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Topic: Scientific fraud

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	Kids.net.au - Encyclopedia Scientific method - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		In the presentation of the 'ideal' scientific method that follows, one must keep in mind that many parties are simultaneously executing empirical methods and reproducing work of others, and that social and linguistic processes play key roles in deciding the degree of examination that any given hypothesis will receive in practice.
		Scientific journals use a process of peer review, in which scientists submit their results to a panel of fellow scientists (who may or may not know the identity of the writer) for evaluation.
		Proponents of the scientific method caricature its detractors as ultra-relativists, whereas some detractors caricature proponents as positivists, and consider that the scientific method does not adequately explain the success of science in our society.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/sc/Scientific_method (4396 words)

	Learn more about Scientific method in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		The scientific method is the term usually used to refer to either a series, or a collection, of processes that are considered characteristic of scientific investigation and of the acquisition of new scientific knowledge.
		Usually, the scientific method refers more to the "scientific attitude" and not a set order of doing things, as a step-by-step procedure is not always necessary (such as when something is discovered by accident or fluke).
		Scientific journals use a process of peer review, in which scientists submit their papers describing experimental results and their consequences to a panel of fellow scientists (who may or may not know the identity of the writer) for evaluation.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /s/sc/scientific_method_1.html (3719 words)

	Scientific fraud and power structure of science
		A narrow definition of scientific fraud is convenient to the groups in society -- scientific elites, and powerful government and corporate interests -- that have the dominant influence on priorities in science.
		Of course, one of the prime reasons for fraud is to obtain results that are convenient for a preconceived result, which is often tied to a vested interest such as a corporate patron [30].
		Suffice it to say that scientific fraud, whether defined as usual in narrow terms or broadly conceived as a range of types of misrepresentation and bias, cannot be seriously affected by tinkering with a few policies.
	users.bart.nl /users/lightnet/science/scientificfraud.htm (7442 words)

	Scientific Misconduct: An Annotated Bibliography (OTRP Resource) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Rather than accepting the "bad seed" argument, the authors present scientific fraud as an "elite occupational deviance" resulting from a "conflict between goals and the ability to achieve them through legitimate means." The increasingly business-like approach to science seems to have legitimized the use of deviance in science.
		The case of Marvin Spector is used to illustrate the failure of replication, the third-tier of scientific self-correction in preventing scientific fraud.
		Scientific misconduct is not a new problem of the twentieth century, but its contemporary effects may be more detrimental.
	www.lemoyne.edu /OTRP/otrpresources/otrp_sci-misc.html (3502 words)

	Statistics of Scientific Fraud
		Everywhere we may find an horde of hypocritical bureaucrats-ideologists always ready to argue that cases of fraud within their jurisdiction are negligibly small.
		In the field of estimating scientific fraud the situation seems to be the most absurd.
		Of course, this is not the most important type of scientific fraud, it may be called an 'absent-minded' data falsification; but it may have interesting applications.
	www.orc.ru /~yur77/statfr.htm (1282 words)

	Academe - Scientific Misconduct
		When you read a scientific paper, you can agree or disagree with its conclusions, but you must be able to trust its account of the procedures used and the results produced by those procedures.
		Regarding the second risk factor, if scientific fraud meant knowingly inserting an untruth into the body of knowledge, it would be nonexistent or of little concern, because science is self-correcting.
		Scientific fraud always involves a transgression against the methods of science, never against the body of knowledge.
	www.aaup.org /publications/Academe/2002/02JF/02jfgoo.htm (2600 words)

	Scientific Fraud and Conflict Of Interest In Vaccine Research, Licensing & Policymaking By Michael Belkin
		In the vaccine industry, scientific fraud and conflicts of interest are causing a similar (but much larger) cycle of deaths and injuries that is being concealed and denied by regulators and vaccine manufacturers.
		Unelected, unregulated and unaccountable ACIP medical bureaucrats have blatant financial conflicts of interest and are committing scientific fraud by recommending administration of vaccines that have not been tested for safety in the age groups or populations targeted.
		Another case suggesting scientific fraud is the still-existing 1991 ACIP recommendation that every newborn baby receive the hepatitis B vaccine in the hospital within hours of birth.
	www.laleva.cc /choice/vaccine_bekin.html (1909 words)

	Scientific misconduct -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		This includes such actions as intentionally falsifying research results reported in a (A record book as a physical object) journal article, which is considered unethical and in some jurisdictions may be illegal.
		Scientists depend on a good (The general estimation that the public has for a person) reputation to receive ongoing support and (The act of financing) funding; and a good reputation relies largely on the publication of high-profile scientific papers.
		In most scientific fields, results are often difficult to reproduce accurately, being obscured by (Sound of any kind (especially unintelligible or dissonant sound)) noise, (A man-made object taken as a whole) artifacts and other extraneous (A collection of facts from which conclusions may be drawn) data.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/sc/scientific_misconduct.htm (689 words)

	ipedia.com: Scientific misconduct Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Scientific misconduct in science includes such actions as intentionally falsifying research results reported in a journal article, which is considered unethical and in some jurisdictions may be illega...
		Scientific misconduct in science includes such actions as intentionally falsifying research results reported in a journal article, which is considered unethical and in some jurisdictions may be illegal.
		The word falsifying used above should not be confused with the legitimate and essential activity of finding and sharing evidence that contradicts a hypothesis (see falsifiability) but is used in the sense of presenting known false information as true with the intent to deceive.
	www.ipedia.com /scientific_misconduct.html (222 words)

