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Topic: Scientific evidence

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	Scientific evidence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Scientific evidence is evidence which serves to either support or counter a scientific theorem or hypothesis.
		Such evidence is expected to be empirical and properly documented in accordance with scientific method such as is applicable to the particular field of inquiry.
		Standards for evidence may vary according to whether the field of inquiry is among the natural sciences or social sciences.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Scientific_evidence (113 words)

	Scientific evidence for health benefits of dietary supplements
		Anecdotal evidence is informal evidence that has not been subjected to rigorous scientific analysis.
		The evidence that smoking causes cancer and that oatmeal lowers cholesterol were gathered from statistical surveys that compared the cancer rates in smokers and nonsmokers, and the blood cholesterol levels in people whose diets did or did not include oatmeal.
		Well-designed double-blind clinical trials are the strongest kind of scientific evidence for supporting a supplement's health claim, but a poorly designed trial can distort the results and be almost worthless.
	www.supplementquality.com /benefits/evidence.html (852 words)

	29+ Evidences for Macroevolution: Scientific "Proof", scientific evidence, and the scientific method
		All scientific statements and concepts are open to re-evaluation as new data is acquired and novel technologies emerge.
		Familiar examples of unobservable scientific discoveries are atoms, electrons, viruses, bacteria, germs, radio-waves, X-rays, ultraviolet light, energy, entropy, enthalpy, solar fusion, genes, protein enzymes, and the DNA double-helix.
		As Stephen J. Gould has said, a scientific fact is not "absolute certainty", but simply a theory that has been "confirmed to such a degree that it would be perverse to withhold provisional consent".
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/comdesc/sciproof.html (2066 words)

	Supreme Court establishes standards for scientific evidence (liability for Bendectin) - Daubert v. Merrell Dow ...
		The court stated that scientific evidence is admissible only if the principle upon which it is based is " `sufficiently established to have general acceptance in the field to which it belongs.' " 727 F. Supp.
		Contending that reanalysis is generally accepted by the scientific community only when it is subjected to verification and scrutiny by others in the field, the Court of Appeals rejected petitioners' reanalyses as "unpublished, not subjected to the normal peer review process and generated solely for use in litigation." Id., at 1131.
		The scientific project is advanced by broad and wide-ranging consideration of a multitude of hypotheses, for those that are incorrect will eventually be shown to be so, and that in itself is an advance.
	biotech.law.lsu.edu /cases/evidence/daubert.htm (6142 words)

	Two Pre-decision Articles on the Daubert Case (rules for scientific evidence)
		The Federal Rules of Evidence were enacted by Congress in 1975 and broadened the admissibility of scientific testimony to include theories that are not widely embraced.
		Evidence Standards Vary by State State courts, which handle many liability suits like the Daubert case, have their own rules about what evidence can be admitted.
		New Rules of Evidence The lawyer for the plaintiffs, Michael H. Gottesman, told the Court that Congress had rejected the Frye rule in 1975 when it adopted new rules of evidence for use in the Federal courts.
	www.lectlaw.com /files/lit03.htm (2461 words)

	29+ Evidences for Macroevolution: the Scientific Case for Common Descent
		This article is specifically intended for those who are scientifically minded but, for one reason or another, have come to believe that macroevolutionary theory explains little, makes few or no testable predictions, is unfalsifiable, or has not been scientifically demonstrated.
		Simple compatibility, in itself, is insufficient as scientific evidence, because all physical observations are consistent with an infinite number of unscientific conjectures.
		For those interested, a brief explication of the scientific method and scientific philosophy has been included, such as what is meant by "scientific evidence", "falsification", and "testability".
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/comdesc (2151 words)

	Scientific method - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Scientific measurements taken are usually tabulated, graphed, or mapped, and statistical manipulations, such as correlation and regression, performed on them.
		Scientific quantities are often characterized by their units of measure which can later be described in terms of conventional physical units when communicating the work.
		Scientific journals use a process of peer review, in which scientists' manuscripts are submitted by editors of scientific journals to (usually one to three) fellow (usually anonymous) scientists familiar with the field for evaluation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Scientific_method (6060 words)

	Civil Resource Manual 126 Sample Brief -- Evidence of Scientific Testing in Food Fraud Cases
		Evidence admitted not to establish the truth of the matter asserted, but instead for some other legitimate purpose, is not hearsay.
		XXXX' suggestion that scientific analysis was always understood by the parties and the court to be a "central issue at trial" (SMOB at 25-26) is incorrect.
		In short, testimony concerning scientific evidence was offered to show the defendants' or their customers' reactions to the reports, not the reports' accuracy.
	www.usdoj.gov /usao/eousa/foia_reading_room/usam/title4/civ00126.htm (1377 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		If the scientific evidence is not novel, Daubert need not be satisfied but the proponent still must present (1) a qualified expert to explain the scientific basis of the test or technique and (2) evidence that the test or technique was properly performed in the case at bar.
		Nonetheless, the evidence in the case did not provide sufficient foundation for admission of the HGN test results because the arresting officer did not have the expertise to explain the scientific basis of the test to the jury even though he did have adequate foundation to testify that he administered the test properly.
		refusing to allow polygraph evidence because of its ability to supplant the role of the jury in considering the credibility of witnesses, and because this subject is not the type of evidence which needs to be explained by an expert witness.
	www.umt.edu /lawinsider/class/ford/sciEv.htm (4146 words)

