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Topic: Scientific assessment of ozone depletion

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	Ozone depletion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ozone depletion has been observed all over the globe but is greatest at high latitudes (that is, near the poles).
		The Antarctic ozone hole is an area of the antarctic stratosphere in which the recent ozone levels have dropped to as low as 33% of their pre- 1975 values.
		Any measures against ozone depletion which have a negative economic impact will remain a controversial issue due to the strong economic interests involved, with key questions regarding whether the scientific understanding is strong enough to warrant the proposed countermeasures.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ozone_depletion (3909 words)

	Scientific assessment of ozone depletion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion is a sequence of reports sponsored by WMO / UNEP.
		Ozone remains depleted in the midlatitudes of both hemispheres.
		Arctic ozone depletion is highly variable and difficult to predict, but a future Arctic polar ozone hole similar to that of the Antarctic appears unlikely.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Scientific_assessment_of_ozone_depletion (456 words)

	U.S. EPA: Ozone Depletion
		The ozone layer absorbs a portion of the radiation from the sun, preventing it from reaching the planet's surface.
		One example of ozone depletion is the annual ozone "hole" over Antarctica that has occurred during the Antarctic Spring since the early 1980s.
		Thus, ozone depletion is a global issue and not just a problem at the South Pole.
	www.epa.gov /docs/ozone/science/sc_fact.html (1547 words)

	Ozone depletion - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This reduction is held by a wide scientific consensus to be due primarily to an increase in concentrations of stratospheric chlorine from breakdown of human manufactured CFC emissions.
		Since the ozone layer prevents most harmful wavelengths of ultraviolet light from passing through the earth's atmosphere, observed and projected decreases in ozone have generated worldwide concern and led to speedy adoption of the Montreal Protocol banning CFC use.
		In public policy discussions, the term ozone layer depletion is considered synonymous with the theory that a trend of global ozone depletion, which is caused by CFC emissions, is subsequently allowing more ultraviolet radiation to reach the earth's surface.
	www.free-definition.com /Ozone-depletion.html (2604 words)

	WMO/UNEP Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1994 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Co-chairs of the 1994 assessment were Dr. Daniel L. Albritton of the NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory, Dr. Robert T. Watson of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, and Dr. Piet J. Aucamp of the Department of National Health in South Africa.
		The international scientific community included a new section in their 1994 assessment, called "Common Questions About Ozone." In it, they answer several of the general questions that are most frequently asked by students, the general public, and leaders in industry and government.
		Is the depletion of the ozone layer leading to an increase in ground-level ultraviolet radiation?
	www.al.noaa.gov /WWWHD/pubdocs/Assessment94.html (563 words)

	Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1998 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Since the Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1994, significant advances have continued to be made in the understanding of the impact of human activities on the ozone layer, the influence of changes in chemical composition on the radiative balance of the Earth's climate, and, indeed, the coupling of the ozone layer and the climate system.
		The observed total column ozone losses from 1979 to the period 1994-1997 are about 5.4, 2.8, and 5.0%, respectively, for northern midlatitudes in winter/spring, northern midlatitudes in summer/fall, and southern midlatitudes year round, rather than the values projected in the 1994 Assessment assuming a linear trend: 7.6, 3.4, and 7.2%, respectively.
		When combined with the natural variability of the ozone layer, these factors imply that unambiguous detection of the beginning of the recovery of the ozone layer is expected to be well after the maximum stratospheric loading of ozone-depleting gases.
	greennature.com /article37.html (1795 words)

	State-of-Understanding Update on the Ozone Layer: Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion 2002
		In the Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2002, the world's leading scientists define the current scientific understanding of the ozone layer and the phenomenon of stratospheric ozone depletion, updating the 1998 Assessment as required by Article 6 of the United Nations Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer.
		It is relied upon by scientists in the international community in its assessment of the current state of scientific understanding on the topic.
		Findings of the 2002 Assessment includes an update on atmospheric processes underlying ozone abundance at the poles and globally, observations of ozonedepleting substances in the atmosphere, expectations for recovery of the ozone layer, and approaches to evaluating the ozone-layer impacts of very short-lived halogen-containing substances.
	cires.colorado.edu /science/projects/ia-albrittonD01.html (477 words)

	Ozone Depletion FAQ Part I: Introduction to the Ozone Layer
		From: rparson@spot.colorado.edu (Robert Parson) Newsgroups: sci.environment Subject: Ozone Depletion FAQ Part I: Introduction to the Ozone Layer Date: 24 Dec 1997 20:49:01 GMT Message-ID: <67rsft$2ue@peabody.colorado.edu> Reply-To: rparson@spot.colorado.edu Summary: This is the first of four files dealing with stratospheric ozone depletion.
		The present ozone layer is a result of a competition between photolysis and recombination; increasing the recombination rate, by increasing the concentration of catalysts, results in a thinner ozone layer.
		The depletion increases with latitude, and is somewhat larger in the Southern Hemisphere.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/ozone-depletion/intro (8673 words)

