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	Schlieren photography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Schlieren photography is a visual process that is used to photograph the flow of air (or other compressible fluids) around objects.
		A simple schlieren system can be built with a single mirror with a long focal length; telescope mirrors can be used for this purpose.
		The adaptive optics pyramid wavefront sensor is a modified form of schlieren (having two perpendicular knife edges formed by the vertices of a refracting square pyramid).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Schlieren_photography (407 words)

	SCHLIEREN PHOTOGRAPHY PRINCIPLES
		Among the photo-optical techniques available to the photoinstrumentation specialist, schlieren photography is perhaps one of the simplest and most "magical" of the methods in common use today.
		Schlieren, shadowgraph and interferometric techniques have been used for many years to study the distribution of density gradients within a transparent medium.
		Because of the often spectacular visual results which the schlieren system is able to produce it is attributed with a level of set-up difficulty and explanation of the effect which is not really deserved.
	www.rit.edu /~andpph/text-schlieren.html (876 words)

	ORIGIN AND SIGNIFICANCE OF SCHLIEREN IN GRANITE ON VINALHAVEN ISLAND, MAINE
		Schlieren are usually vertical, and they commonly occur in two settings: 1) in sheets and pipes of granite associated with map-scale gabbro units, and 2) associated with large enclaves in otherwise relatively homogeneous coarse-grained granite.
		The alignment is in the same orientation for grains in both the schlieren band and the adjacent granite; whatever aligned these feldspars in the schlieren had the same effect on the grains in the granite.
		This observation is consistent with a schlieren formation model of strain imposed on the crystal mush or shear sorting of grains during flow of the crystal mush.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2004NE/finalprogram/abstract_70530.htm (511 words)

	Fusor Construction & Operation - Schlieren shadowgraph of operating fusor did not work.
		The Schlieren technique is very sensitive to seeing even the most subtle refractive index differences but I think at fusion pressures, the deuterium is just too rarified to see anything.
		Talking to Carl the other night, we did come up with another way to get insight into the dynamics of the fusor and that is to use one of his x-ray intensifier tubes.
		Schlieren shadowgraph of operating fusor did not work.
	fusor.net /board/view.php?bn=fusor_construction&key=1114667469 (265 words)

	research.html
		In this schlieren photograph, currents from the girl's thermal plume are visible surrounding her.
		"Schlieren" is the German word for "streaks" or "striations." The bright circle behind the girl is actually the diameter of the key mirror in the schlieren equipment.
		Most schlieren systems are small due to the enormous cost of the high-quality optical lenses needed for large images.
	www.psu.edu /ur/archives/intercom_1998/Oct15/research.html (734 words)

	Zebra.html
		Since industrial gas handling systems are not typically designed for the convenience of schlieren methods, there will be many enclosed and cluttered situations which preclude the placement of bulky optics on one side of the test region.
		However, this standard schlieren system is unsuited for leak detection in industrial settings because the telescope mirror's bulk may preclude its placement in a cluttered environment and its diameter may be too small to cover a significant area.
		For a significant schlieren effect, the disturbance must be large enough that deflected rays from a bright stripe appear to the camera to have originated from a neighboring dark stripe.
	www.physics.ucf.edu /~rep/zebra.html (2297 words)

	Schlieren Measurement Technique (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A schlieren instrument records changes in the refractive index distribution of transparent media like air flows.
		Improvements to this basic schlieren system include the Rainbow Schlieren invented by Wally Howes, where a colored bulls eye filter is used rather than a knife edge to quantify the strength of the refraction.
		The second photo was taken with the system focused on the soldering iron; the heat rising from the iron is clear, and the gas flow and window striations are relatively unnoticeable.
	www.grc.nasa.gov /WWW/OptInstr/schl.html (390 words)

	[No title]
		A schlieren apparatus using a bacteriorhodopsin film as an adaptive image grid with white light illumination is demonstrated for the first time.
		All usual schlieren set-ups sandwich the test region between optics, and this limits the field of view to industrially uninteresting scales.
		Downie demonstrated a BR schlieren apparatus using blue and green laser light, but an attempt with white light and color filters was unsuccessful[5].
	www.physics.ucf.edu /~rep/schlieren (2548 words)

