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Topic: Scientific enterprise

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	Scientific method - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Scientific methods or processes are considered fundamental to the scientific investigation and acquisition of new knowledge based upon physical evidence by scientific communities.
		Scientific quantities are often characterized by their units of measure which can later be described in terms of conventional physical units when communicating the work.
		Scientific journals use a process of peer review, in which scientists' manuscripts are submitted by editors of scientific journals to (usually one to three) fellow (usually anonymous) scientists familiar with the field for evaluation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Scientific_method (6157 words)

	Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Science is practiced in university and other scientific institutes; as such it is a solid vocation in academia, but has also been practiced by amateurs, who typically engage in the observational part of science.
		Studies of anthropology, history, psychology, and sociology are sometimes called "soft sciences." Proponents of this division use the arguments that the "soft sciences" do not use the scientific method, admit anecdotal evidence, or are not mathematical, all adding up to a "lack of rigor" in their methods.
		The term "science" is sometimes pressed into service for new and interdisciplinary fields that make use of scientific methods at least in part, and which in any case aspire to be systematic and careful explorations of their subjects, including computer science, library and information science, and environmental science.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/science_1 (1425 words)

	Scientific enterprise - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Scientific enterprise refers to science-based projects developed by, or in cooperation with, private entrepreneurs.
		Note that a successful scientific enterprise is not equivalent to a successful high-tech enterprise or to a successful business enterprise, but that they form an ecology, a food chain.
		Xerox PARC is a research organization which has also spawned innovations such as the graphical user interface and SRI, where the computer mouse was invented, were explicitly founded with a research basis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Scientific_enterprise (291 words)

	Science and Technology Policy Yearbook: Chapter 4: Unlocking our Future
		Three basic components of the scientific enterprise require strengthening if we are to ensure its success into the 21st century and thus realize our goals of improving the lives, freedom and health of all peoples.
		Scientific discourse in a trial is usually highly contentious, but federal judges have recently been given the authority to act as gatekeepers to exclude unreliable science from the courtroom.
		Curricula for all elementary and secondary years that are rigorous in content, emphasize the mastery of fundamental scientific and mathematical concepts as well as the modes of scientific inquiry, and encourage the natural curiosity of children must be developed.
	www.aaas.org /spp/yearbook/chap4.htm (7470 words)

	Scientific Research
		The Scientific Research Enterprise contributes to the creation of new scientific knowledge by exploring the Solar System and the Universe beyond and by studying the space environment and its effects on biological and physical processes.
		Scientific Research Enterprise activities at other Centers should be evaluated for transfer to GSFC or JPL, consolidation, or closure.
		The communities of scientific peers are different for the Scientific Research Enterprise and the MTPE Enterprise and the two Enterprises use different constituencies to assist in the formulation of programs.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/fed-lab/scien.html (2323 words)

	BOL Ch. 1--The Nature of Science
		For that reason, scientific teams are expected to seek out the possible sources of bias in the design of their investigations and in their data analysis.
		Scientific activity is one of the main features of the contemporary world and distinguishes present times from earlier periods.
		The use of animals in scientific research is a very complex issue, but long before students are ready to discuss it in any depth, they should have opportunities, in the context of science, to interact with living things in ways that promote respect.
	www.project2061.org /tools/benchol/ch1/ch1.htm (6471 words)

	Benchmark 1C The Nature of Science: The Scientific Enterprise
		It is part of scientific ionquiry to evaluate the results of scientific investigations, experiments, observations, theoretical models, and the explanations proposed by other scientists.
		Scientific explanations must adhere to criteria such as: a proposed explanation must be logically consistent; it must abide by the rules of evidence; it must be open to questions and possible modification; it must be based on historical and current scientific knowledge.
		In communicating and defending the results of scientific inquiry, arguments must be logical and demonstrate connections between natural phenomena, investigations, and the historical body of scientific knowledge.
	www.project2061.org /publications/rsl/online/Compare/NRC/bsl2nrc/Ch1/B_nrc041.htm (349 words)

	Usability News - 2.2 - 2000
		Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and the mind.
		The first is that psychology is a scientific enterprise that obtains knowledge through systematic and objective methods of observation and experimentation.
		Second, is that psychologists study behavior, which refers to any action or reaction that can be measured or observed—such as the blink of an eye, an increase in heart rate, or the unruly violence that often erupts in a mob.
	psychology.wichita.edu /surl/usabilitynews/2S/comparsion.htm (284 words)

	The Challenge of Politics: An Introduction to Political Science
		There are both strengths and weaknesses to the scientific enterprise as it is applied to the world of politics.
		As for strengths, the scientific method can be extraordinarily useful in defining a problem, framing a testable hypothesis, marshalling empirical data beyond hunch and opinion, and, ultimately, in validating a hypothesis.
		There is the danger of becoming so enamored of scientific method that we become focused on the present and the past as opposed to the future.
	www.cqpress.com /cs/challenge/chapter4.htm (733 words)

