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Topic: Scientific citation

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	Journal self-citation in the Journal Citation Reports - Science Edition (2002) - Thomson Scientific
		This indicates that a high rate of self-citation may be due to a lower level of citation by the literature as a whole, rather than to the journal's referencing itself excessively or exclusively.
		Because citation is a dynamic and on-going phenomenon, no one year of citation data is sufficient to define the self-citation practice of an individual journal.
		Several consecutive years of citation patterns are necessary to establish whether a journal is actively participating in the scientific communications in its field, or if it is relying primarily on self-citations for impact.
	scientific.thomson.com /free/essays/journalcitationreports/selfcitation2002 (2955 words)

	Do citation systems represent theories of truth?
		Finding a citation to a case that is, in law school idiom, "on all fours" offering precedent for a favorable decision is alleged to provide the greatest thrill during this process, while wading through the intricacies of the Harvard Blue Book handbook on correct citation format is alleged to provide the greatest tedium (Heifetz, 1999).
		While some citation analyses are done by members of disciplines themselves as a way of understanding their fields (e.g., Cohn et al., 1998) the bulk of citation analysis has been performed by members of the emergent "citation community" to examine and evaluate these new techniques.
		Meso-studies of patent citations, like those of legal citations, are at an early stage and have been driven by the informetric insight that simple patent counts are less informative than their citation by subsequent patents in indicating innovation importance (Trajtenberg, 1990).
	informationr.net /ir/6-2/paper92.html (6171 words)

	Scientific citation -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		It is more recent or controversial work that will in general require citations, and thus reliance on a very few such works is advised by most (A person with advanced knowledge of one of more sciences) scientists, to avoid building on a still-shifting (Lowest support of a structure) foundation.
		Disciplined citation of prior works in mathematics and science is known at least as far back as (Greek geometer (3rd century BC)) Euclid.
		In (That branch of jurisprudence that studies the laws governing patents) patent law the citation of previous works, or (Click link for more info and facts about prior art) prior art, helps establish the (The quality of being one of a kind) uniqueness of the (The act of inventing) invention being described.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/sc/scientific_citation.htm (502 words)

	The Thomson Scientific Impact Factor - Thomson Scientific
		However, the advent of the Thomson Scientific citation indexes made it possible to do computer-compiled statistical reports not only on the output of journals but also in terms of citation frequency.
		Thomson Scientific does not depend on the impact factor alone in assessing the usefulness of a journal, and neither should anyone else.
		The impact factor should not be used without careful attention to the many phenomena that influence citation rates, as for example the average number of references cited in the average article.
	scientific.thomson.com /free/essays/journalcitationreports/impactfactor (1974 words)

	[No title]
		While this particular citation sentence contains words that serve as excellent index terms, it would be difficult to build a system that automatically extracts just the right index terms on the basis of a single reference.
		In citation sentences, the words and phrases identifying the key contributions of an article tend to bubble to the top, leaving an accurate picture of how an article contributes to human knowledge.
		We are currently exploring the value of citation sentences as a means of mapping articles to other purposes for which they may be useful in specific domains.
	vw.indiana.edu /aag05/papers/bradshaw-rosetta.doc (1990 words)

	SRTR -- Citation Advice, Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients
		SRTR -- Citation Advice, Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients
		2004 Annual Report of the U.S. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network and the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients: Transplant Data 1994-2003.
		The data and analyses reported in the 2004 Annual Report of the U.S. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network and the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients have been supplied by UNOS and Arbor Research under contract with HHS.
	www.ustransplant.org /citing.aspx (209 words)

	Andrei Pikalov, MD, PhD
		Types of scientific literature and their connections with structures of science and with the stages of development of scientific directions are presented in Tables 1 and 2.
		However, each scientific problem is related to a social group of scientists who are creators and distributors of knowledge about their particular area of interest.
		Moreover, analysis of reviews can show some scientific groups which have their own communication tools and which were not shown during the analysis of articles.
	www.chiroweb.com /archives/12/23/02.html (1206 words)

	Research Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		OpenEye Scientific Software has announced new versions of its ROCS and EON databases which screen molecules for shape and electrostatic similarity to a lead compound and are thereby said to lead generation and library design for drug discovery.
		Citation and geographic patterns and a meaningful balance across scientific disciplines were important criteria in selecting the journals to include.
		Citations in Ovid OLDMEDLINE are for articles from international biomedical journals covering the fields of medicine, preclinical sciences, and allied health sciences.
	www.researchinformation.info /products.html (17167 words)

