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	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Logic
		dialectic and rhetoric, or the science of argumentation and the science of persuasion.
		logic as a theoretical science; the latter is
		logic owes the various memory-aiding contrivances by the aid of which the task of teaching or learning the technicalities of the science is greatly facilitated.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/09324a.htm (5009 words)

	[No title]
		Hegel defines logic as a science of pure thought, concerning the rules or principles by which concepts are formed.
		Hegel says that logic may also be divided into three parts: 1) the logic of being, 2) the logic of essence, and 3) the logic of the Notion.
		Logic reveals the principles of pure knowing, in which there is a unity of subject and object.
	www.angelfire.com /md2/timewarp/logic.html (2320 words)

	Body
		Logic, according to this conception, would naturally divide itself into tow parts--a development of those rules to which the intelligence conforms in all acts of correct judgment and reasoning, and a development of those principles by which false judgments may be distinguished from the true.
		Logic, as a science, as we have seen, pertains not at all directly to the particular objects about which the thoughts are employed in particular conceptions, judgments, and reasonings, but to the laws of thought itself relating to such objects.
		Logic, as a science, considers specially the form of the judgment, and has to do with the matter thereof, only so far as to give the universal criteria, by which valid may be distinguished from invalid judgments.
	truthinheart.com /EarlyOberlinCD/CD/Mahan/Mahanlog.htm (15612 words)

	Hegel’s Science of Logic G.W F Hegel (1770-1831) Volume One: Preface to the First Edition
		It is an advantage when a language possesses an abundance of logical expressions, that is, specific and separate expressions for the thought determinations themselves; many prepositions and articles denote relationships based on thought; the Chinese language is supposed not to have developed to this stage or only to an inadequate extent.
		Contrary to Aristotle's view just mentioned, the science of logic is included in these means; the study of logic is a preliminary labour to be carried out in school and it is not until later that the serious business of life and the pursuit of substantial ends begins.
		In whatever respect the true may be associated with limitation and finitude, this is the aspect of its negation, of its untruth and unreality, that is, of its end, not of the affirmation which, as the true, it is.
	evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com /hegel_science_preface.htm (3123 words)

	Book I of Hegel's Science of Logic - Being
		Logic on the contrary, cannot presuppose any of these forms of reflection and laws of thinking, for these constitute part of its own content and have first to be established within the science.
		The other sciences have on the whole discarded the correct method, that is, a sequence of definitions, axioms, theorems and their proofs, etc.; so-called natural logic now has its own validity in the sciences and manages to get along without any special knowledge of the nature of thought itself.
		The subjective logic is the logic of the Notion, of essence which has sublated its relation to being or its illusory being [Schein], and in its determination is no longer external but is subjective free, self-subsistent and self-determining, or rather it is the subject itself.
	www.marxists.org /reference/archive/hegel/works/hl/hlintro.htm (6080 words)

	Science of Logic
		Objective logic is therefore the genuine critique of them -- a critique which does not consider them as contrasted under the abstract forms of the a priori and the a posteriori, but considers the determinations themselves according to their specific content.
		I The logic of being II The logic of essence, and III The logic of the Notion
		The essential requirement for the science of logic is not so much that the beginning be a pure immediacy, but rather that the whole of the science be within itself a circle in which the first is also the last and the last is also the first.
	www.skygodproject.net /history/hegel/science_of_logic.htm (14913 words)

	Logic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The ambiguity is that "formal logic" is very often used with the alternate meaning of symbolic logic as we have defined it, with informal logic meaning any logical investigation that does not involve symbolic abstraction; it is this sense of 'formal' that is parallel to the received usages coming from "formal languages" or "formal theory".
		Logic cut to the heart of computer science as it emerged as a discipline: Alan Turing's work on the Entscheidungsproblem followed from Kurt Gödel's work on the incompleteness theorems, and the notion of general purpose computers that came from this work was of fundamental importance to the designers of the computer machinery in the 1940s.
		Relevance logic and paraconsistent logic are the most important approaches here, though the concerns are different: a key consequence of classical logic and some of its rivals, such as intuitionistic logic, is that they respect the principle of explosion, which means that the logic collapses if it is capable of deriving a contradiction.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Logic (4982 words)

	Body
		Esthetics, as a science, aims to develop those laws and principles in conformity to which this faculty must act, in order to realise the end referred to, to show what kind of elements must be blended into a given conception, and how they must be blended, so as to realize these ideas.
		The first that we notice is an historical one, the statement, that logicains have generally considered logic as an art, and not a science, whereas in the language of the author just named, "the great majority of logicians have regarded logic as a science, and expressly denied it to be an art.
		In general it is not native in the particular science in which it is presupposed as evinced, but is taken from some other science,as when some ascertained truth in the science of geology, for example, is employed as a principle in the science of natural theology.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Cyprus/7560/aml.html (15588 words)

