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Topic: Scientific consensus

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	Scientific consensus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Scientific consensus is the collective judgment, position, and opinion of scientists in a particular field of science at a particular time.
		Where scientific or philosophical questions can often languish in uncertainty for decades within their disciplinary settings, policymakers are faced with the problems of making sound decisions based on the currently available data, even if it is likely not a final form of the "truth".
		He proposed that scientific consensus worked in the form of "paradigms", which were interconnected theories and underlying assumptions about the nature of the theory itself which connected various researchers in a given field.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Scientific_consensus (1528 words)

	Scientific consensus
		Scientific consensus is agreement among scientists that a given hypothesis or theory is true.
		Historically, the claim of consensus has been the first refuge of scoundrels; it is a way to avoid debate by claiming that the matter is already settled.
		Public policy advocates often appeal to scientific consensus to settle various issues in the fields of health, safety and conservation, when that happens to suit their own argument.
	pedia.newsfilter.co.uk /wikipedia/s/sc/scientific_consensus.html (311 words)

	Scientific consensus is not the best way to discern truth.
		It is the scientific consensus of our best and brightest minds, be they theologians, political scientists, economists, sociologists or whomever has devoted their careers to the study of these issues.
		The history of scientific consensus is a rather poor one -- for example, it was once a scientific consensus that the earth is flat.
		But these are hardly the same thing as a scientific conference, due to their extremely limited time formats and the fact that the debaters are appealing to a lay audience, not a group of highly trained scientists.
	www.huppi.com /kangaroo/L-consensus.htm (2148 words)

	Skeptical Inquirer: Scientific consensus and expert testimony: less... @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Within the scientific community there are accepted methods and procedures for establishing the truth or falsity of an extravagant claim (Gardner 1981), but the courtroom is a different kind of forum.
		With respect to the scientific literature, he found that the research had not established that subliminal stimuli could have the sorts of effects postulated by the plaintiffs.
		From a scientific perspective, this is an extraordinary and prima facie implausible proposition.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:18920375&refid=holomed_1 (5563 words)

	National Policy Analysis #177: The Myth of Scientific Consensus on Global Warming - December 1997
		It purported to have as signatories 2,611 scientists from the U.S. and abroad endorsing the idea that the scientific evidence of global warming was conclusive.
		The survey further found that 58% of the climatologists disagreed with President Clinton's assertion that "the overwhelming balance of evidence and scientific opinion is that it is no longer a theory, but now fact, that global warming is for real," while only 36% agreed with the assertion.
		But perhaps even more important than whether or not scientists have reached a consensus, however, is whether or not the scientific data backs up the theory.
	www.nationalcenter.org /NPA177.html (720 words)

	No Scientific Consensus on Greenhouse Warming (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		They base their campaign on a supposed scientific con- sensus: namely that the continued emission of carbon dioxide from the burning of oil, gas and coal enhances the natural atmospheric "greenhouse" effect and inevitably leads to a catastrophic temperature increase in the next century.
		The myth of scientific consensus got a major boost last summer with the release of "Scientific Assessment of Climate Change," published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
		As the survey results indicate, scientists are not marching in intellectual lock-step on the major scientific issues that underlie the global warming scare.
	www.sepp.org /glwarm/noscicons.html (921 words)

	The Journal of Philosophy, Science & Law - Scientific Consensus and Public Policy: The Case of Pfiesteria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This scientific sensibility, undisturbed by the siren calls of profits and fame and unharried by the pressures of funding and politics, tends to follow (ideally) Francis Bacon’s dictum that “truth is the daughter of time” rather than of authority or tradition.
		This consensus, by contrast with the first, was based upon scientific information that had passed through several filters in the scientific community prior to entering into the current policy-making process; and that it should prove rather uncontroversial is also hardly surprising.
		The developing scientific understanding of nutrient pollution in the Bay proved useful and relevant for public policy to ameliorate the negative environmental effects of excess nutrients because it linked specific human practices and activities with observable and quantifiable ecological phenomena.
	www.psljournal.com /archives/all/pfiesteria.cfm (8223 words)

	CJR November/December 2004: Blinded by Science
		The scientific consensus is quite firm that abortion does not cause breast cancer.
		On the contrary, scientific theories and interpretations survive or perish depending upon whether they’re published in highly competitive journals that practice strict quality control, whether the results upon which they’re based can be replicated by other scientists, and ultimately whether they win over scientific peers.
		In the vast majority of modern cases, however, scientific consensus can be expected to hold up under scrutiny precisely because it was reached through a lengthy and rigorous process of professional skepticism and criticism.
	www.cjr.org /issues/2004/6/mooney-science.asp (3506 words)

	BEYOND THE IVORY TOWER: The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change -- Oreskes 306 (5702): 1686 -- Science
		The scientific consensus is clearly expressed in the reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
		In its most recent assessment, IPCC states unequivocally that the consensus of scientific opinion is that Earth's climate is being affected by human activities: "Human activities...
		That hypothesis was tested by analyzing 928 abstracts, published in refereed scientific journals between 1993 and 2003, and listed in the ISI database with the keywords "climate change" (9).
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/full/306/5702/1686 (974 words)

