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	Scintillation
		Scintillation (astrophysics) Scintillation is a generic term for rapid variations in apparent position, brightness, or c...
		Scintillation (physics) A flash of light produced in a transparent material by an ionizing event.
		Scintillation (radar) On a radar display, a rapid apparent displacement of the target from its mean position.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/scintillation.html (116 words)

	AllRefer.com - scintillation counter (Physics) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		scintillation counter, device for detecting and measuring radiation by means of tiny visible flashes produced by the radiation when it strikes a sensitive substance known as a phosphor (see phosphorescence).
		The individual flashes are caused by absorption and reemission of radiation by the phosphor.
		Scintillation counters may be used to detect the various types of radioactivity (alpha, beta, and gamma rays), cosmic rays, and various elementary particles.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/scintill.html (195 words)

	seminars-altshuler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		While scintillation effects are usually not significant at mid-latitudes, ionospheric disturbances in the polar and equatorial regions can severely modulate signals at UHF and lower frequency bands, resulting in total outage for many satellite-based communications systems.
		In addition to supplying scintillation weather information in real-time, the goal of this project is to improve our understanding of equatorial scintillation physics to develop models capable of making accurate scintillation forecasts for the space weather community.
		Specific areas of interest include modification of the ionosphere by high power HF radio waves, the physics of upper atmospheric discharges, and, as the leader of the directorate's scintillation project, the study of irregularity formation in the ionosphere.
	www.ecs.umass.edu /ece/ieeesp/seminars/groves.html (471 words)

	PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY
		Included is a survey of physics, astronomy, and chemistry in an integrated lecture-laboratory sequence.
		Physical principles of both classical and modern physics formulated as mathematical problems in differential and integral calculus.
		The basic physical properties of air and water are described as well as the effect of these properties on various biological processes and organisms.
	www.olemiss.edu /course_cat_index/course_catalog2000/html/Courses_of_instruction/sections/Phys_and_Astro.htm (872 words)

	Borexino
		Scintillation light is detected with 100 phototubes surrounding the scintillator, and the arrival time and photon yield at each phototube are recorded.
		The scintillator purification system removes the water by nitrogen stripping, which circumvents the problem of water phase separating out of solution in the case of decrease in the temperature of the scintillator.
		The scintillator was stable; once high purity of the scintillator in the scintillator containment vessel was achieved, it was not necessary to continue to operate the purification system continuously.
	www.lngs.infn.it /lngs_infn/contents/lngs_en/research/experiments_scientific_info/experiments/current/borexino/CTF_EQP.htm (8128 words)

	Page Title
		The purpose of the graduate particle physics experiment is to study the soft component of cosmic radiation at sea level, which is mainly composed of muons.
		Scintillation counters and parameters describing their operation, energy loss mechanism, mechanisms of scintillation production in organic and inorganic materials, wave-guides and wavelength shifters, photomultipliers, signal production, cathode and dynode properties, extraction of the current intensity and operational voltage of scintillation counters.
		Frequency of signals in scintillation counters, rate of cosmic rays, veto counters, coincidences, logic functions, random coincidences due to noise, decay and capture rate of muons as a function of the time delay with respect to the detection of their reaction products.
	www.ucy.ac.cy /~hepweb/english/page44.html (325 words)

	Introduction to PET Physics: Detection systems in PET
		In a scintillation detector, the scintillator is optically coupled to a photomultiplier tube (PMT) which then generates an electrical signal in response to light incident upon its face.
		When real scintillation detectors are exposed to mono-energetic photons, the energy measured is not that of the electron generated by the initial interaction, but rather the total energy deposited by the photon in the detector.
		The main limiting factor on scintillation detector size is the PMT, and using this configuration it is extremely difficult to construct cameras with an axial extent greater than one or two rings of detectors.
	depts.washington.edu /nucmed/IRL/pet_intro/intro_src/section5.html (2302 words)