	Group in Logic and the Methodology of Science -
		“Methodology of science” is here understood to mean primarily deductive “metascience”—a study which takes sciences themselves, their structures and methods, as its subject matter and which is carried out by logical and mathematical means.
		The program in Logic and the Methodology of Science is intended for students whose interests lie in more than one of these fields.
		The program is administered by the Group in Logic and the Methodology of Science, an interdepartmental agency which cooperates closely with the Department of Mathematics, the Department of Philosophy, and the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences.
	logic.berkeley.edu (432 words)

	COMPUTABILITY LOGIC Homepage
		Technically CL is a game logic: it understands interactive computational problems as games played by a machine against the environment, their computability as existence of a machine that always wins the game, logical operators as operations on computational problems, and validity of a logical formula as being a scheme of "always computable" problems.
		The name "universal" is related to the potential of this logic to integrate, on the basis of one semantics, classical, intuitionistic and linear logics, with their seemingly unrelated or even antagonistic philosophies.
		The inherent incompleteness of affine or linear logics, resulting from the fundamental limitations of the underlying sequent-calculus approach, is apparently the reason why such intuitions and examples, while so heavily relied on in the popular linear-logic literature, have never really found a good explication in the form of a mathematically strict and intuitively convincing semantics.
	www.cis.upenn.edu /~giorgi/cl.html (4279 words)

	Science Central : Science - Math - Logic and Foundations - Nonstandard Logics and Extensions
		Infinitary Logic is a branch of formal logic where...
		A concise introduction to modal logics by Anthony A. Aaby.
		Several normal propositional modal logics are systematically presented in the calculus of structures and cut elimination is proved.
	www.sciencecentral.com /category/92695 (217 words)

	The world's top Computer science websites
		In practice, computer science includes a variety of topics relating to computers, which range from the abstract analysis of algorithms, formal grammars, etc. to more concrete subjects like programming languages, software, and computer hardware.
		Information science is the study of data and information, including how to interpret, analyze, store, and retrieve it.
		Logic is a formal system of reasoning, and studies principles that lay at the very basis of computing/reasoning machines, whether it be the hardware (digital logic) or software (verification, AI etc.) levels.
	www.websbiggest.com /dir-wiki.cfm/Computer_science (1193 words)

	Science of Logic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hegel's work The Science of Logic outlined his vision of logic, quite far removed from the traditional syllogism.
		Since for Hegel all of reality is ultimately rational, logic is not merely about reasoning or argument but rather is also the rational, structural core of all of reality and every dimension of it.
		Thus Hegel's Science of Logic includes among other things analyses of being, nothingness, becoming, existence, reality, essence, reflection, concept, and method.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Science_of_Logic (123 words)

	Open Directory - Science:Math:Logic and Foundations
		If you are looking for basic, non-technical information on logic, you may want to look at the subcategories Encylopedia Articles and Educational Resources.
		Computational logic consists of those approaches to general logic in which insights from the theory of computation play an essential part, for example in decision problems in logic, effective semantics of logic, computationally effective frameworks for proofs theory and theorem proving.
		This category is for those sites on mathematical logic (and related topics) that are of interest to the general public rather than to professional mathematicians.
	dmoz.org /Science/Math/Logic_and_Foundations/desc.html (327 words)

	www.drlowe.com--Science & Logic---Introduction: Issues in Science Logic
		I strongly believe that most medical researchers' ignorance of formal logic and their negligence in using it strongly contributes to the dismally poor performance of modern medicine.
		Second, they wholly lack awareness that the use of logic can derive from our current bank of study results information that could quickly advance our understanding of health and disease and improve our ability to relieve human suffering and extending healthy life.
		They'll argue that logical interpretations of study results depend on statisticians analyzing the quantitative results of studies—not the services of those trained in formal logic.
	www.drlowe.com /logic/sciencelogic/intro.htm (824 words)

	Group in Logic and the Methodology of Science
		“Methodology of science” is here understood to mean primarily deductive “metascience”—a study which takes sciences themselves, their structures and methods, as its subject matter and which is carried out by logical and mathematical means.
		Ph.D. work in logic can also be carried out entirely within one of the departments of Mathematics, Philosophy, Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences (see Graduate Study in Logic at UC Berkeley).
		The program is administered by the Group in Logic and the Methodology of Science, an interdepartmental agency which cooperates closely with the Department of Mathematics, the Department of Philosophy, and the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences.
	www.math.berkeley.edu /logic (489 words)

	Logic in Israel
		Computability and complexity theory (especially levels of undecidability), logics of programs (especially dynamic logic), theory of databases (especially query languages and their power), automata theory, systems engineering and visual languages (especially statecharts and the like).
		Logic in computer science; Semantic and verification of programs; Foundations of concurrency.
		Logic at the Ben Gurion University of the Negev
	www.cs.technion.ac.il /~admlogic (168 words)