	Schlieren index: Schlieren Photo Gallery Contact Sheet
		Schlieren photography (from the German word for "streaks") allows the visualization of density changes, and therefore shock waves, in fluid flow.
		Schlieren techniques have been used for decades in laboratory wind tunnels to visualize supersonic flow about model aircraft, but not full scale aircraft until recently.
		Leonard Weinstein of NASA Langley Research Center developed the first Schlieren camera, which he calls SAF (Schlieren for Aircraft in Flight), that can photograph the shock waves of a full sized aircraft in flight.
	www1.dfrc.nasa.gov /gallery/photo/Schlieren/HTML (179 words)

	MeteoriteTimes.com - Tektite Article of the Month
		Schlieren are contact lines where zones of different density or transparency meet.
		There is good evidence that corrosion of tektite glass by chemical action in the soil is selective to differences in composition, which are themselves displayed in the schlieren pattern.
		Clearly in the case of Muong Nong a relationship of external appearance and the internal schlieren and layering exists.
	www.meteoritetimes.com /Back_Links/2004/January/Tektite_of_Month.htm (625 words)

	SchliERen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		"Schlieren" is a geological term for thin layers of dark minerals found within a granite.
		The schlieren in this picture are the dark lines that run from the back right to the front left.
		The more diffuse dark lines that run from the back left to the front right are lichen streaks that result from differential flow of water off the rock when it rains.
	uts.cc.utexas.edu /~rmr/E-rock/schliERen.html (86 words)

	NASA - NASA Dryden Fact Sheets - Schlieren Photography: Ground to Air
		Schlieren photography allows the visualization of density changes, and therefore shock waves, in fluid flow.
		Two Schlieren photographs from this camera are shown in Figures 1 and 2.
		To verify and enhance the quality of these computational propagation techniques, a database of sonic boom measurements at various altitudes is being gathered for use by the aerospace industry, universities, and NASA research centers.
	www.nasa.gov /centers/dryden/news/FactSheets/FS-033-DFRC.html (1037 words)

	Schlieren (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In the last century, the systems were improved and refined and used extensively for wind tunnel observation and gas flow studies.
		Today, systems have been developed to view the shockwaves emanating from supersonic aircraft in flight, to see the heat plume coming from a human body, and to study heating and cooling forced air system flows in a room.
		Systemaitec has used a principle known for many years to produce a simple but very sensitive Schlieren photographic system using only one optical member and a video or still camera.
	www.systemaitec.com /schlieren.htm (233 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Also, high-speed Schlieren visualization images were obtained under various operating conditions to establish a qualitative basis for validating the LIBS measurements.
		The fuel injection pattern was analyzed from time-averaged Schlieren images by mapping the intensity profiles at various downstream locations.
		Schlieren results suggested an improved mixing due to flow-induced cavity resonance, which in the present experiments occurred at around 20 kHz and caused periodic penetration of fuel deeper into the freestream.
	www.glue.umd.edu /~godess/Propulsion_and_power_azang.doc (1510 words)

	Simple Refractive Color Schlieren System
		His field of interest is technical photography, high-speed photography, infrared, particularly schlieren photography, and various applications of streak and strip photography.
		The purpose of these photographs by Davidhazy was to illustrate for his students the principle that in a color schlieren system, the colors can be introduced arbitrarily by choice of a filter matrix arrangement placed in front of the camera lens.
		Whereas classical schlieren photography required a fairly elaborate arrangement, usually with two straight edges (such as safety razors) or circular diaphragms, and two schlieren mirrors with critical adjustments, the color schlieren photography setup of Davidhazy has simplified the task.
	www.rit.edu /~andpph/text-schlieren-color.html (739 words)

