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	1531, Feb. 6. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		The war was ended by the Truce of Nice, which was concluded on the basis of possession and for ten years.
		Fourth war between Charles and Francis, occasioned by the investiture of Charles's son, Philip, with Milan.
		Irresolute conduct of the war by the allies in upper Germany.
	www.bartleby.com /67/615.html (851 words)

	The Thirty Years War, 1618-1648
		War was resolved upon in May 1625, in April 1626 Mansfeld was defeated in the Battle of Dessau, in August 1626 Christian's Danish Army in the Battle of Lutter am Barenberge.
		The Swedish army carried the war from one region into another, in May 1639 appearing off Prague, their itinerary less dictated by the desire for conquest than by ravaging the countryside to feed her (growing) army.
		In the last decade of the war, foreign interest kept the war going; both France and Sweden had not suffered aby damage at home and could afford to continue a war economically fought at the expense of Germans.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/military/17cen/xxxywar.html (2207 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		The Schmalkaldic War () refers to the short period of violence from 1546 until 1547 between the forces of Charles V and the Schmalkaldic League within the domains of the Holy Roman Empire.
		The war began when Maurice, the Duke (and later, Elector) of Albertine Saxony, invaded the lands of his rival in Ernestine Saxony, John Frederick, for political reasons (both rulers were protestant).
		Although the imperial forces were victorious over the Protestant forces of the Schmalkaldic League, the ideas of Martin Luther had spread over the empire such that they could not be suppressed with physical force.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Schmalkaldic_War (315 words)

	Schmalkaldic League: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Schmalkaldic League attacks duchy of Brunswick-Wolfenbiittel...Outbreak of the war of the Schmalkaldic League.
		A The Thirty Years War B War of the Three Henrys C War of the Schmalkaldic League D War of the Sicilian Vespers QUESTION 12 - for 12 points: What is made from a mixture of saltpetre, sulphur and...
		SCHMALKALDIC LEAGUE shmalkal dik, alliance formed in 1531 at Schmalkalden by...to the Roman Catholic Church, Charles initiated the so-called Schmalkaldic War against the league.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/schmalkaldic_league.jsp (962 words)

	Katharina von Bora
		Almost immediately thereafter, Katharina had to leave the monastery on her own at the outbreak of the Schmalkaldic War, from which she fled to Magdeburg.
		After her return the approach of the war forced another flight in 1547, this time to Braunschweig.
		In July of that year, at the close of the war, she was at last able to return to Wittenberg.
	publicliterature.org /en/wikipedia/k/ka/katharina_von_bora.html (578 words)

	CalendarHome.com - Maurice, Elector of Saxony - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		George von Carlowitz, one of the new confidants of the Duke, advised Moritz (in order to prevent a war with the Emperor Karl V and his brother Ferdinand, at the same time Roman King and his neighbour -as a King of Bohemia-) not to endanger the continuation of the Protestant Movement.
		Thus, he participated on the Emperor's Army in the war against against the forces of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire (1542), Duke Wilhelm of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (1543), and King Francis I of France (1544).
		The war was terminated in 1556 by Ferdinand I; the Imperial cities remained in French possession.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=Maurice,_Elector_of_Saxony (1522 words)

	TABLE OF CONTENTS
		On the eve of war he was still weighing the merits of peace, and it was always possible that an unexpected development in any one of his heterogeneous realms might disturb all past calculations.
		The war against the Turks had been one of the pretexts for requiring Lutheran aid at the Diet of Speier ; but Charles was taking care that it should "cease to be a pressing necessity" or to stand in the way of the other war he had in his mind.
		The Turks, threatened with war in Persia and with a dynastic dispute between Roxolana and Mustapha, listened to the mediation of Francis I, and concluded a truce with Charles and Ferdinand in October.
	www.uni-mannheim.de /mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh208.html (14668 words)