	RealClimate » Just what is this Consensus anyway? En quoi consiste le “Consensus” ?
		The consensus that exists is that of the IPCC reports, in particular the working group I report (there are three WG's.
		As Thomas Kuhn observed, scientific truth is what scientific consensus says it is. Many people want certainties to persuade them, and those science does not to have to offer; science is a human project, not the word of god.
		So, I think the consensus is (or should be) that humans have some degree of influence (pun intended) in an ever-changing climate, which may or may not lead to catastrophic effects at some point in the future.
	www.realclimate.org /index.php?p=86 (6109 words)

	Crosswalk.com - Essay Claiming 'Scientific Consensus' for Global Warming is Ridiculed
		The Science Magazine essay in question analyzed 928 abstracts published in peer-reviewed scientific journals that contained the keyword "climate change" between 1993 and 2003 and found that not a single one of the studies showed climate change to be naturally occurring.
		But there is a scientific consensus on the reality of anthropogenic (human caused) climate change.
		Neither is a point worthy of consideration in an objective, scientific journal," Murray wrote in his letter to the editor, dated Dec. 6.
	www.learnathome.com /news/1300265.html (816 words)

	The Dangers of Scientific Consensus
		Advocates for dramatic action on climate change often base their appeal on the authority of scientific “consensus.” For example, “A majority of climate scientists including 99 of the world’s Nobel Prize winners, have signed a petition for the world’s leaders to act immediately to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.”
		While most unlikely in the climate change debate, scientific “consensus” may be overturned by a single experiment.
		Developed in the 17th century, the scientific method is the foundation of modern science.
	www.free-eco.org /articleDisplay.php?id=425 (646 words)

	OUT OF CONTROL: A Scientific Consensus on Global Warming? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		However even a rudimentary survey of scientific literature reveals there to be very little agreement on the subject of climate change.
		The unfortunate and inaccurate characterization of consensus is used as a rhetorical bludgeon of skeptics and is the basis of a push for industrialized nations to “do something” to reduce the atmosphere’s greenhouse gas concentration.
		The theme of scientific consensus creeps into documents such as the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment Overview Report (2004) and the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) Third Assessment Report (2001).
	www.rppi.org /outofcontrol/archives/000800.html (272 words)

	Scientific consensus is that global climate change is occuring. - Stormfront White Nationalist Community (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Scientific consensus is that global climate change is occuring.
		"To prove a scientific consensus on global climate change, Oreskes searched the scientific literature for papers published between 1993 and 2003 with the words "global climate change" in their abstracts.
		According to her review, the scientific literature indisputably links greenhouse gas emissions from human activities—such as driving cars and burning oil and coal to generate electricity—with a rise in surface-air and subsurface-ocean temperatures.
	www.stormfront.org /forum/showthread.php?t=174792 (430 words)

	[extropy-chat] No rejection of science! Re: SI morality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		If a public announcement does not reflect the scientific consensus, then I would agree with you that it should not be treated as if it does.
		It is dangerous to try to cherry-pick among scientific issues to decide for which ones we will agree with the consensus and for which ones we will decide that the scientific consensus is wrong.
		The other is that it might turn out that the most accurate description of the scientific consensus is not actually anything you would disagree with.
	lists.extropy.org /pipermail/extropy-chat/2004-April/005911.html (1661 words)

	Gavin’s Blog » The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change: Naomi Oreskes
		The 928 papers were divided into six categories: explicit endorsement of the consensus position, evaluation of impacts, mitigation proposals, methods, paleoclimate analysis, and rejection of the consensus position.
		But there is a scientific consensus on the reality of anthropogenic climate change.
		Interviewed Mark Adams of the Scientific Alliance yesterday, a group which argues that we are FAR from scientific consensus on CO2 emissions as a root cause of climate change.
	www.gavinsblog.com /index.php?p=1804 (991 words)

	The Diplomad: Fight Global Warming: Turn on the A/C & Open the Windows
		The international consensus of scientific opinion, led by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, is agreed that global temperature is increasing and that the main cause is the accumulation of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere as a result of human activities.
		Scientific opinion is also agreed that the threat posed will become more severe over coming decades.
		It's the "consensus of scientific opinion," except for all those scientists who don't agree, but never mind.
	diplomadic.blogspot.com /2005/01/fight-global-warming-turn-on-ac-open.html (2077 words)

	Global Warming: The Scientific Consensus
		Lett., 23, 1801-1804) which showed that the cooling of the stratosphere which has been observed during the past 30 years has a very small chance of having happened due to natural climate fluctuations, and is most likely a signal of human impacts on the climate.
		I serve on the Scientific Advisory Board of the National Institute for Global Environmental Change, Great Plains Regional Center, at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, and have since its inception in 1992.
		Investing in the nation's scientific research establishment is a very inexpensive and very rewarding allocation of the nation's resources.
	climate.envsci.rutgers.edu /robock/testimony.html (1525 words)