	USGCRP Seminar: Depletion and Recovery of the Ozone Layer: An Update of the Scientific Understanding
		Ozone losses in the stratosphere may have caused part of the observed cooling of the lower stratosphere in the polar and upper middle latitudes (about 0.6 degrees C per decade since 1979).
		The Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) of methyl bromide is now calculated to be 0.4 [compared to 0.6 from the previous (1994) assessment], with the change being largely the result of the recognition and better quantification of removal mechanisms in soils and oceans.
		Detection of the start of the ozone layer recovery may not be possible for perhaps another 20 years, due to natural ozone variability and changing atmospheric conditions.
	www.usgcrp.gov /usgcrp/seminars/980916FO.html (1013 words)

	CHAPTER 6--Ozone Depletion and Chlorine Loading Potentials
		The need to consider stratospheric ozone loss processes in the assessment of relative impacts of halocarbons on the ozone layer has led to the use of numerical models for evaluation of the ozone depletion potential as first suggested by Wuebbles (1983).
		Because of the large ozone losses in the Arctic and Antarctic as described in Chapter 2, the local ozone depletion potentials of the polar lower stratospheres are of considerable importance in determining the globally-averaged ODP as well as in understanding requirements for reducing or eliminating ozone losses such as the Antarctic ozone hole.
		This equation involves the important assumptions that all of the observed ozone depletion in the contemporary atmosphere is due to halogen chemistry and that the depletion is proportional to the local relative chlorine and/or bromine release (see also, Solomon et al., 1992).
	www.ciesin.org /docs/011-551/011-551.html (5956 words)

	Search Tuna Report for ozone depletion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The destruction of the ozone layer, which protects all living things from harmful ultraviolet solar radiation, was one of the first, global environmental problems to be understood by the general population and tackled by the international community...
		Scientific models of the atmosphere are being constructed in order to assist scientists in looking for other factors in Ozone depletion, evaluate their importance and predict what may happen to our atmosphere in the future....
		A Critique Of The UN Scientific Assessment Of...
	www.searchtuna.com /ftlive2/746.html (3324 words)

	The Ozone Depletion Pheno... - Credits
		The Academy, located in Washington, D.C., is a society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, and dedicated to the use of science and technology for the public welfare.
		Common Questions about Ozone - A summary of ozone facts from the Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion, 1994.
		Graphing Stratospheric Ozone - An activity to teach students about graphing and the loss of atmospheric ozone.
	www.beyonddiscovery.org /content/view.page.asp?I=935 (197 words)

	(OAIC) SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT OF OZONE DEPLETION: 1991 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This report is a scientific review of the current understanding of stratospheric ozone and related topics sponsored by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), UNEP, the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the UK Department of the Environment.
		Numerous new findings are presented, including evidence of ozone losses at mid-latitudes that are now present in all seasons, enhanced levels of ultraviolet radiation during seasonal ozone losses in Antarctica, and linkages between lower- stratospheric ozone losses and the Earth's radiation balance.
		For a large number of trace gases, improved ozone depletion potentials have been provided employing an observation-based approach, and the accuracy with which global warming potentials can be calculated has been reassessed.
	es.epa.gov /p2pubs/oaic/231.html (248 words)

	Assessments
		The National Assessment Overview and Foundation Reports were produced by the National Assessment Synthesis Team, an advisory committee chartered under the Federal Advisory Committee Act, and were not subjected to OSTP's Information Quality Act Guidelines.
		The National Assessment was forwarded to the President and Congress in November 2000 for their consideration.
		Distributed at the ACIA Scientific Symposium in Reykjavik in November 2004.
	www.usgcrp.gov /usgcrp/links/assessments.htm (1063 words)

	CPC - Stratosphere: Polar Stratosphere and Ozone Depletion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		ozone hole, the size of the area where air is cold enough to form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs), and which parts of this cold air are sunlit such that photo-chemical ozone depletion processes can occur.
		Nearly complete ozone depletion occurs between 13 km and 23 km, where extremely low temperatures support the heterogeneous photo-chemical destruction of ozone.
		Also, when ozone in the vortex is depleted, it is not replenished with ozone rich air from outside the vortex.
	www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov /products/stratosphere/polar/polar.html (1291 words)

	Order Form for Ozone Secretariat Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		UNEP, Synthesis of the Reports of the Assessment Panels of the Montreal Protocol: Scientific, Environmental Effects and Technology and Economic Panels, A Decade of Assessments for Decision Makers Regarding the Protection of the Ozone Layer: 1989-1998; United Nations Environment Programme, 1999.
		Handbook for the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer - Arabic - 4th ed.
		Handbook for the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer - Chinese - 4th ed.
	www.unep.ch /ozone/request.shtml (711 words)