	Omni: Scientific fraud - includes a list of the ten most famous science frauds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		A blue-ribbon scientific panel, set up to monitor an internal NIH investigation of the affair, accused Gallo of "intellectual recklessness of a high degree." The panel members, nominated by the National Academy of Sciences, critized Gallo for his failure to acknowledge having grown and studied an AIDS virus sent to him by the French.
		Gallo is also the target of a federal inquiry investigating charges of perjury and patent fraud related to his patent application for the AIDS test.
		Therefore they were guilty of sloppy science--not fraud," says Robert Park, a professor of physics at the University of Maryland and director of the Washington, DC, office of the American Physical Society.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1430/is_n9_v14/ai_12508167 (1395 words)

	THE STORY OF PILTDOWN MAN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		The history of evolution is a recounting of frauds and hoaxes.
		But the Piltdown hoax was the most shaking of the exposes when it finally occurred, due to the fact that, for decades, Piltdown Man had been proclaimed as the grand proof that man evolved from apes.
		The House of Commons was so disturbed by the announcements of the fraud, that it came close to passing a measure declaring "that the House has no confidence in the Trustees of the British Museum.
	www.pathlights.com /ce_encyclopedia/13anc08.htm (2599 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Life \| Too good to be true
		The Piltdown fraud - exposed as a hoax 50 years ago next week - was neither the wickedest scientific fraud ever carried out nor the silliest, but to this day remains the one that everybody has heard about.
		Argument continues about the extent of the fraud, but some people claim he not only invented some of the data but even the names of his research assistants.
		In 1995, the US Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal challenged almost everything - the age of the film, the photographer's military status, the injuries to the alien and the way close-ups of alien organs went out of focus - about the fl and white sequence.
	www.guardian.co.uk /life/feature/story/0,13026,1083411,00.html (1681 words)

	Scientific fraud and the power structure of science, by Brian Martin
		Ask most scientists about scientific fraud and they will readily tell you what it is. The most extreme cases are obvious: manufacturing data and altering experimental results.
		The misrepresentation of the scientific paper is the most formal aspect of the misrepresentation of science as an orderly process based on a clearly defined method
		Of course, one of the prime reasons for fraud is to obtain results that are convenient for a preconceived result, which is often tied to a vested interest such as a corporate patron
	www.uow.edu.au /arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/92prom.html (7459 words)

	10/14/02 - Franz Boas — Liberal Icon, Scientific Fraud
		Two of the major superstitions of our time are the notion that man is merely a blank slate whose behavior is merely the product of the social environment and its sister, that race doesn't exist.
		One of Boas' favorite targets was so-called "scientific racism," and much of his own writing was intended to combat what he saw—sometimes rightly—as unscientific or simply false thinking about race.
		This is not science; it's fraud -- and modern liberalism is founded on it.
	www.vdare.com /francis/boas.htm (826 words)

	Socialism Today - Scientific fraud
		Obviously, in scientific research mistakes are made and incorrect results are published.
		And any serious fraud is bound to be found out when other laboratories try to repeat and verify the experiments (as happened in the cases above).
		A proper career structure for research science, tied to a proper funding structure which does not involve a desperate annual search for new funds, is a vital necessity for sane research in all fields of science.
	www.socialismtoday.org /70/science.html (649 words)

	AlterNet: Scientific Fraud Condemns Panther
		A U.S. Fish & Wildlife scientist is fired for alleging the department knowingly used flawed science in assessing the habitat and population of the endangered Florida panther.
		Eller's legal challenge, which was filed jointly with the advocacy group Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility (PEER) alleges that studies used by FWS inaccurately inflate the panthers' population in South Florida, thereby minimizing the amount of habitat the animals need to survive.
		Specifically, the agency assumes in its population estimates that all known panthers are breeding adults, and that the population includes no juveniles or aged animals.
	www.alternet.org /story/19460 (611 words)

	FRAUD AT STELLENBOSCH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Michie fed the fraud story into the rumor mill back in 2002, proferring a transcript of a print-out of an alleged e-mail from Bohm to Kirby to Dr.
		Michie also provided Weberman with what purports to be an excerpt from one of Hatfill's scientific notebooks, supposedly to facilitate a comparison between Hatfill's handwriting and the anthrax letters.
		As the Weekly Standard has noted, the JDO's exciting background briefings on Hatfill provided much of the impetus for the 'rogue scientist' buzz, especially as the story was pump-primed back in the summer of '02.
	www.angelfire.com /band2/stellenbosch_fraud (557 words)

