcat/schleswig.htm (2247 words)

	Historisk Tidsskrift / Copyright © by Den danske historiske Forening (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		March on one hand the constitutional union of the duchy of Schleswig with Denmark was declared, on the other hand it was stated that the duchy should be accorded an independent status in regard to civil administration and also the maintenance of separate courts of law.
		The main substance of this was that a project for an independent status for Schleswig in a somewhat modified form should be made the basis of future negotiations, the alternative proposed was a division of Schleswig by Danevirke.
		The wording of the bill for granting Schleswig an independent status was not at variance with the promises in the programme of Ejderpolitiken, and Count Knuth, the foreign secretary, succeeded in convincing first Sweden, later Russia, of this fact.
	www.hum.ou.dk /projects/histtid/summary/11IV_632.html (1193 words)

	Danish Minority in South Schleswig (Schleswig-Holstein, Germany)
		South Schleswig (Danish Sydslesvig) is part of the Euro-Region Sønderjylland/Schleswig and is home to a Danish minority (50,000 Danes and 8,000 Frisians).
		Proper representation and full cultural autonomy is guaranteed by the constitutions of Schleswig-Holstein and of the Federal Republic of Germany.
		The arms of Schleswig (in Danish Slesvig), blazoned Or two Lions passant Azure, is present in the greater state arms of Denmark [see Ralf Hartemink's International Civic Arms website] as well as in the arms of the German state of Schleswig-Holstein.
	www.fotw.net /flags/de-sh}dk.html (457 words)

	In English: The re-unification of North Schleswig with Denmark in 1920
		The result of the plebiscite was a division of Schleswig into a southern part called South Schleswig, which was to remain German, while the northern part of Schleswig became Danish under the name of Southern Jutland.
		The result of the plebiscite of Zone 1 on 10th February 1920 and produced a vast majority in favour of the area becoming Danish, while the results of the plebiscite of Zone 2 was a vast majority in favour of that area remaining German.
		The Danish king, Christian 10th, agreed with them and the issue of the future of Southern Schleswig was one of the questions of domestic controversy in the so-called Easter-crisis of 1920, which led to the king dismissing the government.
	sql.byhistorie.dk /monumenter/template/re-unification.xml?xsl=artikel.xslt (1167 words)

	Chronology 1920
		Voters in the northern zone of the North Schleswig plebiscite (74 percent) decided for reunion with Denmark.
		Voters (80 percent) in the southern zone of the North Schleswig plebiscite chose to remain part of Germany.
		The League decided to schedule a plebiscite to determine the future of the province, but the vote was cancelled on March 3, 1921.
	www.indiana.edu /~league/1920.htm (5504 words)

	Flensburg and the Schleswig Plebiscite - Message Board - ezboard.com
		Schleswig, far less disputed in recent times than Alsase Lorraine, has still ping-ponged back and forth down the ages, the last time being 1864, until which time the Danish domain reached all the way down to Altona, now an integral part of the Hanse City.
		Ultimately, it might have been the King himself who reminded the Paris Peace Conference that the peace treaty of 1865 provided for a plebiscite in fifteen years for Schleswig, whereby the whole province was to decide for itself whether it should remain with Prussia or return to Denmark (Holstein was left out).
		Austria was the guarantor of this treaty, but when the year of the plebiscite drew nigh, Austria was in alliance with the new German Empire and conveniently forgot to uphold the only outstanding issue from the Peace of 1865.
	pub158.ezboard.com /ftheworldatwar70879frm6.showMessage?topicID=32.topic&index=3 (557 words)

	Denmark - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		After the Second War of Schleswig (Danish: Slesvig) in 1864 Denmark was forced to cede Schleswig-Holstein to Prussia, in a defeat that left deep marks in the Danish national identity.
		Fearing German irredentism Denmark refused to consider the return of Holstein and insisted on a plebiscite concerning the return of Schleswig.
		In 1920, following the plebiscite, Northern Schleswig was recovered by Denmark and the new border has remained one of the fairest borders ever in history.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/d/e/n/Denmark.html (1842 words)