	Schlieren EC94-42528-1: Schlieren photograph of T-38 shock waves at Mach 1.1, 13,000 feet
		This is Dr. Leonard Weinstein's Schlieren photograph of a T-38 at Mach 1.1, altitude 13,700 feet, taken at NASA Wallops in 1993.
		He successfully took a picture which clearly shows the shock waves about a T-38 aircraft on December 13, 1993 at Wallops Island, MD. The camera was then brought to the NASA Dryden Flight Research Center because of the high number of supersonic flights there.
		Schlieren; T-38; Dr. Leonard Weinstein; NASA Langley Research Center; Wallops
	www.dfrc.nasa.gov /gallery/photo/Schlieren/HTML/EC94-42528-1.html (206 words)

	Reflective Focused Schlieren System in 10x10 Supersonic Wind Tunnel
		The reflective focused schlieren system that was developed for use in the 10- by 10-Foot Supersonic Wind Tunnel (10×10 SWT) at the NASA Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field as part of the Unstart Test Program was improved this past year.
		A focused schlieren system is similar to a standard schlieren system in that shock waves coming from an object in supersonic flow can be seen using a standard video camera.
		The cutoff grid, which is the negative of the source grid, is made by exposing photography film (or glass plates) to the proper light while it is installed in the focused schlieren system.
	www.lerc.nasa.gov /WWW/RT1999/7000/7560williamson.html (497 words)

	Schlieren Formation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		3) Structures such as the one above, which resembles cross-bedding, have lead to the idea that schlieren are formed during flow of the granite, with crystals behaving similarly to sediment in a stream.
		However, the above structure could just as easily be a curved area of schlieren that has been cut by a latter pulse of granitic intrusion that only resembles cross-bedding.
		I favor mechanisms that relate to flow within the granite, as I have noticed that schlieren are more common near contacts between granite phases.
	uts.cc.utexas.edu /~rmr/E-rock/howschlER.html (138 words)

	A COMPLEX MAGMATIC INJECTION ZONE IN THE HALF DOME GRANODIORITE, TUOLUMNE INTRUSIVE SUITE, SIERRA NEVADA BATHOLITH, CA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Evidence for magma flow is apparent within the schlieren zone, and commonly later sets of schlieren overprint and disrupt earlier sets.
		Leucogranite sheets and dikes are intimately associated with the schlieren belt and exhibit both concordant (sharp or gradational) as well as sharp, discordant contacts with schlieren and with enclosing Khd.
		Petrographic and whole rock geochemical data for the schlieren indicate they are partly cumulate, whereas inter-schlieren felsic sheets and discordant felsic dikes have liquid compositions.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2003CD/finalprogram/abstract_51747.htm (514 words)

	PIRA 6A40.00 REFRACTIVE INDEX (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A small, compact, portable, and inexpensive Schlieren instrument using an ordinary lamp and a light source.
		Show and compare Schlieren, direct shadow, and interferometeric method of detecting small changes in the index of refraction of air.
		Laser light is used in Schlieren projection of a candle flame.
	www.physics.ncsu.edu /pira/6optics/6A40.html (765 words)

	H-SC Honors Departmental Honors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A wind tunnel and Schlieren optical systems were designed to study experimental aerodynamics and both qualitative and quantitative flow visualization.
		A Schlieren system takes advantage of the relationship between air density and refractive index to visualize air flow and convection currents.
		Here, a focusing Schlieren system was designed, which uses source and cutoff grids, essentially creating multiple overlapping Schlieren systems, and particular planes in the test section can be focused sharply.
	www.hsc.edu /academics/honors/programs/depthonors/abstracts04/thompson.html (190 words)

	www.pulse-jets.com :: View topic - Schlieren Images for the masses
		In this case, I have an unlit candle sitting on my laptop keyboard and the screen of the laptop is providing the "schlieren" pattern.
		Here is a link to a paper the describes the synthetic schlieren technique (I actually came up with the idea of a synthetic schlieren tchnique and then did a litle research and found this).
		For example, grass or sand could be used as the background pattern as long as the wind is not moving it around.
	www.pulse-jets.com /phpbb2/viewtopic.php?p=21096 (744 words)