	Proof Theory Logic and Foundations Math Science
		- Brief introductions to combinatory logic, the incompleteness theorems and independence results, by Andrew D Burbanks.
		- The "Logic of Programming" research team is interested in proof theory and its relations with theoretical computer science.
		Its thematic is focused on developing the theory and the applications of Linear Logic.
	www.iaswww.com /ODP/Science/Math/Logic_and_Foundations/Proof_Theory (235 words)

	Hegel's Theory of the Subject >> Palgrave.com : Title Page
		At the very centre of his work is the monumental Science of Logic, first published between 1812-16.
		He has published frequently on Hegel's Science of Logic and is the editor of works on Hegel, deconstruction and psychoanalysis.
		His current project is a systematic and diagrammatic account of the entire Science of Logic.
	www.palgrave.com /products/Catalogue.aspx?is=1403997926 (283 words)

	Open Directory - Science: Math: Logic and Foundations: Proof Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Linear Network - Linear Logic in Computer Science is lead by the "Logic of Programming" research team.
		Logic of programming - The "Logic of Programming" research team is interested in proof theory and its relations with theoretical computer science.
		Topics in Logic and Proof Theory - Brief introductions to combinatory logic, the incompleteness theorems and independence results, by Andrew D Burbanks.
	dmoz.org /Science/Math/Logic_and_Foundations/Proof_Theory (351 words)

	Computer Science Logic 2005 (CSL '05)
		The conference proceedings have been published as Volume 3634 of the Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science series.
		Computer Science Logic (CSL) is the annual conference of the European Association for Computer Science Logic (EACSL).
		The conference is intended for computer scientists whose research activities involve logic, as well as for logicians working on issues significant for computer science.
	web.comlab.ox.ac.uk /oucl/conferences/CSL05 (148 words)

	Open Directory - Science: Math: Logic and Foundations
		Introduction to Mathematical Logic - Hyper-textbook for students by V. Detlovs and K. Podnieks.
		Math Front: LO Logic - Front end for the logic section of the mathematics e-print arXiv.
		Mathematical Logic and Foundations - From The Mathematical Atlas, a resource of mathematics maintained by David Rusin.
	core-n02.dmoz.aol.com:30080 /Science/Math/Logic_and_Foundations (156 words)

	Amazon.com: Hegel's Science of Logic: Books: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel,A. V. Miller (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Hegel's Science of Logic by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
		His method is a new operator in Logic, the Speculative operator (popularly known as the Dialectic), and Hegel demonstrates the use of this new operator from the most Abstract to the most Concrete categories possible.
		It is not wonder that Physicist/Philospher David Bohm once claimed Hegel's Science of Logic had a huge impact in his development of the Implicate/ Explicate Order.
	www.amazon.com /Hegels-Science-Logic-Wilhelm-Friedrich/dp/1573922803 (1330 words)

	www.drlowe.com---Why This Journal of Science and Logic
		We've created this online Science and Logic journal for a specific purpose: To provide a forum where all us can discuss—without censorship—scientific and logical issues within several overlapping fields: fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, hypothyroidism, thyroid hormone resistance, and medical research in general.
		In our Science and Logic section, we'll take advantage of the Internet's liberation of free information exchange.
		We invite and will publish in our Science and Logic journal constructive comments and criticisms of our logical critiques of issues.
	www.drlowe.com /logic/aboutjournal/whyjournal.htm (315 words)

	NSF/CISE Workshop on The Unusual Effectiveness of Logic in Computer Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In many respects, logic provides computer science with both a unifying foundational framework and a tool for modeling.
		In fact, logic has been called ``the calculus of computer science''.
		This workshop will provide an overview of the surprising effectiveness of logic in computer science by presenting some of the areas in which logic played a crucial role in computer science.
	www.cs.rice.edu /~vardi/logic (217 words)

	topical index logic, science & philosophy
		Kourany, Janet A. Scientific Knowledge: Basic Issues in the Philosophy of Science, 2nd edition (Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1998).
		The Demon-Haunted World - Science as a Candle in the Dark (New York: Random House, 1995).
		Visit the Carl Sagan room of the Skeptic's Bookstore for more books on logic and perception.
	skepdic.com /tilogic.html (95 words)

	Islamic Hell: Absurdity of Science and Logic
		However, one wonders is the concept of Hell is rational or logical.
		Muslims are quick to proclaim scientific miracles within their texts, even though they have no desire to really discuss science at all.
		While they try to portray their texts as being compatible with modern secular science, they ignore the many scientific errors in their text, or claim that the critic of such texts does not know the true interpretation.
	www.infidels.org /library/modern/denis_giron/islamhell.html (1239 words)

	Science Search > Logic and Foundations
		An archive of abstracts of logic articles at the Institute for Logic, University of Vienna.
		Survey of game-theoretical approaches to logic; by Wilfrid Hodges.
		Front end for the logic section of the mathematics e-print arXiv.
	www.science-search.org /index/Math/Logic_and_Foundations (126 words)

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