	Glossary: Scientific Consensus
		The Scientific Consensus represents the position generally agreed upon at a given time by most scientists specialized in a given field.
		the position is definitive: the consensus can evolve with the results from further research and contrary opinions.
		the best choice is to rely on the Consensus.
	www.greenfacts.org /glossary/abc/consensus.htm (92 words)

	RealClimate » The Wall Street Journal vs. The Scientific Consensus El Wall Street Journal sobre el consenso ...
		This is scientifically undisputed and well-established physics, which has been known since in the year 1896 the Swedish Nobel prize winner Svante Arrhenius calculated the climatic effect of a rise in CO2.
		The fact is that both the consensus and those persuaded by it (which is where the USA Today editorial comes in; there is no chance they would have written anything of the sort in 2002) are continuing to grow.
		Scientific studies almost never explicitly contradict one another, even when that is the intention of the authors, which is not the case here.
	www.realclimate.org /index.php?p=167 (18345 words)

	BEYOND THE IVORY TOWER: The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change -- Oreskes 306 (5702): 1686 -- Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Policy-makers and the public who are not members of the relevant research community have had to form opinions about the reality of global climate change on the basis of often conflicting descriptions provided by the media regarding the level of scientific certainty attached to studies of climate.
		In this Essay, Oreskes analyzes the existing scientific literature to show that there is a robust consensus that anthropogenic global climate change is occurring.
		Thus, despite claims sometimes made by some groups that there is not good evidence that Earth's climate is being affected by human activities, the scientific community is in overwhelming agreement that such evidence is clear and persuasive.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/summary/306/5702/1686 (215 words)

	Tobacco Scam: Secondhand Smoke - The Issue is Health - The Global Consensus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Every authoritative, peer-reviewed assessment of the scientific evidence over the years has concluded that Secondhand smoke causes a lengthening list of diseases.
		QUOTE The review of the scientific evidence found positive associations between passive smoking and the following diseases: asthma in children, lower respiratory illness, lung cancer, major coronary events and other illnesses.
		QUOTE Based on the weight of the available scientific evidence, EPA has concluded that the widespread exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in the U.S. presents a serious and substantial public health risk.
	www.tobaccoscam.ucsf.edu /Secondhand/Secondhand_iih_internal_2.cfm (1663 words)

	The shifting sands of scientific consensus in clinical research
		Last summer, many women and their doctors were shocked to learn that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) -- once thought to forestall osteoporosis and heart disease while relieving menopausal symptoms -- is not the panacea that it had seemed to be.
		A few "squeaky wheels" such as Pitt epidemiology professor Lewis Kuller questioned the consensus, noting that it was based on observational studies rather than large, randomized clinical trials.
		He cited five ingredients of a scientifically sound trial: asking research subjects the right questions, enrolling sufficient numbers of participants so that findings are statistically significant, analyzing results carefully and conservatively, disseminating results (whether they are positive or negative) and informing participants exactly what they're getting into.
	www.pitt.edu /utimes/issues/35/020926/11.html (1286 words)

	"Science Friction" by Nicholas Thompson
		The split between the GOP and the scientific community began during the administration of Richard Nixon.
		Democrats, for instance, are more than happy to tout the scientific consensus that human activity contributes to climate change, but play down evidence that drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (which they oppose) probably will have little impact on the caribou there.
		John Marburger, the president's current scientific adviser--a longtime Democrat who says that he has good relations with Bush and is proud of the administration's science record--wrote in an email statement which barely conceals his own opinion: "As for my views on cloning, let me put it this way.
	www.washingtonmonthly.com /features/2003/0307.thompson.html (3193 words)

	Global Warming: The History of an International Scientific Consensus
		The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), made up of leading climate scientists from around the world, is established by UNEP and WMO to assess the scientific and economic basis of climate change policy in preparation for the 1992 Rio Earth Summit.
		An appeal signed by 49 Nobel prize winners and 700 members of the NAS states, "There is broad agreement within the scientific community that amplification of the Earth's natural greenhouse effect by the buildup of various gases introduced by human activity has the potential to produce dramatic changes in climate...
		The conference statement reports that "a clear scientific consensus has emerged on estimates of the range of global warming which can be expected during the 21st century.
	www.audubon.org /chapter/tx/bexar/GlbWarm1.htm (903 words)

	Global Warming: The Origin and Nature of the Alleged Scientific Consensus
		For example, fears of massive sea-level increases accompanied many of the early discussions of global warming, but those estimates have been steadily reduced by orders of magnitude, and now it is widely agreed that even the potential contribution of warming to sea-level rise would be swamped by other more important factors.
		But the scientific community never took the issue to heart, governments ignored it, and with rising global temperatures in the late 1970s the issue more or less died.
		The report concluded that the scientific basis for costly action was absent, although prudence might indicate that actions that were cheap or worth doing anyway should be considered.
	www.cato.org /pubs/regulation/reg15n2g.html (6551 words)

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