	Scientific Fraud and Element 118 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		An investigation into the event has revealed the problem -- fraud committed by one of the 15 researchers assigned to the project.
		The laboratory fired the researcher, but the whole affair has caused renewed interest in scientific fraud.
		Such fraud seems relatively common in biological sciences journals, but accounts of the Element 118 debacle seem shocked to see such fraud in the physical sciences.
	brian.carnell.com /2599 (110 words)

	Some comments on deliberate misinformation, lies and serious scientific fraud perpetrated by Messers David Williams and ...
		A scientific paper is not normally the place to "attack" another person and/or launch a defence of one’s own good name.
		Williams was evidently unaware that the code of the ICZN does not allow for the "devalidating" of scientific names quite so easily and that once a name has been assigned to a valid taxa it is effectively there for ever, provided that the taxa has not already been named.
		The Williams fraud coupled with the attacks against this author got even worse when it became clear that Williams was posting on the various internet forums under a series of different names.
	www.smuggled.com /pr60.htm (6663 words)

	Who is responsible for scientific fraud? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		The problem is many of his publications were shams, and last week Bell Labs fired Sch?a> after an internal panel determined he faked data in at least 17 papers.
		The Bell Labs panel charged only Sch?ith scientific misconduct even though 20 others were co-authors on his papers.
		If co-authors cannot spend time to thoroughly examine data, then they should be held responsible for errors, omissions, or fraud they may have missed.
	arstechnica.com /news/posts/1033363023.html (692 words)

	The Greatest Scientific Fraud
		Miriah Killam Writing 122 David Rothgery October 12, 2000 The Greatest Case of Scientific Fraud I have been told I have a beautiful smile, and I once thought it was true.
		The article claimed, Fluoridation is the greatest case of scientific fraud of this century, if not of all time, (Earth Island Journal, Winter 1998).
		During the nineties, a steady trickle of scientific reports has found a statistically significant association between water fluoridation and increased risk of hip fracture.
	www.freeessays.cc /db/43/sxr197.shtml (1591 words)

	FORCES - Scientific Fraud by the California EPA
		The anti-smokers' scientific fraud is long-standing and systematic.
		Windham and Golub have committed an additional element of fraud by falsely attributing perinatal illness and death to simple "low birth weight," which are actually healthy births.
		Their central premise that "if the distribution of birthright is shifted lower with ETS exposure, as it appears to be with active smoking, infants who are already compromised may be pushed into even higher risk categories.
	www.forces.org /evidence/carol/carol43.htm (1130 words)

	Untitled Document
		Awareness of this policy has arisen from grant application forms requesting s statement of the Institute's view on scientific fraud.
		Kings College London is committed to maintaining the highest standards of integrity and probity in the conduct of research, by both staff and students.
		Given its international reputation and status, the College has a responsibility to the scientific community and to the public at large and therefore, put in place procedures to ensure the exercise of due diligence in making enquiries as to the substance and provenance of an allegation.
	www.iop.kcl.ac.uk /iopweb/departments/home/default.aspx?locator=703 (229 words)

	PM - Evidence of scientific fraud presented to NSW court
		Evidence of scientific fraud presented to NSW court
		MARK COLVIN: Evidence of scientific fraud emerged in the New South Wales Supreme Court today.
		Last year, PM reported extensively on the row that erupted over allegations broadcast on ABC Radio National's Science Show, of serious scientific misconduct by Professor Bruce Hall, a prominent medical researcher at the University of New South Wales.
	www.abc.net.au /pm/content/2003/s876639.htm (695 words)

	Salon.com Books \| "The Undergrowth of Science" by Walter Gratzer
		Walter Gratzer's "The Undergrowth of Science" is about those times when scientific claims do not hold up.
		Scientific fraud is an interesting phenomenon in itself.
		But Gratzer is interested in the unintentional deceptions that creep into science, and the political and psychological necessities that compel some scientists to cling to false beliefs in the face of common sense and scientific evidence to the contrary.
	www.salon.com /books/review/2000/11/30/gratzer (758 words)

	Scientific Fraud? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Talk of consciousness and mental representations was banished from respectable scientific discussion.
		More likely, his writings are designed to deceive potential government and science foundation grantors into thinking something of value is actually being done.
		Significantly, Touretzky states, “Pomposity and mediocrity are measured by the ability to string long phrases together without saying anything worthwhile.” This could be a review of much of his published work in a nutshell.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-chat/1058757/posts (1109 words)

	Online Ethics Center: Poor Monitoring of Scientific Fraud (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		The authors list several recent cases of misconduct to illustrate their points, including the case of University of Wisconsin biochemist Hector DeLuca who pirated the work of a colleague which may have been evidence that his own patent for producing a vitamin D derivative was defective.
		The article reports that Stewart and Feder will testify that research is often neither verified nor challenged due to the implicit trust that characterizes the scientific community at large.
		Even if a scientist is implicated in misconduct by an investigating committee, evidence can often "disappear." One scientist claimed that his data was lost when his rowboat overturned.
	onlineethics.org /reseth/ander.html (473 words)

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