	sehepunkte - Rezensionsjournal für die Geschichtswissenschaften - 4 (2004), Nr. 6 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The inability of the Schmalkaldic League to concentrate its powers into a new kind of German polity, which the defense of the Protestant cause seemed to call for, is explained not simply by the egoism of the member but by the form of their association.
		According to Haug-Moritz, the characterization of the Schmalkaldic League as a kind of "state-within-a-state" is an anachronistic postulation of modern historians, "die mit der bündischen Wirklichkeit nichts gemein hat" (578).
		One is the light her book on the Schmalkaldic League sheds on the political character of the Empire, which suggests why the League's defeat left the power of individual members - aside from the two commanders - relatively intact.
	www.historicum.net /sehepunkte/2004/06/2453.html (1807 words)

	::1530::
		As a devout catholic he believed that any decision about the future of the Catholic Church should come from the papacy and should be upheld anywhere in the Empire.
		Charles could do nothing to tackle this disobedience when he was distracted with other foreign matters primarily the Turks in the south-east corner of the empire (such as in 1539 when he had to ask the princes for money to fight the Turks).
		Charles did not openly declare war on the "heretical" princes as this would provoke all the German princes into uniting against him.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /1530.htm (1077 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Schmalkaldic
		Schmalkaldic War (1546–47) A brief and indecisive phase in the struggle between the Roman Catholic emperor CHARLES V and the Protestant party within the HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE.
		One of the confessions of faith of Lutheranism, written by Martin Luther in 1536 and considered by heads of state of the Schmalkaldic League in 1537.
		He commanded Charles V 's imperial armies to defeat the Schmalkaldic League in 1547, and he served as viceroy of Naples (1556–59).
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Schmalkaldic (687 words)

	hremperors2
		Wars with France (1521-44): Defeated Francis I at Pavia (1525) and made him prisoner; Peace of Cambrai (1529); wars renewed; finally terminated by Treaty of Crepy (1544), favorable to Empire; in war (1552-56) with Henry II failed to capture Metz.
		Under the Treaty of Vienna, which terminated the war in 1735 (but was not ratified until 1738), Charles ceded the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily to Spain in exchange for the duchies of Parma and Piacenza.
		The war was fought by an alliance of Bavaria, France, Spain, Sardinia, Prussia, and Saxony against Austria, allied with Holland and Great Britain, with the three claimants fighting against Maria Theresa.
	website.lineone.net /~johnbidmead/hremperors2.htm (8585 words)

	Teminology Reformation
		The Peasants’ War (1524—25) showed plainly the rifts within the ranks of the rebels, and Luther, forced to choose between the revolutionary peasants and their opponents, the princes, chose the princes and orderly governance.
		The conflict in the empire led the Protestant princes to form a defensive union against the emperor in the Schmalkaldic League, in which the chief figures were Philip of Hesse and John Frederick I of Saxony.
		The wars between Charles V and the Valois Kings of France were fought in Germany so the French supported the Protestants in German.
	www.roebuckclasses.com /ideas/reformation.htm (4447 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Albertine Saxony, 1485-1547
		Albrecht served as military commander of Emperor Maximilian in the War of Guelders 1497; in 1498 he was appointed GUBERNATOR (governor) OF FRIESLAND, a coastal region in the northern Netherlands, which was rather peculiar as it had escaped feudalization.
		After initially being welcomed by a fation of the Friesland estates, Albert soon found himself engaged in a money-consuming civil war; he is quoted to have said that "Friesland had eaten up all of Saxony and half of Meissen".
		The ensuing war is referred to as the SCHMALKALDIC WAR (1546-1547).
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/germany/asaxony14851547.html (608 words)

	SCHMALKALDIC WAR Articles The Schmalkaldic War (German: Schma
		The Schmalkaldic War (German: Schmalkaldischer Krieg) refers to the short period of violence from 1546 until 1547 between the forces of Charles V and the Schmalkaldic League within the domains of the Holy Roman Empire.
		The war began when Maurice, the Duke (and later, Elector) of Albertine Saxony, invaded the lands of his rival in Ernestine Saxony, John Frederick, for political reasons (both rulers were protestant).
		Although the imperial forces were victorious over the protestant forces of the Schmalkaldic League, the ideas of Martin Luther had spread over the empire such that they could not be suppressed with physical force.
	www.amazines.com /Schmalkaldic_War_related.html (522 words)