	No element of the R&D enterprise is as important to it as the people who make it up
		Because the scientific enterprise is a critical driver of the Nation’s economy, investment in basic scientific research is a long-term economic imperative.
		When scientific or engineering research is performed in the context of attaining a particular goal or mission it is very important that some measure of research performance accountability be used to gauge whether the research program is effective.
		A particularly ominous threat to scientific freedom that would undermine the entire scientific enterprise are lawsuits brought against researchers and universities claiming damages because a researcher did not pursue a particular line of inquiry or published results that were later found to be in error.
	www.house.gov /science/science_policy_report.htm (17194 words)

	UPNE \| Defining Women’s Scientific Enterprise
		This fascinating reappraisal of the relationship of women and the scientific enterprise focuses on the efforts of Protestant women science faculty at Mount Holyoke College to advance themselves and their institution from its founding as an evangelical Protestant seminary for women by Mary Lyon in 1837 to the present.
		She also shows how new ideas about “doing science”; became translated into new ways of teaching science and how pedagogy and scientific discoveries are mutually interactive.
		Ultimately, Levin presents an intriguing case study of an alternative way of doing science—college-based, women-based, religion-based, teaching-based—one wholly different from the “rise of the research university” model that has become the basis for the history of academic science in the United States.
	www.upne.com /1-58465-419-8.html (297 words)

	Daniel S. Greenberg, The Hidden Dynamics of the Great American Scientific Enterprise
		By commonly accepted measures of scientific strength, the U.S. is the world leader in virtually every field of research, often by a wide margin.
		The scientific enterprise prospers from public and political recognition of the value of research—for health, prosperity, national security, and a clean environment.
		Scientific associations maintain lobbying staffs to keep the money flowing to their rank and file, while members of Congress, eager to please the academics back home, pack spending bills with special helpings of designated pork.
	www.press.uchicago.edu /Misc/Chicago/306348.html (1719 words)

	Background and Introduction
		These underpinnings in motive--curiosity versus need--have led to the designation of science as either "basic" or "applied." In the simplified versions of these descriptions, basic research is performed by academic researchers in search of knowledge, and applied research is carried out by inventors or industry researchers in pursuit of new and better products.
		In this latter position, he was responsible for bringing together scientists--mostly university researchers accustomed to pursuing their own curiosity--with engineers and technicians to develop the tools that helped win the war, such as radar, the proximity fuse and the atomic bomb.
		What our country needs now is not a complete re-structuring of our scientific enterprise, but instead an evaluation of our Nation's science and technology policies, and a determination of what changes are required to ensure the long-term health of this enterprise.
	www.access.gpo.gov /congress/house/science/cp105-b/bgintro.html (3076 words)

	Psychology's Claim to be a Scientific Enterprise
		I think some aspects of psychology are scientific but others are not.
		Fiedler's contingency theory of leadership; a prominent theory in industrial psychology says that certain kinds of leaders will be most effective in certain kinds of situations.
		D. Self correction--the scientific community uses empirical data and reason to solve disputes and correct errors (e.g., drive theories of motivation, malleability of cognitive ability test scores for individuals; use of personality tests for predicting sales performance) We try things out to see if they work.
	luna.cas.usf.edu /~mbrannic/files/resmeth/lecture/1_sci_f03.htm (1630 words)

	SSI Introduces Enterprise Content Manager
		Scientific Software, Inc., a world leader in the development, sale and support of Enterprise Content Management (ECM) solutions, announced today a new, cost-effective solution for enterprise content management (ECM).
		Scientific Software Enterprise Content Manager (formerly known as CyberLAB ECMS) is an ECM software platform that provides a secure, central repository and rich content services to create, capture, manage, archive, and re-use business critical information.
		Scientific Software, Inc. is a world leader in the development, sale and support of enterprise content management (ECM) solutions to help organizations better manage the complete lifecycle of business information.
	www.scisw.com /news_events/press/2004/072204a.htm (719 words)

	Search the Standards Database
		Understands ethics associated with scientific study (e.g., potential subjects must be fully informed of the risks and benefits associated with the research and their right to refuse to participate; potential subjects must be fully informed of possible risks to community and property)
		Knows ways in which science and society influence one another (e.g., scientific knowledge and the procedures used by scientists influence the way many individuals think about themselves, others, and the environment; societal challenges often inspire questions for scientific research; social and economic forces strongly influence which science research programs are pursued and funded)
		Understands the ethical traditions associated with the scientific enterprise (e.g., commitment to peer review, truthful reporting about the methods and outcomes of investigations, publication of the results of work) and that scientists who violate these traditions are censored by their peers
	www.mcrel.org /compendium/Benchmark.asp?SubjectID=2&StandardID=13 (426 words)

	Beyond The "Science Wars:" Should "Non-Experts" Participate In The Scientific Enterprise?
		On the other are those who believe that laypeople can and should be involved in practices as wide ranging as setting federal research priorities and cooperatively undertaking research with scientists in areas that affect their lives.
		And because the pursuit of advanced scientific degrees require many years of study and training, scientists may logically wonder how laypeople could gain enough knowledge to discuss complex issues.
		"The long term health of the scientific community should create a huge incentive for scientists to be involved in creating avenues for lay participation in the scientific enterprise," Kleinman explained.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1997-02/GIoT-BTWS-180297.php (976 words)

