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Topic: Schwannomas

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	Nikon MicroscopyU: Human Pathology Digital Image Gallery - Malignant Schwannoma
		Schwannomas are tumors that arise in the Schwann cells found in the sheaths that surround nerves.
		Similarly, other symptoms that arise from schwannomas are often related to the loss of function of the nerve they affect, but the tumors may also simply manifest themselves in the form of pain or may be asymptomatic.
		The five-year survival rate associated with malignant schwannomas is low, primarily due to poor response of the tumors to available treatments and metastasis to the lungs and other areas of the body.
	www.microscopyu.com /galleries/pathology/malignantschwannoma.html (353 words)

	The Children's Tumor Foundation - Schwannomatosis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Both Schwannomas and neurofibromas originate in the insulating covering of peripheral nerves called the nerve sheath.
		Schwannomas are very homogenous tumors consisting ONLY of nerve sheath cells or Schwann cells.
		In a younger person, or in any person with hearing loss and multiple Schwannomas, it is imperative that a high quality MRI scan of the base of the brain be done to exclude the possibility of vestibular tumors and NF2.
	www.ctf.org /index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=41&Itemid=113 (0 words)

	Bonetumor.org - The Web's Most Comprehensive Bone Tumor Resource
		Schwannoma, or neurilemmoma, is a rare benign tumor of bone.
		Schwannomas are found at all ages but most commonly between age 20 and 50.
		On gross examination, a schwannoma as is a soft pink to yellow encapsulated mass less than five centimeters in size.
	www.bonetumor.org /tumors/pages/page84.html (162 words)

	UCLA NEUROSURGERY \| Peripheral Nerve Diseases & Disorders (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Schwannomas most often are solitary tumors but on occasion occur as multiple lesions.
		The presence of bilateral 8th nerve schwannomas is diagnostic of type 2 neurofibromatosis.
		Schwannomas within the spinal canal may assume a dumbbell shape with extension into or out of the spinal canal along a nerve root.
	neurosurgery.ucla.edu /Diagnoses/PeripheralNerve/PeripheralNerveDis_8.html (218 words)

	AANS.org \| Education and Meetings \| AANS Scientific Journals \| Neurosurgical Focus
		Hemorrhagic vestibular schwannomas are rare entities, with only a few case reports in the literature during the last 25 years.
		We review the literature on the presenting symptoms of hemorrhagic vestibular schwannomas and describe the case of a man with a large hemorrhagic vestibular schwannoma who presented with signs and symptoms of a slow-growing, insidious compressive lesion.
		Vestibular schwannomas (acoustic neuromas or acoustic schwannomas) are the most common primary tumors arising from the CPA in adults.
	www.aans.org /education/journal/neurosurgical/sept98/5-3-9.asp (1508 words)

	NWH Gamma Knife Center \| CONDITIONS TREATED \| Schwannomas
		Schwannomas are benign tumors that arise from cells called Schwann cells that cover the cranial nerves.
		The acoustic neuroma is a particular form of schwannoma.
		The most common other schwannoma arises from the trigeminal nerve that supplies feeling to the face.
	www.nwhgammaknife.com /gamma/cond_tumor_schwannomas.asp (0 words)

	EyeNet Magazine Online \| August 2001 \| Morning Rounds
		Her tumor pathology was consistent with schwannoma with typical Antoni-A and Antoni-B areas and no malignant changes.
		Schwannomas are slowly progressive, usually benign tumors of the peripheral nerve sheath.
		Definitely distinguishing schwannoma from other orbital tumors may not be possible on the basis of neuroimaging.
	www.aao.org /aao/news/eyenet/archive/04_02/amrounds.html (815 words)

	schwannomas
		In 5% of the cases the tumors are bilateral, and are associated with the so-called central neurofibromatosis or NF type2, an autosomal dominant disorder due to a genetic abnormality located in chromosome 22.
		The ophthalmic and maxillary divisions pass from the ganglion, via the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus to their exit foramina, while the mandibular division containing the motor fibres exits near the posterior end of the cavernous sinus.
		Hearing loss from middle fossa tumors is generally due to erosion of the anterior surface of the petrous bone with subsequent conductive deafness due to eustachian tube obstruction or a sensory neural deafness due to direct involvement of the cochlea.
	www.thamburaj.com /schwannomas.htm (3571 words)

