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Topic: Scholastic philosophy

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	Scholasticism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Scholastic philosophy usually combined logic, metaphysics and semantics into one discipline, and is generally recognized to have developed our understanding of logic significantly when compared to the older sources.
		During the humanism of the 1400s and 1500s, scholastics were put to the background and somewhat forgotten (though revived in Spain in the School of Salamanca).
		During the catholic scholastic revival in the late 1800s and early 1900s the scholastics were repopularized, but with a somewhat narrow focus on certain scholastics and their respective schools of thought, notably Thomas Aquinas.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Scholastic_philosophy (1041 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Scholasticism
		The Scholastics of the thirteenth century frankly adopted the Aristotelean definition of the soul as the principle of life, not of thought merely.
		Scholastic metaphysics added to the Aristotelean system a full discussion of the nature of personality, restated in more definite terms the traditional arguments for the existence of God, and developed the doctrine of the providential government of the universe.
		In their discussion of the problems of political philosophy the philosophers of the thirteenth century while not discarding the theological views of St. Augustine contained in "The City of God", laid a new foundation for the study of political organizations by introducing Aristotle's scientific definition of the origin and purpose of civil society.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/13548a.htm (4792 words)

	Medieval philosophy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Medieval philosophy is the philosophy of Western Europe in the "era" now known as medieval or the Middle Ages, the period roughly extending from the fall of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance.
		Though medieval philosophy is widely varied, one defining feature which distinguishes this period, in the western world, is the degree to which competing or contradictory philosophical views and systems were brought into dialogue with each other.
		Within Medieval philosophy, the question of whether God could be comprehended by the human mind was a key discussion and is still a large contrast between Orthodox and Catholic theology.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Medieval_philosophy (555 words)

	Philosophy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Philosophy is a field of study that includes diverse subfields such as aesthetics, epistemology, ethics, logic, and metaphysics, in which people ask questions such as whether God exists, what is the nature of reality, whether knowledge is possible, and what makes actions right or wrong.
		The "ordinary language philosophy" thinkers shared a common outlook with many older philosophers (Jeremy Bentham, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and John Stuart Mill), and it was the philosophical inquiry that characterized English-language philosophy for the second half of the twentieth century.
		Philosophy is the science by which the natural light of reason studies the first causes or highest principles of all things - is, in other words, the science of things in their first causes, in so far as these belong to the natural order.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Philosophy (7071 words)

	Hegel's Lectures on the History of Philosophy Part Two. Philosophy of the Middle Ages
		Philosophy and theology have hence here also been counted one, and it is their separation that constitutes the transition into modern times, seeing that men have thought that for thinking reason something could be true which is not true for theology.
		If we seek an immediate contrast to scholastic philosophy and theology and their methods, we may say that it is to be found in the “healthy human understanding,” in outward and inward experience, in the contemplation of nature, and in humanity.
		But in scholastic philosophy, in the third place, a basis was not sought in such objects as direct the course of reflection; with this understanding of the Scholastics it was rather the case that they received in the categories the external culture of the understanding as tradition, and enlarged upon it.
	www.marxists.org /reference/archive/hegel/works/hp/hpscholastic.htm (18537 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Philosophy
		On moral philosophy, in the wide sense, have been grafted the philosophy of law, the philosophy of society, or social philosophy (which is much the same as sociology), and the philosophies of religion and of history.
		Philosophy is like a tower whence we obtain the panorama of a great city -- its plan, its monuments, its great arteries, with the form and location of each -- things which a visitor cannot discern while he goes through the streets and lanes, or visits libraries, churches, palaces, and museums, one after another.
		If philosophy is the explanation as a whole of that world which the particular sciences investigate in detail, it follows that the latter find their culmination in the former, and that as the sciences are so will philosophy be.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/12025c.htm (14344 words)