	[No title]
		The scintillation detectors described here are intended to accompany packages of related ORTEC electronics for teaching purposes or similar applications.
		A gamma ray interacting with a scintillator produces a pulse of light that is converted to an electric pulse by a photomultiplier tube.
		The properties of a scintillation material required for good detectors are transparency, availability in large size, and large light output proportional to gamma-ray energy.
	www.sumhar.com /Physics/Scintillation%20Detectors.htm (344 words)

	Space Physics Group: Review of Mid-Latitude Ionospheric Scintillations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Chytil B., 1967, "The distribution of amplitude scintillation and the conversion of scintillation indices", Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 29, pp 1175-1777.
		Dagg M., 1957, "The correlation of radio-star-scintillation phenomena with geomagnetic disturbances and the mechanism of motion of the ionospheric irregularities in the F region", Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 10, pp 194-203.
		Roger R.S., 1965, "The effect of scintillations on the polarisation of satellite transmissions near 20 Mc/s", Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 27, pp 335-348.
	www.physics.uq.edu.au /sp/rev_bib1.html (1918 words)

	Scintillation counter Definition / Scintillation counter Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The sensorA sensor is a technological device or biological organ that detects, or senses, a signal or physical condition and chemical compounds.
		Scintillators are defined by their short fluorescence decay times and optical transparency at wavelengths of their own specific emission energy, characteristics which set them apart from phosphors.
		Scintillating materials are additionally used in differently constructed "counters" in many other fields....
	www.elresearch.com /Scintillation_counter (535 words)

	Institute of Mathematical and Physical Sciences (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		However the scintillation in this case is mostly due to moving density variations in the solar wind.
		It is easiest to imagine the solar wind as consisting of a series of "blobs" of higher density plasma moving outwards from the Sun.
		Since the scintillation pattern is only due to components of the solar wind moving perpendicular to the line of sight, there is a "cos(q)" effect to take into account when trying to calculate the solar wind velocity from the time lag of the scintillation pattern (figure four).
	www.aber.ac.uk /physics/research_ips.shtml (1171 words)

	Scintillation Counter
		Scintillation counters have been in use since the beginning of the century, making use of the property of certain chemical compounds to emit short light pulses after excitation by the passage of charged particles or by photons of high energy.
		Scintillation is characterized by the light yield, the absorption and emission spectrum (
		As gaseous or liquid scintillators one uses Xe, Kr, Ar, He, or N. In organic scintillators, ionizing particles provoke an excitation of molecular levels, which causes light in the UV region to be emitted.
	www.cern.ch /RD11/rkb/PH14pp/node166.html (424 words)

	NSS-MIC Session Info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Their application in high energy and nuclear physics, however, is limited because of lacking high quality crystals in large size.
		The optical and scintillation properties, including the transmittance, emission and excitation spectra and the light output, decay kinetics and light response uniformity as well as their degradation under irradiation, were measured for large size (2 x 2 x 20 cm) LYSO samples from different vendors, and were compared to BGO samples of the same size.
		The design of the Target Tracker detector is based on scintillator strips (2.6 x 1.0 x 683 cm) equipped with wave-length-shifting fibers to transport the light produced by a crossing particle to multi-channel photomultipliers.
	www.nss-mic.org /2004/program/ListProgram.asp?session=N7 (1217 words)

	The AAPM/RSNA Physics Tutorial for Residents : Radiation Detectors in Nuclear Medicine -- Ranger 19 (2): 481 -- ...
		The transducer is physically coupled to an electronic stage, where the subtle effect within the transducer is converted into a measurable electronic signal.
		A comparison of scintillators is presented in Table 2.
		The output from the photomultipliers is fed to the electronic stage, where the signals are amplified, shaped, and fed to a position-encoding circuit (not shown) to determine the relative position of the event in the crystal and thereby form an image of the distribution of the radionuclide.
	radiographics.rsnajnls.org /cgi/content/full/19/2/481 (8258 words)

