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Topic: Schwarzschild wormholes

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Schwarzschild metric

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	Wormhole Encyclopedia Article @ Hole.ws (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		This new region is however unreachable in the case of a Schwarzschild wormhole, as the bridge between the fl hole and white hole will always collapse before the observer has time to cross it.
		Sliders, a wormhole (or vortex, as it is usually called in the show) is used to travel between parallel worlds, and one is seen at least once or twice in every episode.
		Wormholes in spacetime and their use for interstellar travel: A tool for teaching general relativity.
	www.hole.ws /encyclopedia/Wormhole (2491 words)

	Wormholes
		Wormholes may be possible on microscopic distances as a result of the quantum foam which allows particle/antiparticle pairs to leap into existence momentarily, then subsequently disappear.
		Wormholes are commonly postulated to exist at the centers of fl holes or between parallel universes with no other connections.
		However, the wormhole could not be traversed because the center of a fl hole is a singularity, a point of infinite spacetime curvature, where the gravity would also be infinite and all matter would be crushed to its most fundamental constituents.
	library.thinkquest.org /27930/wormhole.htm (1383 words)

	Worm Holes - White Holes - Crystalinks
		Lorentzian wormholes are mainly studied in semiclassical gravity and Euclidean wormholes are studied in particle physics.
		Traversable wormholes are a special kind of Lorentzian wormholes which would allow a human to travel from one side of the wormhole to the other.
		Wormholes known as Schwarzschild wormholes are theoretical bridges between areas of space that are thought to be found in the center of a fl hole and white hole, joining two universes.
	www.crystalinks.com /wormholes.html (1754 words)

	wormhole
		Wormholes arise as solutions to the equations of Einstein's general theory of relativity.
		However, a known property of wormholes is that they are highly unstable and would probably collapse instantly if even the tiniest amount of matter, such as a single photon, attempted to pass through them.
		In an effort to design a more benign environment for travelers using a wormhole, Matt Visser of Washington University in St. Louis conceived an arrangement in which the spacetime region of a wormhole mouth is flat (and thus force-free) but framed by struts of exotic matter that contain a region of very sharp curvature.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/W/wormhole.html (1367 words)

	Black Holes K-12 Thought Experiments for Lesson Plans & Science Fair Projects
		The Schwarzschild radius is now known to be the radius of the event horizon of a non-rotating fl hole, but this was not well understood at that time.
		The solution resembles a wormhole (from the exterior to the interior) in a neighbourhood of the horizon, with the horizon as the neck.
		For example, the radius of a Schwarzschild fl hole is two gravitational radii and the radius of a maximally rotating Kerr fl hole is one gravitational radius.
	www.juliantrubin.com /encyclopedia/astronomy/blackhole.html (5653 words)

	Transporteon.com -- Teleportation
		Anything passing through would be destroyed by this tear, and by the extreme nature of the wormhole mechanism itself, but modulated information could practically be sent, a quick example would be "two asteroids in a hour for a yes, one asteroid for a no" in an analog to morse code.
		Wormholes are also a popular feature of science fiction as they allow interstellar travel within human timescales.
		In this version, the wormhole is the path connecting the real universe, and the parallel universe, which in the movie lasts from the jet engine crashing into the Darko family home until Halloween when the actual jet loses its engine to the wormhole, at which point the parallel universe collapses.
	www.transporteon.com /wormhole.html (2006 words)

	Wormhole
		In string theory a wormhole has been envisioned to connect two D-branes, where the mouths are attached to the branes and are connected by a flux tube [3].
		Wormholes connect two points in spacetime, which means that they would allow travel in time as well as in space.
		Wormholes known as Schwarzschild wormholes or Einstein-Rosen bridges are theoretical bridges between areas of space that are thought to be found in the center of a fl hole and white hole, joining two universes.
	www.zamandayolculuk.com /cetinbal/wormholecetin.htm (2391 words)