	Scientific Software Enterprise Content Manager
		Scientific Software Enterprise Content Manager is an enterprise content management (ECM) software platform that provides a secure, central repository and rich content services to allow organizations to capture, manage, archive, and re-use business critical information.
		Enterprise Content Manager is for any organization across any industry that needs to organize, protect, secure, comply with regulatory and corporate mandates, or enable collaboration for any type of electronic record.
		World-class companies in the pharmaceutical, petrochemical, food and beverage, agricultural, government, education and other markets have deployed Enterprise Content Manager to improve knowledge worker productivity, improve compliance, reduce operational costs, increase customer satisfaction and make better decisions to gain an edge on the competition.
	scisw.com /products/ecm (229 words)

	Scientific Software Accelerates Business Processes With New BPM Solution
		Scientific Software Business Process Manager enables organizations to streamline, automate, and optimize mission-critical business processes while enabling seamless collaboration between people, processes and content.
		About Scientific Software, Inc. Scientific Software, Inc. is a world leader in the development, sale and support of enterprise content management (ECM) solutions to help organizations better manage the complete lifecycle of business information.
		With over 58,000 worldwide installations, Scientific Software EZChrom Elite(TM) Chromatography Data System is the de-facto standard for data acquisition, multi-vendor instrument control, and analysis for the life sciences market.
	www.prnewswire.com /cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/07-26-2004/0002218265&EDATE= (812 words)

	Scientific Methods
		Although scientific methods are as varied as science itself, there is a pattern to the way that scientists go about their work.
		This is why scientists generally repeat their experiments several times before reporting them in a scientific paper.
		In a similar way, the creation of a new explanation (hypothesis) in a scientific field often stimulates workers in related fields to reexamine their own field in the light of the new ideas.
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/S/ScientificMethods.html (1364 words)

	NECSE - Home (About us)
		Science Enterprise Challenge aimed both to raise awareness of the importance of business enterprise at all levels within Universities, including both students and staff, and to legitimise commercial activity as a valid aspect of academic life.
		The North East Centre for Scientific Enterprise is involved with all five of the Regional Universities, namely The Universities' of Durham, Newcastle, Northumbria, Sunderland and Teesside.
		The Centre is administered from the University of Durham and it forms part of the UK Science Enterprise Network; the hub of which is Cambridge/MIT partnership.
	www.dur.ac.uk /scientific.enterprise/index1.htm (337 words)

	Week 1: Psychology's Claim to be a Scientific Enterprise
		Other aspects are very scientific, if you accept a technical view of the definition of science.
		Scientific study makes a prediction before rather than after collecting data.
		It's easy to explain after the fact, but explanation after the fact is not scientific.
	luna.cas.usf.edu /~mbrannic/files/resmeth/lecture/science.html (1016 words)

	Scientific enterprise -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Scientific enterprise refers to (A particular branch of scientific knowledge) science-based (A planned undertaking) projects developed by, or in cooperation with, private (Someone who organizes a business venture and assumes the risk for it) entrepreneurs.
		For example, in the (Click link for more info and facts about Age of Exploration) Age of Exploration, leaders like (Click link for more info and facts about Henry the Navigator) Henry the Navigator founded schools of navigation, from which stemmed voyages of exploration.
		The (Click link for more info and facts about Public Library of Science) Public Library of Science (PLoS) is an (Click link for more info and facts about open-content) open-content scientific journal.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/S/Sc/Scientific_enterprise.htm (431 words)

	Science & Technology at Scientific American.com: Gerard Piel, former publisher and chairman of Scientific ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Piel as publisher, Flanagan as editor and Miller as general manager remade the magazine into a more sophisticated, authoritative monthly in which the feature articles were routinely written by experts in those subjects, yet were intended for an educated general public instead of a purely professional one.
		As publisher of Scientific American, Piel became a roving ambassador of good will for science, and he sometimes tapped other staffers of the magazine to join him: longtime employees fondly remember times in the late 1970s when Piel brought the entire staff with him on trips through the then-Soviet Union and China.
		For Piel, scientific reason also deserved to be a beacon for political reform and good governance.
	www.sciam.com /article.cfm?chanID=sa003&articleID=000BBAFE-8498-113F-811B83414B7F4945 (623 words)

	The Engineering Enterprise of Scientific Device-Building (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The main aim of this Enterprise is development, production, and inculcation of technical equipment for automation of technical processes in device building and other branches of the national economy.
		The results are obtained on a base of close collaboration with scientists of the IEC and of modern technical decisions proposed by the staff of Enterprise.
		The Enterprise has specialists (researchers, engineers, technicians) of high qualification which have a big practical experience in the field of elaboration of methods, technology and production of devices for automation of technological processes.
	itk1.bas-net.by /old/eesdb.html (135 words)

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