	About Scholastic Corporate Philosophy
		Scholastic is committed to being the category leader in existing businesses and intends to take advantage of technological advances to expand its market dominance.
		Scholastic's commitment to equal opportunity is reflected by its dedication to equal opportunity in the workplace.
		Scholastic has consistently ranked in the top 3 companies for executive women, according to Working Woman's annual ranking, sponsored by the National Association of Female Executives which is the largest women's professional association in the country.
	www.scholastic.com /aboutscholastic/job/corporate.htm (459 words)

	The Twenty-Four Fundamental Theses Of Official Catholic Philosophy
		Now, one of the demands of the Modernists was the "reform of philosophy, especially in the seminaries: the scholastic philosophy is to be relegated to the history of philosophy among obsolete systems, and the young men are to be taught modern philosophy which alone is true and suited to the times in which we live."
		It is quite evident that when We set St. Thomas up as the leader of scholastic philosophy, We have wished this to be understood especially of his principles, upon which such a philosophy is established.
		Thomas' philosophy cannot be regarded as mere opinions—which anyone might discuss pro and con, but rather as a foundation on which all science of both natural and divine things rests.
	truecatholic.bizland.com /Philosophy/24Thomisticpart1.htm (2256 words)

	MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY: The Scholastic Period - Page 3
		The proper object of philosophy is the essence of material beings, and the philosopher conceives these essences by means of abstraction from data obtained by the senses, from external objects.
		Scholastic philosophy grew step by step as a harmonious accord of reason and faith, which met on the same summit: God, the Creator of man. Such metaphysics does not know decadence.
		Scholastic philosophy, in its laborious ascent to Thomas Aquinas and Duns Scotus, utilized the best elements of Greek and Patristic philosophy, and succeeded in constructing a weighty metaphysics, in which a rational solution is found to the two problems at the basis of philosophy as well as theology: God and man.
	radicalacademy.com /adiphilscholastic3.htm (2402 words)

	Jacques Maritain Center: St. Thomas Aquinas and Medieval Philosophy: I
		He is a poor student of history and philosophy who thinks that subtlety is the quintessence, or even a necessary element or property, of Scholastic philosophy.
		All knowledge acquired in those days was called scholastic, and Scholastic philosophy was simply that method of philosophizing and of teaching philosophy which was adopted in the schools because it was well adapted to their needs.
		Alcuin in the Council of Aix-la-Chapelle (799), used his knowledge philosophy to refute the error of the Adoptionists, who, by stating that Christ was the adopted son of God, revived the error of the Nestorians.
	www.nd.edu /Departments/Maritain/etext/staamp1.htm (3949 words)

	History of Philosophy 24
		The Scholastic movement, therefore, which dated from the foundation of the Carolingian schools, was from the outset a reaction against the intellectual stupor of the times.
		The neglect of the study of the sources of Scholastic philosophy on the part of some of its historians, and the apparently inexcusable misrepresentation on the part of others, render it imperatively necessary that we keep constantly at hand the primary sources, the works of the schoolmen themselves.
		His importance in the history of Scholastic philosophy is due to the prominent part which he took in the establishment of the first schools.
	www.nd.edu /Departments/Maritain/etext/hop24.htm (3100 words)

	The Scholastic Moral Philosophy in Lithuania - Romanas Pleckaitis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The course in moral philosophy, in ethics, was to be taught in the last year of instruction and was to conclude the philosophy program.
		In the Laureae Academicae it is indicated that Einoravičius taught philosophy at the Vilnius University in 1700-1703.
		The scholastics did not concern themselves with the social content of the ethical values: the only concern was that the concepts of ethics be carefully defined and ordered within some system.
	www.lituanus.org /1970/70_4_02.htm (2688 words)

	MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY: The Scholastic Period - Page 1
		Scholastic philosophy means an organized system of truths which are distinct from the dogmas of faith but not opposed to them.
		His philosophy, largely a justification of Church practices and dogma, was publicized because he felt its position needed strengthening.
		The major factor in the development of Scholastic was the discovery of the works of Aristotle, which happened during the first half of the thirteenth century.
	radicalacademy.com /adiphilscholastic.htm (2645 words)

