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Topic: Scintillation counter

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Liquid scintillation counting

Geiger counter

Radiation

Scintillometer

Measuring instrument

Bubble chamber

Cloud chamber

Timeline of invention

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Scintillation counter
		Scintillators often convert a single photon of high energy radiation into high number of lower-energy photons, where the number of photons per megaelectronvolt of input energy is fairly constant.
		The spectrometer consists of a suitable scintillator crystal, a photomultiplier tube, and a circuit for measuring the height of the pulses produced by the photomultiplier.
		Scintillation counters may be used to detect the various types of radioactivity (alpha, beta, and gamma rays), cosmic rays, and various elementary particles.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Scintillation-counter (1558 words)

	Scintillation Counters
		Scintillation counters exploit the atomic or molecular excitation produced by a charged particle as it passes through matter.
		A scintillation counter is composed of four main components: a sheet of scintillator, a light guide, a photomultiplier and the electronics in the p.m.
		Scintillation counters typically have a poor spatial resolution (equal to the size of the counter, which can be anywhere between a square cm and a square metre) but, at least for small counters, a very good time resolution.
	www.shef.ac.uk /physics/teaching/phy311/scintillator.html (768 words)

	Scintillation counter Summary
		Scintillation counters are now used in a wide variety of applications in nearly every field of science.
		In all cases, the properties of the scintillation detector and the properties of the photomultiplier tube should be well matched to maximize efficiency in detection.
		Scintillation detectors were originally developed in the 1950s to solve the problem of low efficiency rates in the gas-filled detectors in use at the time.
	www.bookrags.com /Scintillation_counter (1322 words)

	Scintillation Counter
		Scintillation counters have been in use since the beginning of the century, making use of the property of certain chemical compounds to emit short light pulses after excitation by the passage of charged particles or by photons of high energy.
		Scintillation is characterized by the light yield, the absorption and emission spectrum (
		As gaseous or liquid scintillators one uses Xe, Kr, Ar, He, or N. In organic scintillators, ionizing particles provoke an excitation of molecular levels, which causes light in the UV region to be emitted.
	www.cern.ch /RD11/rkb/PH14pp/node166.html (424 words)

	AllRefer.com - scintillation counter (Physics) - Encyclopedia
		scintillation counter, device for detecting and measuring radiation by means of tiny visible flashes produced by the radiation when it strikes a sensitive substance known as a phosphor (see phosphorescence).
		Phosphors used in scintillation counters include zinc sulfide, sodium iodide, various liquids, and organic phosphors.
		Scintillation counters may be used to detect the various types of radioactivity (alpha, beta, and gamma rays), cosmic rays, and various elementary particles.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/scintill.html (204 words)

	History, Survey and Detection of Radiologicals.
		Scintillation Detectors" work by the radiation striking a suitable material called a Scintillator (such as Sodium Iodide), and producing a very short flash of light.
		Scintillation detectors form the basis of the hand-held instruments used to monitor contamination in nuclear power stations.
		Attached to the Scintillation counter was a strip recorder of my own design (a rubber bladder fountain pen, attached to a swing arm that was driven by a modified DC relay--sans core--as the 'meter movement,' all powered by two KT66 audio power tubes.
	www.williamson-labs.com /cbr-history.htm (819 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for scintillation
		Phosphors used in scintillation counters include zinc sulfide, sodium iodide, various liquids, and organic...
		a technique in which a scintillation counter or similar detector is used with a radioactive tracer to obtain an image of a bodily organ or a record of its functioning.
		Known to astronomers as scintillation, twinkling is caused...
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=scintillation (680 words)

	scintillation counter - Encyclopedia.com
		scintillation counter device for detecting and measuring radiation by means of tiny visible flashes produced by the radiation when it strikes a sensitive substance known as a phosphor (see phosphorescence).
		Phosphors used in scintillation counters include zinc sulfide, sodium iodide, various liquids, and organic phosphors.
		Scintillation counters may be used to detect the various types of radioactivity (alpha, beta, and gamma rays), cosmic rays, and various elementary particles.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc.aspx?id=1E1:scintill (308 words)

	Counting cadmium-109 and carbon-14
		As I understand it, it is the geometry and mass or volume that is most important in the gamma counter.
		Cd using LSC is, as you have observed, that the energy deposition events in the scintillation fluid overlap to the point where the two radionuclides cannot be reasonably discriminated.
		C channel, in counts per minute, cpm, and divide the net count rate by the standard activity, in disintegrations per minute, dpm, to obtain the efficiency in units of counts per disintegration, c/d.
	www.hps.org /publicinformation/ate/q3760.html (1398 words)