	SCINTILLATION PARAMETERS FOR 49 PULSARS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Scintillation parameters were obtained for 49 pulsars, including 13 millisecond pulsars.
		Scintillation speeds were derived for all 49, which doubles the number of pulsars with speeds measured in this way.
		There is excellent agreement between the scintillation speed and proper motion for the millisecond pulsars in our sample using the simple assumption of a mid-placed scattering screen.
	www.physics.usyd.edu.au /~simonj/papers/viss3.html (203 words)

	Space Physics Group: Review of Mid-Latitude Ionospheric Scintillations
		Hajkowicz L.A., Bramley E.N. and Browning R., 1981, "Drift analysis of random and quasiperiodic scintillations in the ionosphere", Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 43, pp 723-733.
		Sinno K. and Kan M., 1978, "Mid-latitude ionospheric scintillations of VHF radio signals associated with peculiar fluctuations of Faraday rotation", Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 40, pp 503-506.
		Slack F.F., 1972, "Quasiperiodic scintillation in the ionosphere", Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 34, pp 927-939.
	www.physics.uq.edu.au /sp/rev_bib2.html (1016 words)

	SUMMER 1999 PIXEL BEAM TEST AT FERMILAB (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A radiation detector that occurs when one couples the PM to the scintillator is capable of giving information on both the presence of the particle and the amount of energy that this particle has deposited in the scintillator.
		Light Collection in a scintillator counter: The most difficult aspect of the designing of a scintillation counter is the fact that this has to be done in such a way that once the light has been produced it must be carefully guided to the PMT (photomultiplier tube).
		For this particular reason the optical contact between the scintillator and the PM has to be made with a material that has an index of refraction extremely closed to that of these two media.
	sist.fnal.gov /archive/1999-topics/Sadate/pixel.html (4567 words)

	[No title]
		Radioactive wastes are separated by waste type (solid, liquid, and scintillation vial) and by half-life section 2 of this chapter.
		Scintillation vials have only one size of waste container, a five (5) gallon covered metal bucket.
		Solids other than scintillation vials and/or liquids other than liquid scintillation cocktail should not be placed in the scintillation vial container.
	www.pha.jhu.edu /~ggaspar/physics/radiation/www.colorado.edu/EHandS/hpl/RADHandbook/Waste_Radioactive_Mixed.html (1187 words)

	Scintillation Crystals: Properties and Use (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The scintillator emission wavelength should be matched to the sensitivity of the light detection device that is used (PMT of photodiode).
		Scintillation light pulses (flashes) are usually characterized by a fast increase of the intensity in time (pulse rise time) followed by an exponential decrease.
		This damage manifests itself by a decrease of the optical transmission of a crystal which causes a decrease in pulse height and deterioration of the energy resolution of the detector.
	www.scionixusa.com /crystals.html (1077 words)

	Solar-Ionosphere Connection: Physics with the 20 MHz Antenna
		Radio scintillation caused by ionospheric scintillation will have typical p of -2.6 and those due to plasma bubbles will have p values from -2 to -8, with an average of -4 (notes 1 and 3).
		However, ionospheric scintillation is generally expected only at night and mostly between sunset and midnight, and then only significantly in the polar and equatorial regions.
		It is called interplanetary scintillation (IPS) and it is not restricted to the nocturnal rearrangements of the ionosphere (http://radio.astro.gla.ac.uk/ips/ips.htm).
	home.earthlink.net /~jcmannone/id7.html (3395 words)

	Department of Physics - Annual Review 1998 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The PPARC rolling grant for Solar-Terrestrial Physics at UWA was renewed in 1998, bringing the total to more than £3M over the 10 years of the award.
		Important experimental developments by the Radio and Space Physics group in 1998 have included the linking of the satellite receiving systems located in the high Arctic to UWA by means of the Internet, greatly speeding up the analysis of the radio tomographic observations.
		In 1998 Aberystwyth recorded a significant "first" by using this technique to measure the average direction of the Sun's magnetic field at high solar latitude and at large distances from the Sun.
	www.aber.ac.uk /physics/review_research98_solar.shtml (968 words)

