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Topic: Science as a Vocation

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	Max Weber: "Science as a Vocation"
		He continues on to address the personality of one pursuing science, explaining that while those in science are measured and evaluated on their teaching, only few possess the ability to succeed at teaching and research.
		Weber's next move is to consider the meaning of science as a vocation, pointing out the illusory notion of all considered meanings of science as: "the 'way to true being,' the 'way to true art,' the 'way to true nature,' the 'way to true God,' the 'way to true happiness'" (143).
		Weber argues that science as vocation fails all of the internal presuppositions, but it not because science is actually free from presuppositions.
	www.zephoria.org /alterity/archives/2004/11/max_weber_scien.html (984 words)

	Radical Monotheism and Western Culture
		The subsidization or coercive enslavement of science to serve ideological national interests, whether in the sphere of democracy or of communism, and the protests of science against such enslavement present us with a moral problem that is not soluble by the methods of science itself.
		But by and large science seems conditioned by the very nature of its activity to look in an outward direction, toward what is objective whether in the form of phenomena or of theory; hence it seems not to reflect much on its own activity except as this is related to what is before it.
		He sees that this science, as the common enterprise of a community and as the particular activity of individuals, is maintained not only by the wonder or curiosity or desire for power which may have given it its first impetus but by a kind of sworn loyalty to a cause.
	www.religion-online.org /showchapter.asp?title=409&C=173 (4765 words)

	Weber - Science as a Vocation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		In our time, the internal situation, in contrast to the organization of science as a vocation, is first of all conditioned by the facts that science has entered a phase of specialization previously unknown and that this will forever remain the case.
		Art was to be raised to the rank of a science, and this meant at the same time and above all to raise the artist to the rank of the doctor, socially and with reference to the meaning of his life.
		Science further presupposes that what is yielded by scientific work is important in the sense that it is 'worth being known.' In this, obviously, are contained all our problems.
	www2.pfeiffer.edu /~lridener/DSS/Weber/scivoc.html (11089 words)

	Soci 50
		Science, Weber argues, is no longer seen as the way to true being, true art, true nature, or true God.
		Science, Weber argues, cannot answer this question, but can only tell you that it must be answered.
		Science also can help to ensure that a practical stand is derived with inner consistency - it can force the individual to give an account of the ultimate meaning of his conduct.
	www.unc.edu /~lpalmer/notes/june2.htm (592 words)

	Earth/Environmental Science
		The earth and environmental sciences are rich in examples of science as a human endeavor, its historical perspectives, and the development of scientific understanding.
		This aspect of the nature of science can be taught by designing instruction that encourages students to work collaboratively in groups to design investigations, formulate hypotheses, collect data, reach conclusions, and present their findings to their classmates.
		The content studied in Earth/Environmental science is an opportunity to present science as the basis for civil engineering, mining, geology, oceanography, astronomy, and the environmental technical trades.
	www.dpi.state.nc.us /curriculum/science/scos/2004/25earth (2325 words)

	Science Curriculum - Biology
		Biology is particularly rich in examples of science as a human endeavor, its historical perspectives, and the development of scientific understanding.
		This aspect of the nature of science can be implemented by designing instruction that encourages students to work collaboratively in groups, to design investigations, formulate hypothesis, collect data, reach conclusions, and present their findings to their classmates.
		The role of biological sciences is particularly relevant to areas where humans affect and are affected by other organisms and the non-living environment.
	www.bio.unc.edu /faculty/vision/lab/pmabs/curriculum.html (1910 words)

	Free Software/Free Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The importance of science and technology to industry is presumed to be a fact of life - a relationship (basic reseach leads to applied research leads to profits, funds, and growth) whose direction of influence is questioned only in the doing.
		The latter, the "ethos" of science, is that set of norms and forms of life that structure the activity of scientists across nations, disciplines, organizations or cultures.
		Science and its results are now property, and the returns on this property are not subject to peer review.
	www.firstmonday.dk /issues/issue6_12/kelty/index.html (5245 words)