	List of wars - Simple English Wikipedia
		1478 - War between the Principality of Moscow and the Republic of Novgorod.
		1532 - 1546 Ottoman-Habsburg War in the Mediterranean
		1918 Finnish Civil War, fought between "the reds" (rebellious Socialists) and "the whites" (anti-Socialists) in the aftermath of the Russian Revolution of 1917.
	simple.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_wars (1584 words)

	AP Modern European History Mid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		War •• Hundred Years' War, common name given to the series of armed conflicts, broken by a number of truces and peace treaties, that were waged from 1337 to 1453 between the two great European powers at that time, England and France.
		The war was waged in 1667 and 1668 on the pretext of Louis's claim to the unpaid dowry.
		War of Jenkins’ Ear •• Commercial rivalry between Britain and Spain produced the War of Jenkins' Ear--named for the alleged mutilation of an English sea captain by the Spanish--in 1739.
	chsweb.lr.k12.nj.us /kstokes/examreviews/ap_modern_european_history_mid.htm (8514 words)

	Emperor Charles V, Impresario of War - Cambridge University Press
		But since Europeâs wars were fought with money borrowed against future revenues, even an emperor had to share power with his bankers, and his parliaments.
		The second Schmalkaldic war and the assault on Metz, 1552; Part III.
		War Taxation: Parliaments of the Core Provinces of the Low Countries, Naples, and Castile; Conclusions.
	www.cup.cam.ac.uk /uk/catalogue/print.asp?isbn=0521814316&print=y (362 words)

	AllRefer.com - Schmalkaldic League (German History) - Encyclopedia
		Schmalkaldic League[shmAlkAl´dik] Pronunciation Key, alliance formed in 1531 at Schmalkalden by Protestant princes and delegates of free cities.
		In an effort to crush the independence of the states of the empire and to restore unity to the Roman Catholic Church, Charles initiated the so-called Schmalkaldic War against the league.
		At the battle of MUhlberg (1547), the league was defeated.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/SchmlkLg.html (213 words)

	WHKMLA : Schmalkaldic War, 1546-1547
		An understanding was reached with the pope, and dilpomacy was used to undermine the cohesion of the League.
		The war began by Duke MAURICE of ALBERTINE SAXONY invading and occupying ERNESTINE SAXONY, the lands of Duke-Elector JOHN FREDERICK, one of the leaders of the Schmalkaldic League.
		In the BATTLE OF MÜHLBERG (1547), the Schmalkaldic forces were routed, Duke John Frederick wounded and taken prisoner.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/military/16cen/schmalkalden.html (652 words)

	Encyclopedia of Religion and War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		From the Byzantine-Muslim War of 645 to today's conflicts in the Middle East, religion has played a powerful and critical role in many wars throughout history.
		The newest volume in Routledge's acclaimed Religion and Society series, the Encyclopedia of Religion and War explores the complex relationship between religion and war including religion as a source of conflict and the role war holds in the development and spread of religion.
		Among his publications are numerous articles in the history of Christian ethics, ethics of war and peace, and medical ethics, and several books including Moral Issues: Philosophical and Religious Issues, Deterrence and the Crisis in Moral Theory, and Reading Engelhardt.
	www.routledge-ny.com /religionandsociety/war/warhome.html (464 words)

	College Prep World History Mr. John Hanson Springboro High School TeacherWeb People in History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The pivot of the foreign policy of Christian III was his alliance with the German Evangelical princes, as a counterpoise to the persistent hostility of Charles V, who was determined to support the hereditary claims of his nieces, the daughters of Christian II, to the Scandinavian kingdoms.
		War was actually declared against Charles V in 1542, and, though the German Protestant princes proved faithless allies, the closing of the Sound against Dutch shipping proved such an effective weapon in King Christian's hand that the Netherlands compelled Charles V to make peace with Denmark at the diet of Speyer, in May 1544.
		He carefully avoided all foreign complications; refused to participate in the Schmalkaldic war of 1546; mediated between the emperor and Saxony after the fall of Maurice of Saxony at the battle of Sievershausen in 1553, and contributed essentially to the conclusion of peace.
	teacherweb.com /OH/Springboro/Hanson/h5.stm (1638 words)

