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Topic: Scientific transliteration

	A Guide to Hebrew Transliteration
		In Ashkenazic writings it is used to represent the aspirated "h" that is usually written in scientific writings as "h" with a dot underneath.
		The strongly aspirated "h" that is rendered in scientific notation with a dot underneath.
		In scientific transliterations this always indicates an English "long" vowel (sounds like "woof" or "woo") and might be written as "ou" or "oo" in some popular works.
	www.ucalgary.ca /~elsegal/RelS367/transliteration.html (907 words)

	Romanization of Ukrainian - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A conventional Latin-alphabet spelling may be transliterated using a different system or originate in another intermediate language, such as Polish, transliterated from Russian, transliterated into German, etc. For example, although the spelling of Ukraine's capital city is Kyiv in official documents and on maps, many English-speakers are more familiar with the transliteration from Russian, Kiev.
		The most common method is similar to BGN/PCGN transliteration, except the soft sign and apostrophe are dropped, iotified diphthongs Ñ, Ñ”, Ð¸Ð¹, Ñ—Ð¹, Ñ—, Ð¹Ð¾, Ñ (scientific transliteration: ja, je, yj, ij, ji, jo, ju) are rendered with i or y in different contexts, doubled letters are often simplified to one.
		Depending on the purpose of the transliteration, it may be necessary to be able to reconstruct the original text.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian (831 words)

	Business Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		If the romanization attempts to transliterate the original script, the guiding principle is a one-to-one mapping of characters in the source language into the target script, with less emphasis on how the result sounds when pronounced according to the reader's language.
		For example, the Nihon-shiki romanization of Japanese allows the informed reader to reconstruct the original Japanese kana syllables with 100% accuracy, but is not readable without prior study.
		ISO 15919 (2001): A standard transliteration convention was codified in the ISO 15919 standard.
	www.bizencyclopedia.com /index.php?title=Romanization (1627 words)

	Translator's Knowledge Base - Aspects of Scientific Translation
		If, however, the translation of scientific texts from one language to another participating in modern cultural development is not too difficult, it is not surprising that the converse is true- that translating scientific material from a modern Indo-European language into a language largely outside the reach of Western science is extremely difficult.
		This distinction has one significant implication for the translator of scientific texts: he has to possess some knowledge of the subject-matter of the text he is working on, over the rest of the pre-requisites which he shares with translators of other text types.
		Since scientific texts rarely contain idiomatic or culture-bound expressions, the type of equivalence most common in their translation is the formal equivalence which focuses attention on the message content itself rather than its form.
	www.translation-services-usa.com /articles/scientific-translation.shtml (3081 words)

	[Islam-Online- Science & Technology]
		This process, generally referred to as the scientific method, has served the academic and science-based communities in the past when the traditional disciplines were compartmentalized with well-defined borders and boundaries.
		A classical example of an interdisciplinary science, created from two distinct scientific fields, is cybernetics, the comparative study of biological and electro-mechanical systems includes the study of machines that imitate human behavior and artificial intelligence.
		Applying scientific principles to the knowledge-base of information would, in my estimation, contribute much to the evasive goal of a unified perspective on science.
	www.islamonline.net /iol-english/qadaya/science-1/science1.asp (1045 words)

	Yat - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In the modern Latinalphabet ( Czech language and the common scientific transliteration for old Slavic languages) the letter is represented by "e with caron": ě.
		In the Russian language, confusion between the yat and e in writing occurs from the earliest records, but when exactly the final disappearance of the original sound from alldialects took place is a topic of scientific debate.
		Some scholars, for example W.K. Matthews, have placed the coalescence of thetwo sounds at the earliest historical phases (eleventh century or earlier), attributing its use until 1918 to Church Slavonic influence.
	www.world-knowledge-encyclopedia.com /?t=Yat (618 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Proceedings of the International Conference on Scientific Information -- Two Volumes (1959)
		The less-developed countries need help from the more-developed, in scientific documentation as in other matters, until their level of development is such that they can go ahead alone.
		The entire field of scientific information services should be recognized as a newly organized professional activity that will help both the scientist and the public and that merits recognition by both.
		Simplification and unification of scientific information services In bringing the session to a close, the Chairman mentioned that perhaps insufficient attention had been given both in the papers and in the discussion to the question of what is needed to provide greater unity in documentation research in order to overcome the present scattering of effort.
	www.nap.edu /books/NI000518/html/1535.html (4853 words)