	NRC: Health Physics Positions - Disposal of Solid Scintillation Media (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		disposal of solid scintillation media that are available
		scintillation counting; therefore, 10 CFR 20.306 (a) [or 10
		scintillation media, and under normal use, the specific
	www.nrc.gov /what-we-do/radiation/hppos/hppos295.html (214 words)

	SCINTILLATION VELOCITIES FOR FOUR MILLISECOND PULSARS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		We have measured the scintillation velocities for four of these pulsars, all of which have velocities significantly less than 100 km s^-1.
		Although the velocities of the three binary millisecond pulsars are low compared to the majority of `normal' pulsars, they remain consistent with their formation through the standard route of supernova explosion followed by a spin-up phase.
		PSR J1730-2304, a single millisecond pulsar, has a very low scintillation velocity and may have formed through the merger of two white dwarfs.
	www.physics.usyd.edu.au /~simonj/papers/viss.html (141 words)

	PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY
		Overview of topics of current interest in physics with emphasis on research activities in the field.
		213, 214 with 223, 224 satisfies the physics requirement for pre-pharmacy and premedical students.) Prerequisite: MATH 121 and 123, or 261.
		Experiments in classical and modern physics including measurements of fundamental constants, vacuum technology, Mossbauer effect, esr, and Hall effect, and advanced experiments in nuclear and particle physics (Laboratory course).
	www.olemiss.edu /course_cat_index/course_catalog/Courses_of_Instruction/sections/PHYSICS_AND_ASTRONOMY.HTML (853 words)

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	physicsweb.org /jobs (216 words)

	Scintillation (physics) -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Scintillation (physics) -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		Scintillation is a flash of light produced in a (Click link for more info and facts about transparent) transparent material by an ionizing event.
		See (Click link for more info and facts about scintillator) scintillator or (Counter tube in which light flashes when exposed to ionizing radiation) scintillation counter.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/sc/scintillation_(physics).htm (57 words)

	UC Davis - Office of Environmental Health & Safety
		Separate scintillation vials with activities less than 0.05 µCi/ml of 3H or 14C from other scintillation vials.
		Non-radioactive, environmentally safe scintillation cocktails may not be disposed of down sink drains.
		Call the ESF (752-1493) or UCDHS Health Physics (916-734-3355) if you have any questions about what can and cannot be disposed of as solid waste.
	ehs.ucdavis.edu /sftynet/sn-9.cfm (984 words)

	Waste_Radioactive_Mixed
		Radioactive wastes are separated by waste type (solid, liquid, and scintillation vial) and by half-life.
		Scintillation vials (even if empty and “clean”) have their own waste container.
		Prior to pick-up by Health Physics, the waste generator must survey the exterior of each container for contamination using a wipe smear and liquid scintillation counter analysis.
	www.colorado.edu /EHandS/hpl/RADHandbook/Waste_Radioactive_Mixed.html (1282 words)

	AST - Markets - Health Physics - Applied Scintillation Technologies develops alpha detectors, beta detectors and ...
		AST works in collaboration with specialist manufacturers in radiation protection and monitoring to provide a safe environment where there are risks of contamination from radioactive sources.
		Our efficient, fast response scintillators contribute to an excellent signal-to-noise ratio for high sensitivity radiation protection applications such as Health and Safety at work, environment monitoring and decommissioning procedures.
		We supply a wide range of alpha and beta particle scintillator screens and coatings to manufacturers of hand-held and fixed scanners used for the detection of radiation, on personnel, garments or equipment in the general, or laboratory, environment.
	www.appscintech.com /markets/health-physics.html (154 words)

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