	eMedicine - Schwannoma, Cranial Nerve : Article by Mahesh Jayaraman, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Facial schwannomas in the middle cranial fossa or those distal to the stylomastoid foramen can be several centimeters in size at the time of presentation because no immediately adjacent sensitive structures exist, and symptoms may not be evident until the lesions are large.
		Schwannomas are typically isointense or slightly hypointense relative to gray matter on T1-weighted images and slightly hypointense to CSF on T2-weighted images.
		Unlike vestibular schwannomas, meningiomas tend to form obtuse angles with the adjacent petrous bone, they are typically are hemispheric, and they often extend into the middle fossa as a result of herniation (see Images 1-5).
	www.emedicine.com /radio/topic7.htm (4184 words)

	eMedicine - Neurofibromatosis Type 2 : Article by Andrew L Wagner, MD
		On precontrast imaging, these schwannomas are isodense to hypodense with respect to brain tissue and may have associated cysts or hemorrhage.
		Small schwannomas of the other CNs are easily overlooked or not visualized because of their proximity to osseous structures and the relatively poor contrast resolution of CT scanning.
		The multiplanar capability of MRI is particularly useful in distinguishing a CN schwannoma from a meningioma adjacent to a nerve.
	www.emedicine.com /radio/topic475.htm (5290 words)

	Supraclavicular Lump
		The nerve is shown to lie peripheral to the tumour in schwannomas while it is central or obliterated in neurofibromas.
		As schwannomas arise from the side of the nerve, cautious surgical dissection, with extracapsular “peeling”, or even enucleating, the tumour from the nerve of origin has been described in an effort to preserve function of the nerve.[
		If a diagnosis of schwannoma is suggested by imaging or the macroscopic appearances of the tumour enucleation may be attempted to preserve neural function.The malignant potential of these tumours is small and therefore conservative management is an option for selected patients.
	www.ispub.com /ostia/index.php?xmlFilePath=journals/ijorl/vol4n1/lump.xml (1328 words)

	Vestibular Schwannoma (Acoustic Neuroma) and Neurofibromatosis
		A vestibular schwannoma (also known as acoustic neuroma, acoustic neurinoma, or acoustic neurilemoma) is a benign, usually slow-growing tumor that develops from the balance and hearing nerves supplying the inner ear.
		As the vestibular schwannoma grows, it presses against the hearing and balance nerves, usually causing unilateral (one-sided) or asymmetric hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ear), and dizziness/loss of balance.
		Bilateral vestibular schwannomas affect both hearing nerves and are usually associated with a genetic disorder called neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF 2).
	www.nidcd.nih.gov /health/hearing/acoustic_neuroma.asp (0 words)

	MR imaging features of spinal schwannomas and meningiomas. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Spinal schwannomas and meningiomas are mostly benign, intra-dural extramedullary tumours.
		Concerning the cranio-caudal distribution, half of the cervical tumours were schwannomas, 72% of thoracic lesions were meningiomas and all lumbar tumours were schwannomas.
		This test allowed diagnosis of schwannomas with a sensitivity of 96.4%, a specificity of 83.3%, a positive predictive value of 87.1%, and a negative predictive value of 95.7%.
	www.galenicom.com /medline/article/15798613/au:Amlashi+SF (380 words)

	Dumbbell Schwannomas of the Internal Auditory Canal -- Salzman et al. 22 (7): 1368 -- American Journal of Neuroradiology
		Schwannoma is a benign neoplasm of the nerve sheath and is the
		Minimal extension of the schwannoma may be present along the greater superficial petrosal nerve (GSPN).
		The cisternal portion of the facial nerve (FN) is seen as it courses toward the IAC through the porus acusticus (PA), the entrance to the IAC.
	www.ajnr.org /cgi/content/full/22/7/1368 (0 words)

	Neurofibromatosis 2 (bilateral acoustic schwannomas). What is it? A review of literature and an update. Desouza CE, ...
		Patients presenting with bilateral acoustic schwannomas may or may not present with the peripheral stigmata associated with the neurofibromatoses[29].
		Ojemann and Martuza[36] have noted that in unilateral acoustic schwannomas the 7th cranial nerve lies on the periphery of the tumour and can be preserved, whereas in bilateral acoustic schwannomas the 7th and 8th cranial nerves are surrounded by multilobulated tumor masses between the multiple lobules.
		While surgery and radiation therapy are available for the treatment of the schwannomas, other aspects of treatment such as vocational rehabilitation, alternative methods of communication, screening of first degree relatives and genetic counselling are as important and should not be forgotten.
	www.jpgmonline.com /article.asp?issn=0022-3859;year=1992;volume=38;issue=1;spage=27;epage=31;aulast=Desouza (0 words)