	North Schleswig (Denmark) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The German-Danish border was set by the 1920 Plebiscite, resulting in a German population of about 20,000 in Denmark (6-8% of total population of Sønderjylland).
		The best source of information about everything North Schleswig is: http://www.nordschleswig.dk/links/ The political party of German population, which accomplished the most in fight for minority rights and cultural autonomy, Bund deutscher Nordshleswiger, used to fly white and blue flag with two lions in the
		Northern Schleswig had to be given to Denmark in 1920 (caused by WW I), while southern Schleswig remains to Germany.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/dk-nschl.html (468 words)

	Schleswig, former duchy, Germany and Denmark — Infoplease.com
		Schleswig, former duchy, Germany and Denmark — Infoplease.com
		of Denmark, inherited (1460) both Schleswig and Holstein, but he was obliged to recognize the inseparability of the two territories and to affirm that they were bound to the Danish crown by a personal union only.
		By the Treaty of Roskilde (1658) the Danish crown renounced its suzerainty over ducal Schleswig; the resulting quarrels between Denmark and the duke of Holstein-Gottorp were a major factor in the
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0843963.html (409 words)

	History
		Schleswig and Holstein were jointly ruled by the King of Denmark and a hereditary Duke
		The Czar of Russia acted as Duke of Holstein; Schleswig was still a possession of Denmark; The Treaty of 1765, between Russia and Denmark, gave Holstein to the King of Denmark
		Denmark was defeated and the King of Denmark lost Schleswig to Prussia and Holstein to Austria
	www.frontiernet.net /~ioannes1/History (571 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Denmark, 1918-1920
		In 1864, Denmark had ceded SCHLESWIG, HOLSTEIN and LAUENBURG to Austria respectively to Prussia.
		Slesvig) a plebiscite was to be held, permitting the population to decide if they wanted their land to be part of Denmark or Prussia/Germany.
		When World War I was over, this plebiscite, long ignored by the German authorities, finally was held; the northern part of the area, around TØNDER, HADERSLEV, ÅBENRA and SØNDERBORG (the so-called ZONE 1), opted for Denmark.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/scandinavia/dk191820.html (204 words)

	Brujula.Net - Your Latin Stating Point (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The former Duchy of Schleswig,, has been divided between Denmark and Germany since 1920.
		Northern Schleswig, today the Danish county of South Jutland, was ceded to Denmark after a
		The Duchy of Schleswig was in early medieval times split off from the
	www.brujula.net /english/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein.html (501 words)

	NOTGELDMAN'S Collecting German NOTGELD (plebiscite)
		Some that spring to mind are the Flensburg 'tug-of-war' (both sides trying to win the vote) and the Broager note (see above) depicting a Danish flag falling from the sky.
		(Slesvig which often appears on these plebiscite issues, is the Danish name for the area known as Schleswig).
		In 1920, the year of the plebiscite, the nothern part (zone I) was reunited with Denmark, and zone II stayed under Germany.
	mysite.wanadoo-members.co.uk /notgeldfreeserve1/plebiscite.htm (404 words)

	Treaty of Versailles
		Alsace-Lorraine, the territories which were ceded to Germany in accordance with the Preliminaries of Peace signed at Versailles on February 26, 1871, and the Treaty of Frankfurt of May 10, 1871, were restored to French sovereignty without a plebiscite as from the date of the Armistice of November 11, 1918.
		Northern Schleswig including the German-dominated towns of Tondern (TÃ¸nder), Apenrade, Sonderburg, Hadersleben and LÃ¼gum in Schleswig-Holstein, after the Schleswig Plebiscite, to Denmark (area 3 984 kmÂ², 163,600 inhabitants (1920)),
		The province of Saarland to be under the control of the League of Nations for 15 years, after that a plebiscite between France and Germany, to decide to which country it would belong.
	www.anime.co.za /wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles (3204 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		To quell Polish nationalism, Bismarck encouraged internal colonization by Germans of the Polish areas, and refused to hold a plebiscite on Schleswig-Holstein's future.
		More generally, Bismarck imposed restrictions on the language and culture of these areas, with the use of the local language being banned in schools and government offices.
		Additionally, Bismarck should have granted plebiscites on minority areas' futures, such as in Schleswig-Holstein.
	www.assumption.edu /dept/history/HI14Net/Bismarckessay.html (1078 words)

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