	Skinner3.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Scientific knowledge in the world and scientific journals that publish this knowledge through articles, have also shown steady increases as more subjects are being explored and more subfields being created as scientists of various disciplines work together to research all the new ideas and information being generated.
		But a citation index for science was a new concept and the uniqueness of its capabilities and uses has made significant impact on scholarly communication worldwide.
		As stated by Cronin and Atkins (2000), citations and thusly citation indexes, have "become part of the evaluator's armamentarium, and are used to rank journals, research groups, laboratories, universities, and nation states" (p.4).
	rani.sir.arizona.edu /~sirls/spring04/589/skinner3.html (4182 words)

	Wikipedia: Isnad
		The isnad (Arabic) are the citations or "backings" that establish the legitimacy of the hadith, which are the sayings of Muhammad, Prophet of Islam.
		Isnad was influential in the development of disciplined scientific citation as early Muslim philosophy developed and applied Muslim disciplines like isnad and ijtihad and ijma to the natural world.
		Some claim this resulted in the breakthroughs in early Muslim medicine and the Mutazilite school of scientists.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/i/is/isnad.html (470 words)

	Alverno Biology Department-Writing Guidelines
		The genus is always capitalized, the species (or trivial) name never is. When you use the name of an organism, either use the scientific name consistently or use it the first time you use the common name.
		Citations serve two major functions: Allowing the reader to find the original source of information, and giving credit for the ideas or work of others.
		Citation sources must be listed at the end of the paper in a References or Literature Cited section.
	depts.alverno.edu /nsmt/writing.htm (1123 words)

	Scientific citation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This constraint tends to make papers in the soft sciences more clearly associated with a 'school of thought' and more explicitly dependent on readers' knowledge of some body of prior knowledge.
		Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts by Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar
		This page was last modified 16:20, 24 September 2005.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Scientific_citation (631 words)

	In-Depth Interview with Eugene Garfield by Chungji Kim (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Nagai, of the Osaka University School of Medicine, was ranked number one in terms of citations in scientific papers published during the previous year.
		Already at that time, the order of magnitude of citations in scientific literature was 50 to 100 times greater than for law cases.
		If you want to take the citation records of a person, then you may want to compare the performance of his or her article to the average performance of that journal for the same year.
	www.garfield.library.upenn.edu /papers/medicalwritingv8(1)1999.html (7784 words)

	Why the impact factor of journals should not be used for evaluating research -- Seglen 314 (7079): 497 -- BMJ
		Use of journal impact factors conceals the difference in article citation rates (articles in the most cited half of articles in a journal are cited 10 times as often as the least cited half)
		Citations in the national language of the journal are preferred by the journal's authors
		citation impact is primarily a measure of scientific utility rather
	bmj.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/314/7079/497 (3262 words)

	Scientific writing guides and citation styles
		The Harvard or author-date method of citing forms the basis of many citation styles in scientific publications.
		Scientific style and format : the CBE manual for authors, editors, and publishers.
		Describes the writing of scientific papers, reviews, conference reports, book reviews, theses, oral presentations, posters; lists of common abbreviations, spelling erors and expressions to be avoided.
	www.library.adelaide.edu.au /guide/sci/Generalsci/sciwrit.html (829 words)

	Scientific Citation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Instead, citations inlcuding author's last name and year are inserted directly into the text, like this (Kusnick, 1997).
		If there is more than one author, the citation might look like this (Kusnick and Waterstraat, 1996) or like this (Kusnick and others, 1995).
		Be sure to insert a citation anytime you reference factual material or someone else's opinion.
	www.asn.csus.edu /geol/Deptwebpage/kusnick/Geology140/Citation.html (466 words)

	Scientific Citations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Internal citations used to indicate the source of information within the sentence or paragraph in which the information is used.
		The form of the internal citation is usually the last name of the author (or authors) followed the publication date; e.g., "(Jones 1995)".
		An alternative form is to assign each citation in your literature cited a number, and use numerical superscripts for internal citations; e.g., "....
	faculty.uvi.edu /users/astanfo/write/Citations.htm (514 words)

	[No title]
		A citation analysis was done in the Institute for Scientific Information’s Scientific Citation Index, studying errors in references to two highly published researchers from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
		If there are errors in the citation which prevent the citation from being attributed to the correct article, there is data missing from that author’s history of citation which skew the numbers that are being used to evaluate the person.
		Errors in citation not only make it more difficult for the reader to find the referenced article, but also leave the referenced author without proper credit and skew data gathered from a citation index like ISI, ultimately affecting data which is used to evaluate publication performance in the sciences.
	www.unc.edu /~lamours/papers/ISI.doc (2157 words)