	What is a Wormhole?
		In real life, wormholes probably do not exist, as they would require negative matter, an exotic substance that has never been observed and whose existence is not predicted by the Standard Model of particle physics.
		Wormholes have also been called Schwarzschild wormholes or Einstein-Rosen bridges, in the context of past mathematical analyses.
		If one end of a wormhole were accelerated to close to the speed of light while another were stationary, a traveller entering into the stationary hole would emerge in the past from the accelerated hole.
	www.wisegeek.com /what-is-a-wormhole.htm (394 words)

	Time Travel Portal :: View topic - Black Holes & Wormhole Dynamics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Wormhole dynamics can be developed as for fl-hole dynamics, including a reversed second law and a first law involving a definition of wormhole surface gravity.
		The operation of a wormhole to transport matter or radiation between the two universes is described, including the back-reaction on the wormhole, which is found to exhibit a type of neutral stability.
		Secondly, a wormhole solution supported by pure radiation was discovered and used to find analytic examples of dynamic wormhole processes which were also recently found in a two-dimensional dilaton gravity model: the construction of a traversible wormhole from a Schwarzschild fl hole and vice versa, and the enlargement or reduction of the wormhole.
	timetravelportal.com /viewtopic.php?t=683 (2209 words)

	Time Travel Portal :: View topic - Black Holes, Singularities & Wormholes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		A wormhole, also known as an Einstein-Rosen Bridge, is a hypothetical topological feature of spacetime that is essentially a "shortcut" from one point in the universe to another point in the universe, allowing travel between them that is faster than it would take light to make the journey through normal space.
		The name "wormhole" comes from an analogy that was used to explain this; imagine that the universe is the skin of an apple, and a worm is travelling over its surface.
		Wormholes have been advanced as both a method for circumventing the limitations of the speed of light as well as a means for building a time machine (to travel to the past).
	timetravelportal.com /viewtopic.php?t=554 (7423 words)

	1. Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		In principle, this dynamical network may exist at any scale of distance, or energy; at the Planck scale of energy, it is expected to arise from gravitational fluctuations which induce a foam-like structure over the spacetime manifold.
		This leads us to a broader interpretation of spacetime foam as a ``Dirac sea of extended objects'', in which not only wormholes, but also fl holes and vacuum bubbles are continuously created and destroyed as zero-point energy fluctuations in the gravitational quantum vacuum.
		wormholes whose throats can be crossed by timelike observers.
	www-dft.ts.infn.it /~ansoldi/Research/EffectiveDynamics/HTML/node1.html (1063 words)

	Time Travel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		The wormhole consists of two mouths that are spherically symmetric and a throat that has a maximum radius equal to its Schwarzschild radius.
		If Schwarzschild wormholes exist in nature they are not likely to be very useful to us as time machines or means of rapid interstellar travel.
		He has both mouths of the wormhole in his living room and time is connected through the wormhole such that if he sticks his hand in one mouth it will instantly appear coming out of the other mouth across the room.
	cse.ssl.berkeley.edu /bmendez/html/time.html (9114 words)

	Wormhole - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		While Schwarzschild wormholes are not traversable, their existence inspired Kip Thorne to imagine traversable wormholes created by holding the "throat" of a Schwarzschild wormhole open with exotic matter (material that has negative mass/energy).
		Wormholes allow superluminal (faster-than-light) travel by ensuring that the speed of light is not exceeded locally at any time.
		In the series Stargate, the Stargate generates a wormhole between itself and the gate at the destination, by being supplied with a threshold amount of electricity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Schwarzschild_wormholes (2168 words)

	Unexplained Mysteries Discussion Forums > Wormholes: Fact or Fiction?
		The complete Schwarzschild geometry consists of a fl hole, a white hole, and two Universes connected at their horizons by a wormhole.
		The fate of the traveler who ventures in is to die at the singularity which forms from the collapse of the wormhole.
		In principle, a wormhole could be stabilized by threading its throat with `exotic matter'.
	www.unexplained-mysteries.com /forum/lofiversion/index.php/t9875.html (568 words)