	Final Diagnosis -- Case 433
		Schwannomas may arise from the sympathetic nerve plexus surrounding blood vessels.
		This hypothesis may point to a link between intraventricular schwannomas and the so-called neurocristopathies, which comprise a spectrum of dysgenetic and neoplastic disorders associated with alterations in the migration, growth and differentiation of neural crest tissue during embryogenesis (2).
		Neuroradiologically, intraventricular schwannomas cannot be differentiated with certainty from other, more common intraventricular neoplasms such as ependymal and choroid plexus tumors.
	path.upmc.edu /cases/case433/dx.html (0 words)

	IngentaConnect Detection of Spontaneous Schwannomas by MRI in a Transgenic Murin...
		IngentaConnect Detection of Spontaneous Schwannomas by MRI in a Transgenic Murin...
		Spontaneous schwannomas were detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a transgenic murine model of neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) expressing a dominant mutant form of merlin under the Schwann cell–specific P0 promoter.
		Hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry indicated that the tumors consisted of schwannomas and Schwann cell hyperplasias.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/neo/neo/2002/00000004/00000006/art00006 (0 words)

	Schwannomas
		Schwannomas are benign tumors of the peripheral nervous system which commonly occur in their sporadic, solitary form in otherwise normal individuals.
		Most such individuals develop bilateral vestibular schwannoma or neurofibromatosis 2, but recently we have found that some individuals and affected family members have a distinct clinical entity.
		In this study, we are investigating the clinical characteristics of schwannomatosis and attempting to determine the genetic changes that cause the disorder.
	neurosurgery.mgh.harvard.edu /NFclinic/NF-sh.htm (0 words)

	Modern Pathology - Abstract of article: Keratin expression in schwannoma; a study of 115 retroperitoneal and 22 ...
		The opinions and assertions contained herein are the expressed views of the authors and are not to be construed as official or reflecting the views of the Department of the Army or Department of Defense.
		Schwannomas have been variably observed to be glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) and occasionally keratin positive, with antibodies reacting with multiple keratins (pankeratins, keratin cocktail (CK), but specific keratin polypeptides (K) have not been examined for in schwannoma.
		Peripheral schwannomas showed GFAP-positivity in only three of 22 cases (14%), and all were negative for keratins, both cocktail and individual K. We conclude that crossreactivity of AE1/AE3 with other intermediate filament proteins, such as GFAP, as previously observed in brain and glioma tissue, probably accounts for the extensive keratin-positivity seen in some retroperitoneal schwannomas.
	www.nature.com /modpathol/journal/v19/n1/abs/3800489a.html (476 words)

	ACS :: Treatment of Specific Types of Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors
		Schwannomas: These tumors are usually benign and are effectively cured by surgical removal.
		In some centers, small vestibular schwannomas (also known as acoustic neuromas) are treated by stereotactic radiosurgery (radiation not surgery).
		For malignant schwannomas, radiation therapy is often given after surgery.
	www.cancer.org /docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_4X_Treatment_of_Specific_Types_of_Brain_and_Spinal_Cord_Tumors_4.asp?sitearea= (1308 words)

	Imaging Findings in Schwannomas of the Jugular Foramen -- Eldevik et al. 21 (6): 1139 -- American Journal of ...
		especially vestibular schwannomas and tumors of the glomus jugulare.
		CONCLUSION: Schwannoma of the jugular foramen is characteristically
		Clinical presentation and growth pattern in nine patients with schwannoma of the jugular foramen
	www.ajnr.org /cgi/content/full/21/6/1139 (0 words)

	Spinal Cord Tumors -- Nerve Sheath Tumors (Schwannomas and Neurofibromas)
		Schwannomas and neurofibromas account for about 25 percent of intradural spinal cord tumors in adults.
		Most are single schwannomas that can occur throughout the spinal canal.
		Occasionally a single neurofibroma is seen, however, they are usually seen as a part of neurofibromatosis, a genetic disorder that is often associated with multiple neurofibromas.
	www.mayoclinic.org /spinal-cord-tumors/nervesheath.html (0 words)