	Romanization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Devanagari-specific portion is identical to the academic standard, IAST : "International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration", and to the United States Library of Congress standard, ALA-LC : [11]
		ITRANS : a transliteration scheme into 7-bit ASCII created by Avinash Chopde that used to be prevalent on Usenet.
		In linguistics, scientific transliteration is used for both Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Romanization (1583 words)

	Elmar's Indic
		Elmar's Indic is a software package for MS Word enabling you to write and print the scripts and Latin transliteration of most of the official languages of Bangla Desh, India, Nepal and Sri Lanka, as far as they are written with Indian scripts.
		The position of the signs on the keyboard is the same for all Indian scripts and the Latin transliteration.
		It may be used free of charge for scientific and private purposes.
	www.uni-hamburg.de /Wiss/FB/10/IndienS/Kniprath/ElmarsIndic.htm (602 words)

	Aspects of Scientific Translation
		But while coinage, borrowing, transliteration and other means of transfer made for a huge bulk of English scientific terminology, translating of full technical texts from English into Arabic still poses a major intellectual challenge (Nida,1964:223).
		The language of scientific and technical language is characterized by impersonal style, simpler syntax, use of acronyms, and clarity.
		That is, the scientific context has a content which is concerned with the horizontal structure of the world while the literary context has a content which is concerned with the vertical structure of the world.
	www.translationdirectory.com /article10.htm (2981 words)

	[No title]
		For the scientific notation, we may design a transliteration for the script, using symbols like numbers but not letters of any other script since at this level of analysis we are not to presume any phonic interpretation.
		As far as diacritics for use in scientific transliteration and transcription are concerned, we will have to propose an supplementary set of modifier letters and combining diacritical marks for inclusion into Unicode since we need more code places in order to administer these very complex data: glyph standardization only cannot guarantee unambiguous processing.
		Scientific work on the memory of the world, however, cannot be done without sufficient funding by the supporters of universities and other scholarly institutions.
	titus.uni-frankfurt.de /unicode/papiuc11.htm (4975 words)

	TRANSLITERATED DICTIONARY
		Transliteration is the spelling of words from one language with characters from the alphabet of another.
		The transliterated word may then be found in the Russian-English section of the dictionary, where the Russian words are organized in Roman alphabetical order.
		That is why transliteration "works." Once you have transliterated the truly Slavic terms in a text, you have little or no difficulty comprehending the rest.
	www.garfield.library.upenn.edu /rusintro.html (1021 words)

	The Origin, Transformations and Reproduction of Man according to the Qur'an
		Furthermore, the scientific errors contained in the Bible such as those describing man's first appearance on earth, which, as we have seen may be deduced from the genealogies that figure in Genesisare not to be found in the Qur'an.
		In order to convey this notion nowadays acknowledged as scientifically accurate to the men alive when the Qur'an was revealed, terminology had to be used that was in keeping with the state of knowledge at the time.
		In fact, the development of the individual and that of the species to which it belongs conforms to the same determining factors over the course of time; those factors are the genes which play a decisive role in the grouping of the paternal and maternal inheritance at the initial stage of reproduction.
	www.witness-pioneer.org /vil/Books/MB_OM/chapter4.htm (9674 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A transliterated Hindi-Hindi-English dictionary A small Dutch-Indian team undertook the laborious effort to develop an unique transliteration standard for the Hindi language and its syllabification.
		TRANSLITERATION The Indian alphabets were standardized for computer usage by the Department of Electronics (DOE) in 1986.
		Hence, as the practical use of the language made other demands, but still keeping in mind the scientific rules, the team developed a transliteration that is limited to the use of two diacritics, thereby observing as much as possible the basic rules of ordinary character replacement.
	iias.leidenuniv.nl /iiasn/iiasn2/south/challeng.txt (758 words)