	Brian Oswald - CRHS Science Department
		Biology is rich in examples of science as a human endeavor, its historical perspectives, and the development of scientific understanding.
		This aspect of the nature of science can be implemented by designing instruction that encourages students to work collaboratively in groups, to design investigations, formulate hypotheses, collect data, reach conclusions, and present their findings to their classmates.
		This part of the science in personal and social perspectives strand examines the involvement of human decisions in the use of scientific and technological knowledge.
	www.orange.k12.nc.us /crhs/faculty/oswald/honorsbiology.htm (2240 words)

	SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY
		Science can help an actor choose between alternative ends by analyzing the appropriateness of a means for an end, and by providing information on what a desired end will cost in terms of the loss of other values.
		While social science needs the discussion of practical problems in terms of fundamental principles, that is, the reduction of unreflective value-judgements to the premises from which they are logically derived, the search for a ''lowest common denominator'' of in the form of generally valid value judgements is not empirical, impractical and entirely meaningless.
		The task of a value-neutral science, once the problem of interest is chosen, is the reduction of, say, a communist standpoint to its most rational and internally consistent form, and the empirical investigation the pre-conditions for its existence and its practical consequences.
	www.spc.uchicago.edu /ssr1/PRELIMS/Theory/weber.html (14128 words)

	Wesleyan University - College of Social Studies
		While the specifically religious meaning of a vocation is no longer central to the culture of the West, the idea of a vocation continues to be important.
		In one sense, science may be seen as a continuation of the historical process of the rationalization of religious worldviews.
		Assignment: Max Weber, "Science as a Vocation," "Politics as a Vocation," "The Sociology of Charismatic Authority," "The Meaning of Discipline," "Bureaucracy," all in From Max Weber.
	www.wesleyan.edu /css/courses/271-wk12-dm03.html (1986 words)

	Physical Science
		The Physical Science curriculum is designed to continue the investigation of the physical sciences begun in earlier grades.
		Physical science is rich in examples of science as a human endeavor, historical perspectives on the development of scientific understanding, and the nature and role of science.
		Although original student research is often relegated to a yearly science fair project, continuing student involvement in research contributes immensely to their understanding of the process of science and to their problem-solving abilities.
	www.ncpublicschools.org /curriculum/science/scos/2004/26physical (2019 words)

	Philosophy of Social Science
		In both cases, the method used for science might be thought of as a way to answer the question, "Why do you need a theory?" The answer rests on some deep assumptions about what we can know.
		Science consists of a body of beliefs some of which we know to e true and others of which we are rationally entitled to hold, given what we know.
		Science contributes to the technology of controlling life by calculating external objects as well as man's activities.
	www.sociology.ohio-state.edu /classes/soc782/moody/class_2.htm (5465 words)

	Computer Science
		Consequently, computer science majors are required to take writing courses both inside and outside the department.
		Mathematics 200, 300, or Physics 220 may be substituted for one of these two upper-level computer science courses, but at least one computer science course at the 300 level must be included.
		Computer science minors are expected to attend at least one semester of Computer Science 383.
	www.beloit.edu /~academic/fields/majors/computerscience_requirements.php (459 words)

	"1999 Brings New Plant Science Majors at Montana State University"
		Crop science majors probably will expect to go into careers in farming and ranching, pest management, the seed, fertilizer or chemical industries, banking, the Extension Service, or a government agency such as the Natural Resource Conservation Service.
		Students taking horticulture science will mainly be those preparing for careers in plant nurseries, grounds care, greenhouses and research.
		Students taking the turf grass science option will find the emphasis on sound turf grass management, and will take courses in biology, chemistry, and math before enrolling in the specialized turf classes that will include classes as diverse as irrigation and engine maintenance, as well as pest control.
	www.montana.edu /wwwpb/ag/plantsci.html (476 words)