	Schwannoma that keeps coming back
		A schwannoma (sh-won-oma) is a tumour of the tissue covering nerves, called the nerve sheath.
		The most common sites are in the major nerve of the leg (the sciatic nerve), in nerves at the top of the arm (the brachial plexus) or in the lower back (the sacral plexus).
		People with schwannomatosis develop multiple schwannomas on the nerves in their heads, spine and limbs.
	www.cancerhelp.org.uk /help/default.asp?page=6215 (0 words)

	The Tumor and Your Body - Acoustic Neuroma Patient Archive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The aim of this study was to examine the expression of androgen, progesterone, glucocorticoid and estrogen receptor messenger ribonucleic acid levels (mRNA) in twenty-one vestibular schwannomas by either Northern blot analysis or the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
		These studies suggest that the pattern of steroid receptor expression is different in schwannomas than in meningiomas.
		Individual vestibular schwannomas need to be examined for their steroid receptor mRNA expression mRNA expression to know whether they will be responsive.
	www.anarchive.org /connections.htm (449 words)

	House Clinic - Acoustic Neuromas - Acoustic Tumors - Vestibular Schwannomas
		House Clinic is the largest center in the world for treatment of acoustic neuroma.
		An acoustic neuroma is sometimes also called a vestibular schwannoma or neurolemmoma.
		Because acoustic neuromas are located deep inside the skull and are adjacent to vital brain centers in the brain stem, as these tumors grow, the affect surrounding structures in the brain that control vital functions.
	www.houseearclinic.com /acousticneuroma.htm (0 words)

	Cancer - Collection and Coding Clarifications for CNS Tumors - NPCR
		A: Anatomically, schwannomas must be derived from Schwann cells which are not a part of the CNS; therefore, they must all come from peripheral nerves, and as such come from nerve roots.
		It does not include "spinal nerves" (C47) consequently, schwannomas of the spinal cord area are NOT REPORTABLE.
		A: Subcutaneous or intramuscular schwannomas including those on the face or neck, arise from a peripheral nerve root.
	www.cdc.gov /cancer/npcr/training/btr/clarification.htm (0 words)

	Immunohistochemical Staining for Calretinin Is Useful for Differentiating Schwannomas From Neurofibromas : (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		We studied 25 cases of schwannoma and 42 cases of neurofibroma immunohistochemically with antibodies to calretinin and S-100 protein to explore the potential usefulness of calretinin in differentiating schwannomas from neurofibromas.
		Of 25 schwannomas, 24 (96%) showed moderate to strong staining for calretinin, with the extent of staining ranging from focal to diffuse.
		Taken together, these results indicate that calretinin is detected in almost all schwannomas and in only a small percentage of neurofibromas, suggesting it is a useful marker for differentiating schwannomas from neurofibromas.
	www.ajcp.com /previews/abstracts/204148.html (275 words)

	USNews.com: Health: Brain Tumor: Other types of tumors
		The rapidly growing tumors are more likely to spread to other places in the brain and to the spinal cord.
		Schwannomas are tumors that originate in the schwann cells of nerves.
		Vestibular schwannomas (also known as acoustic neuromas) are tumors of the nerve that controls balance and hearing in the inner ear.
	www.usnews.com /usnews/health/brain/brain_tumor/brain.about.types.other.htm (503 words)

	Comparative genomic hybridization and mutation analyses of sporadic schwannomas.
		Schwannomas of the vestibular nerve are the striking characteristics of neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2), an autosomal dominant hereditary disease.
		Previous studies have reported that 60% of sporadic schwannomas showed inactivation of the NF2 gene, but genetic alterations of remaining 40% tumors remain elusive.
		Our present results suggested that (i) most of the sporadic schwannomas have two-hit mutations in the NF2 gene, and (ii) NF2 is the only major causative gene in the genesis of schwannomas that is activated or inactivated by copy number alterations.
	braintumors.researchtoday.net /archive/2/6/302.htm (0 words)

	NGC - NGC Summary
		Vestibular schwannomas are considered suitable for various management strategies such as observation with serial imaging, stereotactic radiosurgery, and surgical excision.
		The optimal single session dose range for volumetric conformal stereotactic vestibular schwannoma radiosurgery has been largely established based on tumor anatomy (proximity of brainstem), hearing status, tumor volume, and estimated adverse radiation risks.
		Causes for failure of stereotactic radiosurgery include inadequate visualization of the tumor, lack of intraoperative stereotactic 3-D (volumetric) imaging, and insufficient dose (due to large tumor volume and proximity to the brainstem) to achieve a growth control response.
	www.guideline.gov /summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=9312&mode=menu&ss=14 (0 words)

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