	Scientific Evidence Admissibility Standards (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Where novel scientific evidence is at issue, the Frye inquiry allows the judiciary to defer to scientific expertise precisely as to whether or not it has gained "general acceptance" in the relevant field.
		According to K. Popper (1989) in The Growth of Scientific Knowledge, "the criterion on the scientific status of a theory is its falsifiability, refutability, and testability".
		DNA evidence is admissible under either the Frye or Daubert standard, but the reliability issue goes beyond the matter of testimony to the proper performance of protocols and probability estimates.
	faculty.ncwc.edu /Mstevens/425/lecture02.htm (1383 words)

	The CPS : Scientific Evidence
		The purpose of expert evidence is to provide the court with scientific information that is likely to be beyond the knowledge and experience of a magistrate, judge or jury.
		Before the Crown adduces scientific evidence, it has to be satisfied, on all available expert opinion, that the technique in questions is valid.
		Apart from the issue of whether the RO or any of his or her assistants are to be called to give live evidence, the defence must be given the opportunity to inspect any case notes or items held at the laboratory.
	www.cps.gov.uk /legal/section13/chapter_f.html (4379 words)

	Getting Scientific Evidence Admitted
		To determine the admissibility of scientific evidence, the Court has to consider a variety of things, including whether the evidence is relevant, whether it has a proper foundation and whether it meets the test for scientific evidence.
		Rule 104(a) provides that preliminary questions about the admissibility of evidence or the qualifications of a person to be a witness are to be determined by the court outside of the presence of the jury.
		All that is required is for the court to conclude that the proponent of the challenged evidence made a sufficient showing by a preponderance of the evidence--the more probable than not standard--that the scientific evidence should be admitted under Daubert.
	www.lawhost.com /lawjournal/98spring/experts.html (5133 words)

	Behavioral Counseling in Primary Care to Promote a Healthy Diet: Recommendations and Rationale
		The strength of this evidence, however, is limited by reliance on self-reported diet outcomes, limited use of measures corroborating reported changes in diet, limited followup data beyond 6 to 12 months, and enrollment of study participants who may not be fully representative of primary care patients.
		However, to date, there is little direct evidence about the effect of small and medium dietary changes on the future risk for coronary heart disease, making it difficult to determine with certainty whether such changes will translate into changes in the incidence of chronic disease.
		Although evidence is stronger for counseling patients who are at increased risk for chronic disease, such as those with hyperlipidemia, than for the general population of patients, it is not possible to disentangle the effects of patient risk status from the effects of intervention intensity.
	www.ahrq.gov /clinic/3rduspstf/diet/dietrr.htm (3411 words)

	Scientific evidence for survival of consciousness after death
		A scientifically controlled NDE that can be repeated which provides such evidence would be the scientific discovery of all time.
		An anecdotal example of evidence that a person's consciousness leaves and returns to their body during an NDE comes from the research of Dr.
		This anecdotal evidence demonstrates that the near-death experience is a return to consciousness at the point of death, when the brain is dying.
	www.near-death.com /evidence.html (6524 words)

	Understanding Scientific Evidence
		We are in the process of developing a comprehensive, but as yet tentative, definition of concepts of evidence ranging from the ideas associated with a single measurement to those which are associated with evaluating evidence as a whole.
		In any discussion of the place of data and evidence in science or engineering, we must avoid the trap of failing to define terms and, as a consequence, rendering the argument unintelligible.
		Evidence, on the other hand, we take as data which have been subjected to some form of validation so that it is possible, for instance, to assign a 'weight' to the data when coming to an overall judgement.
	www.dur.ac.uk /richard.gott/Evidence/cofev.htm (5441 words)

	Scientific Evidence for Creation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Scientific evidence for creation abounds in areas of objective observation.
		Scholars in various scientific disciplines have written about the incredible complexity in living systems and the structure of the universe.
		Coal: Evidence for a Young Earth" Evolutionary theory requires millions of years in the formation of coal in order to afford time for the development of living organisms whose fossils...
	www.creationevidence.org /scientific_evid/scien_eviden_creatn.html (667 words)

	Scientific Evidence for Answered Prayer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		This is the exact premise that groups of medical doctors used in double-blind "drug" studies of the efficacy of Christian prayer on healing.
		The author points out that the method used in this study does not produce the maximum effect of prayer, since the study could not control for the effect of outside prayer (i.e., it is likely many of the placebo group were prayed for by persons outside of the study).
		There is no "scientific" (non-spiritual) explanation for the cause of the medical effects demonstrated in these studies.
	www.godandscience.org /apologetics/prayer.html (1749 words)