	Stephen Gaukroger - Descartes' System of Natural Philosophy - Reviewed by Ed Slowik, Winona State University - ...
		Descartesâ Principles of Philosophy, is an excellent case in point: Part I provides a synopsis of the foundational epistemology contained in the Meditations and is roughly 30 pages long, while the remaining 300 pages of the work comprise Descartesâ elaborate analysis of the behavior of physical bodies, the universe, and the Earth.
		One of Gaukrogerâs main contentions is that Descartes tried to provide a justification for his natural philosophy âwhere the aim is to engage Scholastic philosophy, to some extent on its own terms, and in effect to reform and transform Scholasticism into Cartesian natural philosophyâ (p.31).
		In true Scholastic fashion, Descartes thus strived for a secure metaphysical foundation on which to build his natural philosophy, a foundation which he allegedly found in the cogito argument and its subsequent guarantee of the veracity of âclear and distinctâ ideas.
	ndpr.nd.edu /review.cfm?id=1085 (1576 words)

	Descartes and Laity
		His Meditations of First Philosophy is considered noteworthy with respect to his arguments for God's existence, his refutation of empiricism, mind-body dualism, and finally, the "cogito ergo sum" conclusion.
		I think fathoming the significance of this fact in Descartes' philosophy is much more important than the "problems about which he says nothing and perhaps never thought," to draw on the way he describes a similar situation, with regards to the Aristotelians of his times.
		Thus, it is evident that Descartes' criticism of the medieval philosophy, is concurrent with his praise of independent thought, and his avoidance of spending time to elaborate on their conjectures, is because he prefers every thoughtful individual to use his/her abilities for new experiments and discoveries, rather than repeating and arguing old controversies.
	www.ghandchi.com /397-DescartesEng.htm (2511 words)

	Classics in the History of Psychology -- Baldwin (1901) Definitions Lao - Laz
		The numerous compends and expositions of scholastic doctrine by modern Catholic writers usually contain a great many definitions of terms; and it is therefore never hard, with such books at hand, to find the scholastic usage of single words and expressions, where these are such as are at all common.
		The scholastic epistemology is that of Aristotle, rendered simpler and sharper in outline, and intermingled, upon occasion, with Neo-Platonic elements.
		The discussion as to the nature of Universals is one of the oftenest mentioned features of the scholastic movement; and comparatively familiar is the terminology in which was expressed the classic solution of the difficulty during the great period of scholastic philosophy.
	psychclassics.yorku.ca /Baldwin/Dictionary/defs/L2defs.htm (10038 words)

	Catholic Culture : Document Library : Old Problems with Modern Philosophy
		The intrusive philosophy, here, tends to rely, not upon science as such, but upon "scientific theory" as its first principle and is therefore bound to it; and laid open to the charge that, as I have remarked, it exists primarily as a justification of that opinion in which it is rooted.
		Modern philosophy cowers from the surrounding abyss unless it can pretend there is no abyss at-all but a nice little middle class nursery where inanimate objects argue and fuss.
		Despite this embarrassing betrayal of a lack of training in scholastic discourse, his was a lively mind and his effort to render argument in forms recently adapted for the physical sciences simply accorded with the enthusiasm of that time.
	www.catholicculture.org /docs/doc_view.cfm?recnum=1226 (5522 words)