	Schlieren and Shadowgraph Techniques: Visualizing Phenomena in Transparent Media
		SCHLIEREN AND SHADOWGRAPH TECHNIQUES: VISUALIZING PHENOMENA IN TRANSPARENT MEDIA, by Gary S. Settles, is now available (Springer-Verlag, Nov. 2001, 390 pages, Hardcover, ISBN 3-540-66155-7, countless fl-and-white illustrations and 48 color plates, list price $89.95).
		Description: Schlieren and shadowgraph techniques are basic and valuable tools in various scientific and engineering disciplines.
		They allow us to see the invisible: the optical inhomogeneities in transparent media like air, water, and glass that otherwise cause only ghostly distortions of our normal vision.
	www.ndt.net /news/2003/schlieren.htm (349 words)

	Schlieren & Shadowgraph Techniques, Gas Dynamics Lab, PSU
		Schlieren & Shadowgraph Techniques, Gas Dynamics Lab, PSU
		Schlieren and shadowgraph techniques are basic and valuable tools in various scientific and engineering disciplines.
		SCHLIEREN AND SHADOWGRAPH TECHNIQUES: VISUALIZING PHENOMENA IN TRANSPARENT MEDIA, by Gary S. Settles, is now available (Springer-Verlag, Nov. 2001, 390 pages, Hardcover, ISBN 3-540-66155-7, countless fl-and-white illustrations and 48 color plates, list price $109.00).
	www.mne.psu.edu /psgdl/schlierbookwebpage.html (218 words)

	schlieren
		Try searching Google for schlieren and view the ads.
		These are generally targeted and can give you exactly what you are looking for.
		You have found the definitive source for schlieren.
	www.hotcbproducts.com /bowling/directory/schlieren.html (354 words)

	UMass Amherst : In the Loop : Weekly Bulletin : Physics speaker discusses high-speed schlieren photography
		Beautiful images of everyday events revealing diffraction, refraction, and reflection of light, caused by natural variations in temperature, pressure, and density can be captured by Schlieren photography.
		This will be an opportunity to learn about Schlieren photography and the historical connections to Harold Edgerton's photography and his high speed photographic inventions.
		This site is maintained by In The Loop, part of the Office of News and Information.
	www.umass.edu /loop/weeklybulletin/articles/11765.php (138 words)

	Gallery of Fluid Mechanics: In-Flight Schlieren--Main (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Most images of shock waves have to be generated under highly controlled, artificial situations.
		However, recent developments at NASA may permit "field" observations of shock waves generated by aircraft.
		A discussion of this technique can be found at a NASA Ground to Air Schlieren Photography site.
	www.galleryoffluidmechanics.com /shocks/ifs.htm (99 words)

	schlieren - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "schlieren" is defined.
		schlieren : Encarta® World English Dictionary, North American Edition [home, info]
		Phrases that include schlieren: schlieren photography, schlieren method, schlieren microscope, schlieren optics, schlieren system
	www.onelook.com /?w=schlieren (141 words)

	Photography Articles by RIT Faculty Members
		This is an eclectic list including some recent as well as "vintage" articles by several current and past members of the faculty of the School of Photographic Arts and Sciences at RIT and guests.
		This article describes a very basic but highly effective way to make a sound activated synchronizer that will allow you to make pictures of bursting balloons, shattering light bulbs, etc. All you need is an old (or new!) cassette tape recorder, an $.75 SCR and a sync cord with a PC socket.
		It is, however, a low cost solution to solving visualization of density gradients, a system with good sensitivity to visualize convection patterns in liquids or gases such as warm air rising from a flame or heated object and ultimately it is also a powerful tool for teaching many optics related principles.
	www.rit.edu /~andpph/articles.html (4232 words)

	Schlieren Images -- Convection Currents and Shock Waves
		Schlieren Images -- Convection Currents and Shock Waves
		The Schlieren lighting technique used for these images makes density gradients in fluids visible.
		Color filtration provides false color images in which the colors provide information about density changes.
	courses.ncssm.edu /hsi/ss/schlieren (146 words)

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