	DOWSING -looking at scientific evidence
		The objective of their study was to determine whether careful scientific research on water dowsing could lead to convincing evidence for or against the existence of real, reproducible effects: an experimental examination of whether dowsers really can somehow detect water with a success rate greater than can be accounted for by chance alone.
		Evidence for non-random agreement among dowsers was reported, but that sort of testing is very difficult to interpret, since no correlation with underground water supplies was investigated, and the actual location and nature of the relevant stimuli were completely unknown to the experimenters.
		Had the outcome of such a large, well planned study been unequivocally positive, had it demonstrated strong and reproducible skills in most of the dowsers, that outcome should be expected to serve as a springboard for intensive follow-up research by physicists as well as physiologists, to explore what mechanisms might be responsible for those capabilities.
	www.phact.org /e/dowsing.htm (5883 words)

	Keep Antibiotics Working.com - Key Scientific Evidence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Overwhelming scientific evidence now indicates that bacteria are developing antibiotic resistance as a result of antibiotic use in animal agriculture.
		This study looked at evidence for tetracycline resistant bacteria in lagoons underlying hog farms using tetracycline antibiotics in feed, as well as in the groundwater beneath these lagoons.
		Evidence also was found that resistant genes are transferred between Bacteroides and gram positive bacteria.
	www.keepantibioticsworking.com /pages/indepth/keyevid.cfm (2259 words)

	Systems to Rate the Strength of Scientific Evidence
		Contractor institutions review all relevant scientific literature on assigned clinical care topics and produce evidence reports and technology assessments, conduct research on methodologies and the effectiveness of their implementation, and participate in technical assistance activities.
		The overarching goals of this project were to describe systems to rate the strength of scientific evidence, including evaluating the quality of individual articles that make up a body of evidence on a specific scientific question in health care, and to provide some guidance as to "best practices" in this field today.
		Comparing and contrasting approaches to rating quality and grading evidence strength in the United States and abroad, because of the substantial attention being given to this work outside this country; such work would identify what advances are taking place in the international community and help determine where these are relevant to the U.S. scene.
	www.ahrq.gov /clinic/epcsums/strengthsum.htm (4207 words)

	Modern Scientific Evidence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Michigan Millers appealed to the 11th Circuit, FN20 arguing that its expert should have been admitted--not because the expertise was scientific, but because it was not scientific, therefore should not have been subject to Daubert, and should instead be admissible on a lesser standard as "experience-based" expertise.
		FN22 The IAAI brief also argued that fire and arson investigation is neither a science nor strictly based on science, but its asserted validity rests instead on training and experience, and for that reason as well Daubert was inapplicable--a view later rejected unanimously in Kumho Tire.
		Before Kumho Tire unanimously resolved the confusion about whether Daubert's gatekeeping requirement applied only to the "scientific" prong of Rule 702, or whether it applied to all kinds of expert opinion evidence, a number of courts struggled with the question in the context of fire causation.
	www.law-forensic.com /MSE_benfield.htm (1349 words)

	Admissibility of Scientific Evidence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Merrell Dow (1993) rejected the Frye test and Frye-plus tests for the admissibility of certain scientific evidence (see admissibility tests lecture).
		POLYGRAPH evidence (which was usually acceptable under Frye with a few exceptions) is beginning to be found reliable in Daubert hearings, but still does not enjoy widespread acceptance, and is, in fact, outlawed by per se laws in various jurisdictions.
		TRACE EVIDENCE COMPARISON has not yet been decided due to controversy over the qualifications required for a forensic scientist or lab technician as a microanalyst.
	faculty.ncwc.edu /toconnor/425/425lect02.htm (1513 words)

	SSRN-Changing Scientific Evidence by Edward Cheng
		This Article observes that in a subset of cases, the legal system's traditional emphasis on speedy dispute resolution and finality is brought into direct conflict with science's culture of incremental study and constant reevaluation.
		The resulting timing mismatch is at the root of the changing scientific evidence problem.
		Either of these options would enable courts to be more accommodating to the scientific process, while simultaneously spurring scientists to better serve legal inquiry.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=499182 (338 words)

	[No title]
		A conclusion based upon the subjective impression of a witness is virtually unimpeachable in the absence of extrinsic evidence.
		The prosecution has an obligation to furnish the defendant with exculpatory evidence; the state cannot avoid this obligation by a claim that its expert did not perform the exculpatory analysis.
		The defendant has a right to conduct a meaningful cross-examination of the state's analyst; this right cannot be defeated by the analyst employing a test procedure in which his "expert" opinion will be based solely upon his intuition.
	www.dcfpd.org /motions/alaska/discover/scientif.htm (3883 words)

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