	Science and Medicine Today
		Weber, "Science as a vocation," in H.H. Gerth and C.W. Mills (eds.), From Max Weber (1946), 129-56.
		It is fairly common to hear science characterized as an ethical enterprise - one with its own norms of conduct, which are policed by the scientific community itself.
		One of the "norms" that Merton posited for science was what he called "communism." He meant that scientific knowledge itself was common to all humanity.
	home.uchicago.edu /~johns/scs_3_2005.html (2492 words)

	SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY
		Science can judge these ideas and ends ONLY according to a logical and historically defined standard of value which can be elevated to a certain ''level of explicitness'' beyond individual sentiment.
		Put another way, treating the ideas as a coherent system of thought, science can point out to an actor what is possible within his or her value system, and what would be contradictory to that value system.
		These view points are necessary in order to engage in an empirical science of concrete reality which seeks to understand the cultural significance of individual events in their contemporary manifestations and the causes of their being historical so and not otherwise.
	ssr1.uchicago.edu /PRELIMS/Theory/weber.html (14128 words)

	Studying World Society as a Vocation — The Memory Bank 2.1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		A recent popular text, Linked: the new science of networks by A-L Barabasi (2002), claims that 'scaled networks' in a wide range of fields — social, technological and biological — conform to a mathematical model known as a power rule in which a few nodes (hubs) are highly connected and most are only weakly so.
		And natural science locates that unity in an intellectual vision that has given us, among other things, the machine revolution whose uneven development is the underlying fact of the last two centuries, drawing humanity into ever closer association.
		This was led by state and corporate funding of armaments-related research in the natural sciences during the period of the Cold War.
	www.thememorybank.co.uk /papers/sws (7737 words)

	Zygon Center for Religion and Science
		Science, ethics, and religion are vital expressions of human life, each with their own methods of exploring reality, determining truth, and communicating this to the public.
		To affirm that science is a recognized vocation for Christians.
		He co-edits Theology and Science for the Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences and he serves as editor in chief of Dialog, A Journal of Theology.
	www.zygoncenter.org /sun_scientist_symposium.html (494 words)

	Science & Theology News - Books and Culture Celebrates 5th Anniversary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The journal is breaking new ground in the evangelical world by becoming an outlet for uncensored discussion on a variety of topics, including science.
		Other in-depth science articles they have published include Princeton scholar John Suppe's piece on asteroids and meteorites and David Livingston's account of "southern style" science.
		Wilson feels it is important to represent "something of the sweep and variety of all that goes on under the name of science." This means avoiding the common evangelical pitfall of only reporting on science when it concerns the creation versus evolution debate.
	www.stnews.org /Books-2326.htm (754 words)

	Weber - Politics as a Vocation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Their nucleus was the city as a body politic, the form in which the city first emerged in the Mediterranean culture area.
		According to his proper vocation, the genuine official--and this is decisive for the evaluation of our former regime--will not engage in politics.
		The same holds for this ethic as has been said of causality in science: it is not a cab, which one can have stopped at one's pleasure; it is all or nothing.
	www2.pfeiffer.edu /~lridener/DSS/Weber/polvoc.html (20590 words)

	Sociology 242 - Science and Society
		We will then turn to study the debates within the philosophy of science (Burtt, Popper, Kuhn, Quine, Feyerabend, and Rorty) and the sociology of science (Scheler, Ellul, Leiss, Marcuse, and Habermas) about the nature of scientific inquiry and the social/political meaning of scientific discoveries.
		Does science investigate the essential reality of nature or is it more influenced by the wider social relations and practical activity of modern industrial life?
		Of particular importance is the latter's return to the Greek polis and Aristotelian physics for insights into the crisis of Western reason and Enlightenment science and its vision of small-scale technology, local communities, and participatory democracy.
	www2.kenyon.edu /People/mccarthy/Syllabi/Socy242.htm (485 words)