	The 2002 UNEP/WMO Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Parties are interested in the understanding of the impact of climate change on ozone depletion and explicitly asked that the assessment include the status of that understanding.
		The interactions between the ozone layer and the climate system are varied, e.g., direct radiative forcing by HFCs, cooling of the stratosphere by carbon dioxide, and the changes in the formation rate of polar stratospheric clouds.
		Furthermore, this information from the Parties and the scientific community will continue to be input to future steps in the process, i.e., compiling the lists of the numerous international scientists who could be invited to serve as mail reviewers of draft chapters or panel reviewers for the full report and its summaries.
	www.unep.ch /ozone/unepwmo-sa2002.shtml (1485 words)

	U.S. EPA: Class I Ozone-Depleting Substances
		The numbers in the “ODP-1” column are from Table 1-5 of The Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion, 2002, a report of the World Meteorological Association’s Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project.
		The numbers in the “GWP-1” column are from Table 1-6 of The Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion, 2002, a report of the World Meteorological Association’s Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project.
		The Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion, 2002 updated a limited number of GWPs and ODPs (semiempirical values for all updated ODPs except CFC-114 and CFC-115, which are model-derived).
	www.epa.gov /ozone/ods.html (482 words)

	NSF UV Monitoring Network: References
		UV Radiation at the Earth’s Surface, in: Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1998, pp.
		Ozone Depletion: Ultraviolet Radiation and Phytoplankton Biology in Antarctic Waters.
		Ozone depletion in Antarctica: Satellite and ground measurements, and modeling under clear-sky conditions.
	www.biospherical.com /nsf/references.asp (4899 words)

	Home Page of Dr. Michael Kurylo
		These international assessments have been prepared under the auspices of the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and are required by the countries participating in the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and its Montreal Protocol.
		Co-author of the 1991 report "Methyl Bromide and the Ozone Layer: A Summary of Current Understanding", prepared at the request of UNEP on behalf of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol.
		Member of the Scientific Advisory Committee for NASA's Atmospheric Effects of Aviation Project, which is tasked with assessing the atmospheric effects of both supersonic and subsonic aircraft through its Atmospheric Effects of Stratospheric Aircraft (AESA) and Subsonic Assessment (SASS) elements.
	www.nist.gov /kinetics/kurylo (558 words)

	WMO/UNEP Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1998 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It contains the most up-to-date understanding of ozone depletion and reflects the thinking of 304 international scientific experts who contributed to its preparation and review.
		Co-chairs of the 1998 assessment were Dr. Daniel L. Albritton of the NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory, Dr. Robert T. Watson of the World Bank, Dr. Pieter J. Aucamp of the Ptersa Environmental Consultants, and Dr. Gérard Mégie of the Service d'Aéronomie du CNRS.
		The international scientific community included the section in their 1998 assessment called "Frequently Asked Questions About Ozone." In it, they answer several of the general questions that are most frequently asked by students, the general public, and leaders in industry and government.
	www.al.noaa.gov /WWWHD/pubdocs/Assessment98.html (627 words)

	A Critique of the UN Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1994 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A Critique of the UN Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1994
		1.7 The interference between ozone and sulfur dioxide in the ozone measurements is much worse than presented in the Assessment, throwing doubt on the "ozone trend" derived from Dobson ground station data.
		1.13 The statistical analysis of ozone depletion is problematic.
	www.sepp.org /ozone/ozassm.html (1153 words)

	(OAIC) SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT OF STRATOSPHERIC OZONE: 1989 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Volume 1 is the complete report of the Scientific Assessment Panel, one of the four panels convened under the 1987 Montreal Protocol.
		The assessment focuses on four major current aspects of stratospheric ozone: polar ozone, global trends, theoretical predictions, and halocarbon ozone depletion potentials (ODP) and global warming potentials (GWP).
		This study was organised and sponsored by fifteen CFC-producing companies from around the world as part of a co-operative effort to study the safety and environmental ac ceptability of CFC alternatives, and is published as an appendix to this scientific assessment.
	es.epa.gov /p2pubs/oaic/86.html (255 words)

	ScienceWeek
		Assessments of water vapor feedback are often based on regional, seasonal, or interannual variations of Earth's climate, which differ markedly in both cause and character from the more uniform, radiatively forced perturbations that result from increasing CO2.
		Total column ozone losses have exceeded 50% during October throughout the 1990s (1-3), and the Antarctic ozone "hole" reached record physical size during the spring of 2000 (4).
		Ozone, which forms chemically from precursor pollutants, is the most temperature-dependent air pollutant and may contribute to the development of asthma in children.
	scienceweek.com /2003/sw030502.htm (9356 words)

	Introduction
		Ozone trend assessments have shown that there is an urgent need to improve the homogeneity and quality of ozone sounding data to ensure confidence in observed trends [ WMO Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion, 1995, 1999, 2003].
		To achieve this goal, standardisation of the preparation procedures and data correcting methods in the near future is essential.
		Therefore in April 2004 the Balloon Experiment on Standards for Ozone Sondes (BESOS) field campaign at the University of Wyoming at Laramie, USA, had been conducted to test the provisional SOP's for ECC-ozonesondes.
	www.fz-juelich.de /icg/icg-ii/josie/asopos/introduction (506 words)

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