	Preschool Philosophy 101 \| Scholastic.com
		Each school may interpret the philosophy a little differently; what's most important is finding one that's a good match with your child — one that will make his first school experience a positive one that inspires a lifelong love of learning.
		The philosophy teaches that children benefit from the feel, sight, and smell of natural materials.
		Talk to the director to find out what her approach is and whether it fits well with your child's temperament and your goals for her preschool education.
	content.scholastic.com /browse/article.jsp?id=1367 (1901 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Medieval Philosophy (History of Western Philosophy S.): Books: Anthony Kenny (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Sir Anthony Kenny continues his magisterial new history of Western philosophy with a fascinating guide through more than a millennium of thought from 400 AD onwards, charting the story of philosophy from the founders of Christian and Islamic thought through to the Renaissance.
		The Middle Ages saw a great flourishing of philosophy, and the intellectual endeavour of the era reached its climax in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, with the systems of the great schoolmen, such as Thomas Aquinas and John Duns Scotus.
		The Rise of Modern Philosophy: A New History of Western Philosophy: v.
	www.amazon.co.uk /Medieval-Philosophy-History-Western-S/dp/019875275X (411 words)

	[No title]
		Other HINDU philosophies teach the existence of the soul which is integral to the notion of TRANSMIGRATION.
		STOICISM: a school of PHILOSOPHY founded in the fourth century B.C. by Zeno of Citium which taught a PANTHEISTIC MONISM that identified GOD with the principle of UNIVERSAL REASON and advised everyone to accept their place in the scheme of life by doing their duty which was to follow the most RATIONAL path possible.
		The STOIC virtues were knowledge, reason, courage, justice, and self-discipline attained through the study of philosophy which leads to a virtuous life.
	www.acs.ucalgary.ca /~nurelweb/books/concise/WORDS-S.html (8740 words)

	Descartes
		After receiving a sound education in mathematics, classics, and law at La Flèche and Poitiers, René Descartes embarked on a brief career in military service with Prince Maurice in Holland and Bavaria.
		Unsatisfied with scholastic philosophy and troubled by skepticism of the sort expounded by Montaigne, Descartes soon conceived a comprehensive plan for applying mathematical methods in order to achieve perfect certainty in human knowledge.
		A section on Descartes from Alfred Weber's history of philosophy.
	www.philosophypages.com /ph/desc.htm (630 words)

	Amazon.com: Cartesian Metaphysics: The Scholastic Origins of Modern Philosophy: Books: Jorge Secada (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		This is the first book-length study of Decartes' metaphysics to place it in its immediate historical context, the Late Scholastic philosophy of thinkers such as Suárez against which Descartes reacted.
		Jorge Secada views Cartesian philosophy as an "essentialist" reply to the "existentialism" of the School, and his discussion includes careful analyses and original interpretations of such central Cartesian themes as the role of skepticism, the theory of substance, and the dualism of mind and matter.
		Descartes believed that knowledge of a thing's nature is prior to knowledge of its existence.
	www.amazon.com /Cartesian-Metaphysics-Scholastic-Origins-Philosophy/dp/0521452910 (713 words)

	Jacques Maritain Center: Revival 1
		The Revival of Scholastic Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century
		I limit myself to an exposition and a discussion of those principles of Scholasticism, a knowledge of which is indispensable to an understanding of the Scholastic revival.
		For an adequate knowledge of Scholastic philosophy, I would refer my readers to the masterly expositions of Urráburn, Mercier, and the Jesuits of Stonyhurst.
	www.nd.edu /Departments/Maritain/etext/perrier.html (402 words)

	Abbeys Bookshop - Medieval & Scholastic philosophy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Western philosophy, c 500 to c 1600
		The Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy: From the Rediscovery of Aristotl
		The Cambridge Translations of Medieval Philosophy Texts V1 Logic and the Philosophy
	www.abbeys.com.au /categories.asp?PageNo=3&id=771 (179 words)

	Philosophical Dictionary: Schliermacher-Scotus
		Philosophical study as practiced by Christian thinkers in medieval universities.
		The scholastics typically relied upon ancient authorities as sources of dogma and engaged in elaborate disputations over their proper interpretation.
		These practices were largely discontinued by philosophers of the Renaissance.
	www.philosophypages.com /dy/s2.htm (672 words)

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