	Science & Theology News - Through Messiah forum, community explores science-religion connection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		In the past year, the people of central Pennsylvania have been inundated with opportunities to engage in the science-and-religion dialogue.
		Thanks to the Central Pennsylvania Forum for Religion and Science, a one-year-old program based at Messiah College in Grantham, Pa., the surrounding community has had the chance to attend a lecture series, participate in a monthly reading group and attend plays or workshops.
		Kathleen Duffy, a professor of physics at Chestnut Hill College; Peter Dodson, a professor of anatomy at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine; and Nancy Pearcey, a science-and-Christianity writer, are also scheduled to talk at the college.
	www.stnews.org /news-348.htm (603 words)

	Gallowglass: Weber and Academia
		But there's another relevant argument in "Science as a Vocation" that Kieran doesn't mention, which leans heavily on Nietzche, and thus supports Burke's view of academic life.
		The most that science can do, in Weber's account, is to ensure that world views are "responsible;" that is, that each view is rationally articulated, so that its consequences and implications are fully understood.
		Of course, I think that Weber is much too pessimistic in his account of science and politics, but his argument is rich, nuanced, and important.
	www.henryfarrell.net /movabletype/archives/000005.html (477 words)

	USC Department of Sociology - Proseminar SOCY 702
		The continuity of science requires the active participation of interested and capable persons in scientific pursuits.
		Max Weber (1919) "Science as a Vocation." Originally delivered as a lecture at the University of Munich, Germany / Conti, N. “Ceremonial Degradation of a Doctoral Candidate.” The American Sociologist 32:89-97.
		“Science as a Vocation.” In H.H. Gerth and C.W. Mills, From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology.
	www.cas.sc.edu /socy/prosem.html (927 words)

	FOSEP - Science and Religion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		All FOSEP members are welcome to attend this discussion at 6:00 in I-123 (the classroom adjoining the Health Sciences Rotunda Cafe.
		This page is a resource for anyone interested in the evolution and creation debate, and anyone who is interested in doing some background reading for Dr. Davis's noon seminar.
		Science as Christian Vocation: The Case of Robert Boyle
	www.fosep.org /davis314.htm (401 words)

	Untitled Document
		The paper begins with a discussion of Weber's notion of science as a vocation, and links this to the commitment in the discipline to a value-free conception of social science, one that sharply separates facts from values.
		In contrast to conventional and critical constructivism, postmodernism falls clearly outside of the social science enterprise, and in IR research it risks becoming self-referential and disengaged from the world, protests to the contrary notwithstanding' (Katzenstein, Keohane and Krasner, 1998: 678).
		It is the dominant tool in ‘successful' social sciences such as economics, and its core assumption is simple to express: rational choice theory treats actors as rational, self-interested maximisers of utility (however that is defined).
	www.huss.ex.ac.uk /news/VCinaug.htm (9539 words)

	Why are some papers good?
		In “Science as a Vocation,” Max Weber offers an analysis of what it means to engage in science, or intellectual activity, as a profession.
		In doing so, he makes the claim that the modern world is one that is “disenchanted.” In this essay I will discuss what Weber means when he says that the world is disenchanted, paying close attention to the potential political implications of this claim.
		Science is unable to provide a clear set of values according to which individuals can structure their lives and activities, and the plurality of inconsistent values found in the separate realms of human activity leads to further confusion and conflict.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~mmanty/teaching/example4.html (1493 words)

	[No title]
		Along with all Christians, we profess that Jesus Christ is Lord of all aspects of life, including the professional work of scientists, engineers, science educators, and other technical professionals.
		Believing this, each year the Presbyterian Association on Science, Technology and the Christian Faith (PASTCF) seeks to recognize up to five Presbyterian scientific and technological professionals who demonstrate in their lives that scientific endeavor, science teaching, and technological development are all parts of God's calling.
		Retired scientists, engineers, science teachers, and other science or technology professionals, are eligible.
	www.pastcf.org /documents/nominations_call.doc (911 words)

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