	Bach, J. S: Family History
		Into this furrow he planted the seeds of faith, doubt and discontent that would flower in the Thirty Years' War and fruit in the peopling of North America, the Age of Reason and the music of Johann Sebastian Bach.
		By the end of the decade Luther's hammer had ignited the coals of a smoldering centenarian reform movement in the Holy Roman Empire whose white-hot flame would burn kings, popes, and heretics alike while consigning the commoner to a life of perpetual migration.
		Born in Hungary in the season after Luther made his move in Wittenberg, Veit was compelled during the Schmalkaldic War to flee his native land for the Saxon province of Thuringia, Protestant protectorate in the heart of Germany.
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /~tas3/familyhis.html (853 words)

	MuehlbergUK
		After the useless campaign of 1546, Charles V used the diversion provided by the entrance of Maurice of Saxony in Saxony to attack one of the main partner of the league, the Elector of Saxony, Johan Fredericks of Saxony.
		A) Early the morning of the 24 of April a group of 1000 Spanish harquebusiers and musketeers (some men were equipped with the long musket) under the commanded of Rodrigo de Arce (MdC of the Tercio of Lombardia) approach the south bank of the river and started to skirmish with the Saxon pickets.
		A week after the battle Charles V receive the submission of the main Saxon cities and the rest of the protestant princes will follow quickly, the Schmalkaldic war was over, but the protestant problem remain and will be settle 8 year later by the treaty of Augsburg.
	www.geocities.com /aow1617/MuehlbergUK.html (837 words)

	Please title this page. (webdoc7x.htm) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Upon Luther's death (1546), his followers were condemned by the council of Trent and defeated in the Schmalkaldic War, but the Peace of Augsburg in 1555 recognized the legal existence of Lutheranism in Germany.
		After the Thirty Years War, and with Germany in a state of chaos in the 17th and 18th centuries, the kings of France sent waves of troops into Germany in an attempt to seize control of all of Europe west of the Rhine.
		Hessen was severely affected during the Seven Years War (1756-1763), the cities of Kassel and Marburg were captured and regained five times in battles between the French and North Hessian troops.
	members.aol.com /ratoepfer/webdoc7x.htm (2248 words)

	Untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		He supports the German Protestants of the Schmalkaldic League in their demands, and in the ensuing Schmalkaldic War* of 1533, *Charles is utterly defeated and forced to flee from Germany.
		Francis renews the war in Italy by taking Milan, but by 1540 the South American treasure ships are starting to add significantly to Charles's wealth, and with the complete support of Spain, he is able to turn the war* around and drive the French from Italy, including Savoy, for good.
		His ability to interfere in the French wars of religion is therefore greater, but only in the south, where the strongholds of the Huguenots are reduced, first by Don John of Austria, and from 1578 by Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma, in association with the Catholic League.
	petebarrett.members.beeb.net /althist/UnitedEmpireSpain.htm (850 words)

	Reformation, religious revolution that took place in Western Europe in the 16th cent. It arose from objections to ...
		The Peasants' War (1524-25) showed plainly the rifts within the ranks of the rebels, and Luther, forced to choose between the revolutionary peasants and their opponents, the princes, chose the princes and orderly governance.
		The Knights'; War (1522-23), led by Franz von Sickingen against the ecclesiastical princes, ended in failure, but the determination of Charles V to extirpate Lutheranism ultimately ended in even more abject failure.
		The league was put down in the Schmalkaldic War (1546-47), which did not, however, in the least solve the problem.
	www.coursework.info /i/10789.html (751 words)

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