	Articles - Transliteration of ancient Egyptian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In the field of Egyptology, transliteration is the process of converting (or mapping) texts written in the Egyptian language to alphabetic symbols representing uniliteral hieroglyphs or their hieratic and demotic counterparts.
		As important as transliteration is to the field of Egyptology, there is no one single standard scheme in use for hieroglyphic and hieratic texts.
		Advances in the Unicode standard have made it possible to almost fully transliterate Egyptian texts completely using a relatively complete Unicode font, without having to revert to a special transliteration font (as was often done in the past).
	lastring.com /articles/Transliteration_of_ancient_Egyptian?... (1041 words)

	Qi [Definition] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		It was the main system of transliteration in the English-speaking world for most of the 20th century....
		Claims that control of qi allows one to transcend normal physical and biological processes are widely regarded as pseudoscience A pseudoscience is any body of knowledge purported to be scientific or supported by science but which fails to comply with the scientific method.
		In contrast to the strictly scientific Western approach, individuals harnessing their qi would explain the qi cultivation process as a combination of repetitive movements, concentration and breathing.
	www.wikimirror.com /Qi (4590 words)

	marabu-3
		The scientific texts are required to understand and articulate only what obtains thus and should NOTarticulate the imagined or fictitious.
		The field of scientific investigation is tradition-bound, there is HISTORICITY in the accumulation of scientific understanding and there are PRACTICES that constitute this tradition.
		A scientific TEXT has the following structural elements in it: a collection of related sutras, a commentary in the form logical demonstration that serves to establish the truths and as a whole composed with the 32 utties and without the ten types of defects.
	arutkural.tripod.com /tolcampus/marabu-3.htm (1892 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations
		Dissemination of scientific data contemplated to affect public policy issues can be viewed as a translation of technology into a form of art.
		Due to the public`s perception of all things radioactive, when the science is health physics, and the form of art is radioactive materials management (efficient enough to be embraced by the public), the complexities of the task become even more convoluted than with other issues.
		There is no historic analogy for the transliteration difficulties faced by the Society`s membership in their continuing effort to provide meaningful data and information.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=394020 (322 words)

	CISNA - The Duality Principle
		A classical example of an interdisciplinary science, created from two distinct scientific fields is that of cybernetics — the comparative study of biological and electromechanical systems, which includes the study of machines that imitate human behavior and artificial intelligence.
		Historiography, a scientific approach to the study of history to uncover patterns of behavior, is the term we use today to identify Ibn Khaldun’s method of analysis.
		Another approach to the proliferation of scientific and non-scientific knowledge is the concept of 'consilience' that is proposed by the biologist Edward O. Wilson.
	www.posttool.com /cisna/dual.html (3891 words)

	Transliteration and pronunciation of ancient Egyptian
		Transliterations are therefore often used to represent Egyptian writing.
		The transliteration system which does not require any special font and is therefore accessible to all, is referred to as Manuel de Codage (MdC).
		There are hundreds of hieroglyphs [1], some transliterated by a single, others by two or more Latin letters.
	nefertiti.iwebland.com /people/transliteration.htm (546 words)

	Kredor Software - Statistical Reverse Transliteration
		For instance, there are several thousand transliteration conventions people use to write Russian using the Roman alphabet and all of them lose a great deal in the translation.
		Thanks to cutting edge scientific methods and sophisticated software development our transliteration engine achieves approximately 99.5% accuracy for any text which is about 40 times MORE accurate than traditional transliteration solutions.
		Reverse transliteration is usefull to web-mail providers, web forums, etc. who want to give users a better experience.
	www.kredor.com /products/transliteration (416 words)