	Scintillation Counter
		Scintillation counters have been in use since the beginning of the century, making use of the property of certain chemical compounds to emit short light pulses after excitation by the passage of charged particles or by photons of high energy.
		Among plastics, two- or three-component scintillators are common, with a solid solvent, doped with aromatic compounds (TP, PPO or PBD) or with wavelength shifters; polysterene and polyvinyltuolene are most commonly used.
		As gaseous or liquid scintillators one uses Xe, Kr, Ar, He, or N. In organic scintillators, ionizing particles provoke an excitation of molecular levels, which causes light in the UV region to be emitted.
	rkb.home.cern.ch /rkb/PH14pp/node166.html (424 words)

	SCINTILLATION COUNTER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The scintillation counter is a solid state radiation detector which uses a scintillation crystal (phosphor) to detect radiation and produce light pulses.
		Scintillation counters are constructed by coupling a suitable scintillation phosphor to a lightsensitive photomultiplier tube.
		Consequently, scintillation counters can be used to determine the energy, as well as the number, of the exciting particles (or gamma photons).
	www.tpub.com /doeinstrument/instrumentationandcontrol56.htm (829 words)

	Scintillation Counter: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		They may be amplified by photomultiplier devices or amplified and converted to an electrical signal by photoemissive substances (see photoelectric effect).
		A counter tube or counting chamber for the detection...the emission of an -particle.
		Scintillation counters may be used to detect the various...
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/101269878 (870 words)

	Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry by Jeremiah Maddox
		The scintillation counter is a radiation detector which is triggered by a flash of light (scintillation) produced when ionizing radiation travels across certain solid or liquid substances, also known as phosphors (Britannica, 1999).
		The counter is designed to indicate the presence of a specific particle, measure its rate of energy loss, and possibly the total energy.
		The liquid scintillation spectrometer is an integrated assembly of a sample changer, coincidence light detector, pre-amplifier, pulse summation circuit, amplifier, pulse height analyzer, ultra-high speed scaler, electronic computer, and a modern readout device.
	www.samford.edu /~gekeller/maddox.html (955 words)

	[No title]
		Scintillation counter is the detector of the nuclear particles, the main elements of that are scintillator (phosphor material) and photoelectric multiplier that allows to transform faint alternating light to electric impulses.
		The main function of Cerenkov counters is energy measuring of particles, that move in the chemical agent with a speed that is higher than phase velocity of light in the medium and the weight separation of these particles.
		There are two kinds of gas-discharge counters: proportional (gas discharge in them isn't independent, it extinguishes after the stop of the action of outside ionizer) and GM-counters (gas-discharge in them is indpendent, it keeps up even after the stop of the action of outside ionizer).
	library.thinkquest.org /C0121626/tech1_e.htm (968 words)

	University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Department of University Safety and Assurances -- Radiation Safety Program: Liquid ...
		Liquid scintillation counting is an analytical technique which is defined by the incorporation of the radiolabeled analyte into uniform distribution with a liquid chemical medium capable of converting the kinetic energy of nuclear emissions into light energy.
		Material in the scintillation cocktail which absorbs the emitted light of the primary scintillator and remits it at a longer wavelength, nearer the maximum spectral sensitivity of the photomultiplier tubes.
		A chemical component of the liquid scintillation cocktail that dissolves the sample, absorbs excitation energy and emits UV light which is absorbed by the fluors.
	www.uwm.edu /Dept/EHSRM/RAD/Handout.html (3909 words)

	THE ECONOMICS OF RADIO FLOW-THROUGH MEASUREMENT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The newer alternative is the flow-through monitor, a modified form of the scintillation counter in which real-time measurement is made and results are analyzed on the fly.
		In conventional liquid scintillation counting, the sample can be measured for as long a time as the user deems necessary; in flow-through, the measurement period is restricted to the time for passage through the counting cell.
		In the case of liquid scintillation counting, assuming that the HPLC eluate flows directly into a counting vial in a fraction collector, it is still necessary that scintillator solution be dispensed, the vial capped and shaken, the scintillation counter be loaded, and later unloaded and the vials disposed.
	www.inus.com /docs/eco.htm (1373 words)

	LSC 94 Abstracts
		We used a Packard Tri-Carb® 460C liquid scintillation counter upgraded with an anticoincidence shield and circuitry to study the relation between the background of the counter and the cosmic-ray intensity.
		We describe a liquid scintillation counter using a hybrid Bi4Ge3O12 detector which is optically coupled to the same photomultipliers that detect cocktail scintillation events.
		Scintillation proximity assay (SPA) is a radioisotopic technique which enables the homogeneous assay of antibody-antigen, receptor-ligand or other protein-protein interactions, and enzyme reactions, without the requirement for a separation step (Jessop 1992; Takeuchi 1992; Cook, Sutton and Takeuchi 1992).
	www.radiocarbon.org /Pubs/LSC94/abstracts.html (8134 words)