	The Use of Electronic-Only Journals in Scientific Research
		We are also using citations to measure the use of e-only journals by scientists.
		Our article examines the extent to which scientific e-only journals are becoming part of the main stream scholarly research process as demonstrated by their inclusion in standard indexing tools, library catalogs, and citation in research journals.
		They stated that their citation style and logging-in systems are geared toward volume/issue numbering used by print publications.
	www.istl.org /02-summer/refereed.html (5358 words)

	Step 4
		The manual, Scientific Style and Format by the Council of Science Editors (CSE) (formerly the Council of Biology Editors or CBE) has been adopted by GIS/EM4 as the official reference for all style questions pertaining to the proceedings.
		Andrew Keck has compiled a less thorough guide to scientific citation for electronic sources which is based on the CSE/CBE manual.
		Only instructions on the use of its citation system is available on-line, courtesy of several scientific writing projects at US universities (see 4.3.
	www.colorado.edu /research/cires/banff/guidelines/step4.html (694 words)

	Owens Library Scientific (CBE) Citation Style Examples (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		This page follows the citation style of Scientific style and format : the CBE manual for authors, editors, and publishers by the Style Manual Committee, Council of Biology Editors, 1994, 6th edition.
		To locate additional citation examples, consult Style Manuals on Reserve.
		Bedford/St. Martin's Publishers provide a basic overview of the guidelines provided by the Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers 6th edition, 1994.
	www.nwmissouri.edu /library/citing/cbe.htm (325 words)

	ONLINE!
		This chapter's guidelines for citing Internet sources stem from the principles presented in the sixth edition of Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers, published by the Council of Biology Editors (now the Council of Science Editors) in 1994.
		Many writers in the natural sciences use the citation style recommended in the CBE Manual, which also gives advice for styling and formatting scientific papers, journals, and books for publication.
		Use the system preferred by your instructor or by the journal you are writing for, and consult Chapter 30 of the CBE Manual, "Citations and References," for detailed advice.
	www.bedfordstmartins.com /online/cite8.html (1462 words)

	Encyclopedia Citation - Encyclopedia Shop
		MLA Citation Style MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 6th edition … The World Encyclopedia of Comics.
		… There are many rules for the format and use of such citations in … Varying rules and practices for citations apply in a Scientific citation is the …
		… MLA citation style uses a simple two-part parenthetical documentation system for … Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World.
	www.ecaseload.com /encyclopedia-citation.html (304 words)

	Science Citation Garren Scientific (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), a Thomson Scientific Company, has announced that mutual subscribers will be able to link from their Web of Science to the Journal Citation Reports (r(keep on reading)
		Citation Analysis and Research Assessment in the United Kingdom
		The Science Citation Index (SCI®) provides access to current and retrospective bibliographic information, author abstracts, and cited references found in...
	garren-scientific.com /science-citation.htm (226 words)

	JHUAPL Receivers Governor's Citation for Scientific Achievement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		NEAR project scientist and APL staff member Dr. Andrew F. Cheng accepted the citation for the Laboratory during a ceremony at the State House in Annapolis.
		Glendening also recognized other scientific achievements with local ties, presenting citations to three Maryland astronauts who recently flew on the space shuttle Atlantis, and members of the Maryland-based partnership to map the human genome.
		NEAR was the first in NASA's Discovery Program of low-cost, scientifically focused space missions.
	www.jhuapl.edu /newscenter/pressreleases/2001/010327.htm (344 words)

	citation-analysis
		The Institute of Scientific Information first produced a list of the most highly cited scientists in 8 fields in 2001.
		This has now been expanded to 14 fields where details of the top 100 scientists by citation in each of these fields is listed with the raw data being taken from an analysis of the ISI's various citation counts.
		These are available from 1981 to date and are updated weekly.
	www.casa.ucl.ac.uk /citations (325 words)

	Thomson - Scientific
		Thomson Scientific information based solutions keep academic, government, corporate, and pharma RandD professionals at the forefront of their markets by providing must-have authoritative content with innovative technologies that assist with discovery, analysis, product development and distribution.
		Thomson Scientific Analyzes 10 Years Of Geology Research To Rank The Most-Cited Published Papers
		Thomson Scientific Adds Military and Federal Specifications and Standards to Techstreet®
	www.thomson.com /solutions/scientific (117 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Bibliometrics, citation analysis and co-citation analysis: A review of literature.1.
		Bibliometrics, citation analysis and co-citation analysis: A review of literature.2.
		Budd JM Citations and knowledge claims: sociology of knowledge as a case in point
	www.garfield.library.upenn.edu /histcomp/cocitation-small/index-tc.html (792 words)

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