	Thales of Miletus [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Thales's hypotheses were new and bold, and in freeing phenomena from godly intervention, he paved the way towards scientific endeavour.
		Britton believes that the Saros cycle was known before 525 BCE (Britton, "Scientific Astronomy", 62) but, although the text identifies a particular Saros cycle, and graphically depicts the number of eclipse possibilities, the ancient commentary of Text S does not attest to an actual observation (Britton, "An Early Function", 32).
		The Babylonian and Assyrian astronomers knew of the Saros period in relation to lunar eclipses, and had some success in predicting lunar eclipses but, in the sixth century BCE when Thales lived and worked, neither the Saros nor the Exeligmos cycles could be used to predict solar eclipses.
	www.iep.utm.edu /t/thales.htm (9382 words)

	Transliteration - Romanov Genealogy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Wherever possible, the so-called European slavistic ("scientific") transliteration is applied.
		This transliterational aspect should not be a great problem because, after all, if somebody takes serious interest in Russian history and the history of the Romanovs, at least some knowledge of Russian language is needed and necessary.
		It has always been the webmaster's opinion that if and when we visit the St.Peter and St.Paul Cathedral in St.-Petersburg to pay our respects to the Romanov imperial family members buried there, we really should be able to tell who rests where.
	members.surfeu.fi /thaapanen/translit.html (121 words)

	JAT [Definition] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Alternative transliteration Transliteration in a narrow sense is a mapping from one script into another script.
		It tries to be lossless, i.e., the informed reader should be able to reconstruct the original spelling of unknown transliterated words.
		In the modern Latin alphabet (Czech language and the common scientific transliteration for old Slavic languages) the letter is represented by "e with caron":....
	www.wikimirror.com /JAT (674 words)

	The Arabic Language and Folk Literature. A call for gathering and translating Arab folk tales.
		There are only a few collections prepared for scientific purposes and a few others compiled by non-Arabs and translated into English, German or Russian.
		I do not count those that are stylized or, rather, translated into SA, which are numerous; they are not authentic, no matter how very beautiful, important and strongly expressive SA is in itself.
		The font used for the above-mentioned transliteration is composed in accordance with the ZDMG system.
	www.translationdirectory.com /article25.htm (836 words)

	Indic Spice Index (Hindi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Bengali, Marathi, Nepali)
		The romanizations given here are very close to both the common scientific transliteration (IAST) of Sanskrit and the enlarged ISO 15919 standard.
		Vocalic R and L are usually marked with a dot in scientific Sanskrit romanization.
		The Tamil letters ழ und ன are represented by L and N with an underline, in accord with the scientific transliteration of Tamil: Ḻ and Ṉ, respectively.
	www.uni-graz.at /~katzer/engl/spice_indic.html (704 words)

	Oriental Institute Publications (OIP3)
		The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus, Volume 1: Hieroglyphic Transliteration, Translation, and Commentary.
		It contains, for example, for the first time in human speech a word for "brain." Disclosing an inductive method and an attitude surprisingly scientific in an age so remote from modern times, it forms a new chapter in the history of science.
		Repeatedly the surgeon, because of his scientific interest in the observable facts, discusses cases of injured men whom he has no hope of saving.
	oi.uchicago.edu /OI/DEPT/PUB/CATALOG/OIP3.html (228 words)

	Islamica Community Forums - planets and orbits (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		I read about some scientists who were so convinced(can't blame 'em) when they read the scientific miracles in the koran, that they converted to Islam.
		I've heard of some Christians who believe that the Qur'an was changed at a later period in time after the scientific stuff (sperm in the womb, orbits, etc) were discovered by humans.
		The big scientific breakthrough came in the 15th Century, when they realized that it was NOT EARTH at the CENTER of it all.
	www.islamicaweb.com /archive/t-16411 (1971 words)

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