	Liq. Scint. Notes BB 495 Oregon State University
		The basis of liquid scintillation counting is the emission of light (fluorescence) by special organic molecules (called fluor molecules) in response to emitted beta particles arising from radioisotopes (such as Tritium, 14C, 35S, or 32P).
		The liquid scintillation counter is able, using a trick, to count not only the number of decay events happening in a sample, but the energy of each decay event as well.
		While it might seem that a very "hot" sample might confuse the counter by emitting a lot of photons, in practice it does not, because the counter counts photons only in tiny 20-30 nanosecond "windows" of time that reduce tremendously the likelihood of even hot samples having two decays occurring in the same window.
	oregonstate.edu /instruction/bb495/liqscintnotes.html (1434 words)

	Apparatus and a method for measuring the activity of radioactive samples containing a multiple of radioactive isotopes, ...
		Liquid scintillation counter includes a memory having stored spectra of known counting efficiencies and known levels of quench, for isotopes to be measured.
		Quenching of the scintillation light pulse means that the number of photons produced in a decay, where the electron has a certain energy, is diminished.
		A liquid scintillation counter according to the invention is shown in FIG.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5120962.html (3887 words)

	scintillation counter - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "scintillation counter" is defined.
		scintillation counter : Encarta® World English Dictionary, North American Edition [home, info]
		scintillation counter : The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language [home, info]
	www.onelook.com /?loc=rescb&w=scintillation+counter (172 words)

	El-Tonics PR-31 Scintillation Counter (mid to late 1950s) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The PR-31 Scintillation Counter was produced in the mid to late 1950s by El-Tronics Inc., of Philadelphia.
		Quoting a 1955 advertisement: "Super Scintillation Counter with Pistol Type Probe.
		An amazingly fine and ultrasensitive instrument that is more than 100 times as sensitive as a geiger counter!
	www.orau.org /PTP/collection/surveymeters/eltronicsscintillator.htm (205 words)

	LS 6500 Liquid Scintillation Counter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		LS 6500 Scintillation Counters combine advanced scintillation technology, configurability to meet your exact requirements and built-in upgradability to add features as you need them.
		LS 6500 Scintillation Counters include many innovative standard features, designed to satisfy common requirements without the need for additional options.
		Configure the LS 6500 Value System to easily address the needs of your multi-user environment with features not found in conventional scintillation counters.
	www.beckman.com /products/instrument/analytical/scintillation/ls6500_countingsystems_inst_dcr.asp (519 words)

	radioactivity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Efficiency is the fraction of the radioactive disintegration that are detected by the counter.
		H is reduced by the presence of any color in the counting tubes, if the mixture of water and scintillation fluid is not homogeneous, or if the radioactivity is trapped in tissue chunks (so emitted electrons don't travel into the scintillation fluid).
		Use this equation to convert Z Ci/mmole to Y cpm/fmol when the counter has an efficiency (expressed as a fraction) equal to E. Note: You may also encounter the unit Becquerel, which equals one radioactive disintegration per second.
	members.tripod.com /~albert51/cazz.html (1089 words)

	PSU EHS
		Although these liquid scintillation fluids are considered to be "biodegradable" and "environmentally safe", they may still present an environmental disposal concern and a contact hazard.
		Unused hazardous scintillation fluid should be disposed of through the EHS Hazardous waste disposal program.
		Cerenkov radiation allows high energy beta emitting radionuclides to be analyzed with a liquid scintillation counter without using any cocktail.
	www.ehs.psu.edu /radprot/rad_liquid_scintillation.cfm (278 words)

	VII. Radioactivity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Hand-held Geiger counters are very convenient in the field for quick detection of radioactive contamination; they're seldomly used for quantitative measurement though.
		Quantitative measurement is done as a rule by a liquid scintillation counter - it is based on the idea of exciting matieral using radiation.
		Scintillation counters have 2 cathodes because of their high sensitivity - background noise can be mistaken for an actual count.
	www25.brinkster.com /icequeen11/chemistry/bmk7.html (2454 words)

	Radiation Detection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Among the oldest devices for detecting the ionization caused by a photon or charged particle are the itonization chamber and the Geiger counter.
		In a Geiger counter, the applied voltage is high enough to give the initaial ions sufficient energy of their own to cause an avalanche of further ionization.
		The scintillation counter is based on the emission by certain substances (such as those used to make the screens of television pictures tubes) of flashes of light when struck by ionizing radiaiton.
	library.thinkquest.org /3471/radiation_detection_body.html (233 words)

	Promega - FAQs
		A liquid scintillation counter may also be used, however, it is usually not possible to measure activity over several logs with this instrument.
		The probability of a single photon, released from the luciferase assay reaction, striking a photomultiplier tube (PMT) is proportional to the concentration of luciferase in the reaction.
		Thus, to convert the scintillation counter's output (counts per minute [cpm]) to be proportional to enzyme concentration, the square root of the cpm is taken.
	www.promega.com /faq/lucifer.html (1603 words)

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