	Theories
		The surprise about the Schwarzschild geometry is that when you shrink the mass down to within its Schwarzschild radius, you don't just get a bottomless pit; instead, the bottom of the embedding diagram opens out to make the connection with another region of flat spacetime.
		This is especially disappointing, because if you ignore the rapid evolution of the wormhole and only look at the geometry corresponding to the instant when the throat is wide open, it seems as if such wormholes might even connect, not separate universes but separate regions of our own Universe.
		Space may be flat near each mouth of the wormhole, but bent around in a gentle curve, far away from the wormhole, so that the connection really is a shortcut from one part of the Universe to another.
	www.angelfire.com /stars2/timefluxemc2/theories.html (1072 words)

	The Einstein Connection
		It's one of the intriguing curiosities of the history of science that spacetime wormholes were actually investigated by mathematical relativists in great detail long before anybody took the notion of fl holes seriously.
		The surprise about the Schwarzschild geometry is that when you shrink the mass down to within its Schwarzschild radius, you don't just get a bottomless pit, as in Figure 2; instead, the bottom of the embedding diagram opens out to make the connection with another region of flat spacetime (Figure 3).
		Space may be flat near each mouth of the wormhole, but bent around in a gentle curve, far away from the wormhole, so that the connection really is a shortcut from one part of the Universe to another (Figure 4).
	skybooksusa.com /time-travel/physics/theincon.htm (708 words)

	The Birth of Wormholes
		In general relativity, a point mass curves spacetime around it in a way that was calculated by Karl Schwarzschild in 1916 [1].
		Later work suggested that exotic forms of energy threaded through a wormhole might keep it open [3], but it remains unclear whether such arrangements are physically feasible.
		Although a 1916 paper by Ludwig Flamm from the University of Vienna [4] is sometimes cited as giving the first hint of a wormhole, "you definitely need hindsight to detect it," says Matt Visser of Victoria University in Wellington, New Zealand.
	focus.aps.org /story/v15/st11 (771 words)

	White Holes and Wormholes
		The two Universes are joined by a wormhole, the region of spacetime between the white hole and fl hole singularities.
		The trapped region between the two horizons is the Schwarzschild bubble encountered on the trip into the fl hole.
		We are at 0.35 Schwarzschild radii from the central singularity.
	casa.colorado.edu /~ajsh/schww.html (1197 words)

	Black hole - ExampleProblems.com
		The Schwarzschild radius is now known to be the radius of a non-rotating fl hole, but was not well understood at that time.
		The solution resembles a wormhole (from the exterior to the interior) in a neighborhood of the horizon, with the horizon as the neck.
		The effects of a fl hole's gravity as described by the Theory of Relativity cause a number of peculiar effects.
	www.exampleproblems.com /wiki/index.php/Black_hole (4616 words)

	[No title]
		Even if a natural traversable wormhole exists, it seems to be unstable to the slightest perturbation, including the disturbance caused by any attempt to pass through it.
		The equations said that in order for an artificial wormhole to be held open, its throat must be threaded by some form of matter, or some form of field, that exerts negative pressure, and has antigravity associated with it.
		The two "mouths" of the wormhole could be next to each other in space, but separated in time, so that it could literally be used as a time tunnel.
	www.sover.net /~dunnru/timetrav.htm (4579 words)

	Metric engineering NASA Modern Relativity modernrelativity special black hole mass energy wormhole time Schwarzschild ...
		A hypersurface that is apparently space-like in the Schwarzschild (r,ct) coordinates is never space-like for the internal regions in the Kruskal-Szekeres (r',ct') coordinates.
		The life-time of the wormholes are argued to be to short lived for information to be communicated between the two external regions.
		The curve W is a spacelike hypersurface connecting two different external regions and the question of the stability of a connection allowing this path to form is as valid for this spacetime as it was for the Schwartzschild wormholes.
	www.geocities.com /zcphysicsms/chap12.htm (5816 words)

	Time travel for beginners
		They studied the situation from all sides, but were forced to the unwelcome conclusion that there really was nothing in the equations to prevent time travel, provided (and it is a big proviso) you have the technology to manipulate fl holes.
		As well as the Kerr solution, there are other kinds of fl hole time machine allowed, including setups graphically described as "wormholes", in which a fl hole at one place and time is connected to a fl hole in another place and time (or the same place at a different time) through a "throat".
		The bottom line of all this work is that while it is hard to see how any civilization could build a wormhole time machine from scratch, it is much easier to envisage that a naturally occurring wormhole might be adapted to suit the time travelling needs of a sufficiently advanced civilization.
	www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk /home/John_Gribbin/timetrav.htm (8295 words)

	Travel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Some of the physical complaints can be eased by looking at rotating fl holes where you don't have to pass through the singularity, but the problem is still severe in that event horizons are one-way membranes.
		There are other types of wormholes which do not suffer from some of the physical problems.
		These are known as Schwarzschild wormholes where you have singularities which are not cloaked by event horizons.
	zebu.uoregon.edu /~imamura/122/mar13/travel.html (674 words)

	DaVinci: Science> Physics> Relativity> Time Travel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		- Newton, Einstein, special relativity theory, quantum mechanics, equations, Lorentz factor, radius of Schwarzschild, wormholes, tunnel effect and parallel universe.
		- Wormhole, space-time continuum, fl hole, quantum foam and causality violation.
		- Wormhole, negative energy, Einstein, gravitational field equation, closed time-like loops, cosmic strings, chronology protection conjecture and twisted light.
	www.bluegrassdavinci.com /ODP/Science/Physics/Relativity/Time_Travel (773 words)

	Trexle - Time Travel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Endeavor Into Time - Wormhole, space-time continuum, fl hole, quantum foam and causality violation.
		Traveling Through Time - Newton, Einstein, special relativity theory, quantum mechanics, equations, Lorentz factor, radius of Schwarzschild, wormholes, tunnel effect and parallel universe.
		Getting In A Twist Over Time - Wormhole, negative energy, Einstein, gravitational field equation, closed time-like loops, cosmic strings, chronology protection conjecture and twisted light.
	www.trexle.com /Directory/Top/Science/Physics/Relativity/Time_Travel (1103 words)

	Open Directory - Science: Physics: Relativity: Time Travel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Some Ramifications of Time Travel - Introduction, scenario for discussion, next 500,000 years, after 500,000 years, features of time travel, constraints on travel to past, operational considerations and conclusions.
		Time, Time Travel and Traversable Wormholes - Links to articles and sites about the possibility and impossibility of time travel.
		Time Travel and Einstein, Mysteries of the Universe and Aliens - Einstein, Minkowski's four dimensional space, Lorentz transformations, behavior of clocks and measuring rods in motion, cosmological difficulties of Newton's Theory, finite and infinite space.
	dmoz.org /Science/Physics/Relativity/Time_Travel (1061 words)

	Ian H. Redmount's Homepage
		Evolution of Schwarzschild Space through the Singularity, a film by Donald Lynden-Bell, Joseph Katz, and Ian H. Redmount, photography and additional drawings by Edward L. Lynden-Bell and Michael Switzer, 16mm,b/w, 3 min (1989).
		Ian H. Redmount and Wai-Mo Suen, ``Classical and Quantum Dynamics of Wormholes and Holes in Minkowski Space,'' Contributed Paper at the Washington DC General Meeting of the American Physical Society, 16--19 April 1990.
		Ian H. Redmount, ``Minisuperspace Models of the Quantum Dynamics of Vacuum Wormholes,'' Contributed Paper at the Third Midwest Relativity conference, Rochester, Michigan, 5--6 November 1993.
	www.slu.edu /colleges/AS/physics/profs/redmount.html (1224 words)

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