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Topic: Scolecodonts

	Scolecodonts, the jaws of polychaete annelids
		Scolecodonts (worm jaws in Latin) are tiny jaws of polychaete annelids of the order Eunicida - a diverse and abundant group of worms which has been inhabiting different marine environments in the past 500 Million years.
		Composed of highly resistant organic substance, the scolecodonts are frequently found as fossils from the rocks as old as the late Cambrian.
		Since the worms themselves were soft-bodied and hence extreamly rarely preserved in the fossil record, their jaws constitute the main evidence of polychaetes in the geological past, and the only way to restore the evolution of this important group of animals.
	scolecodonts.net (332 words)

	Scolecodonts.
		The most primitive stage of the morphological evolution of the jaws is represented by compound jaws, that is, those having at least two rows of teeth, which, in the course of the phylogenetic development, divided to form simple jaws.
		The earliest finds of the scolecodonts known so far, probably mark in the phylogeny of Polychaeta not the moment of appearances of toothed form, but that at which their jaws acquired resistance to diagenetic factors.
		This hypothesis is confirmed by the fact that the bristles of the polychetes as a rule do not occur in fossil state, although their distinct impressions were more than once described in literature.
	scolecodonts.graptolite.net (216 words)

	The scolecodonts' page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Scolecodonts (worm jaws in Latin) are tiny jaws of polychaete annelids of the order Eunicida - a diverse and abundant group of worms which has been inhabiting different marine environments longer than the past 500 Million years.
		Composed of highly resistant organic substance, the scolecodonts are frequently found as fossils from the rocks as old as the late Cambrian.
		Fossil scolecodonts are rather poorly studied - that's because of common belief of hopelessly confusing taxonomy and, on the other hand, rather low evolution rate and strong facies dependance of jaw-bearing polychaetes which makes them less attractive for biostratigraphy.
	gaia.gi.ee /scol/what.php (315 words)

	STRATIGRAPHIC ORIGIN OF HINDE'S (1879) ORDOVICIAN SCOLECODONTS INFERRED FROM ASSOCIATED GRAPTOLITES Journal of ...
		Scolecodont publications prior to Hinde's (1879, 1880, 1882, 1896) four contributions were few and merely included descriptions of one or a few specimens.
		The Ordovician scolecodonts described by Hinde (1879) are from the Cincinnatian Series (referred to generally as the HudsonRiver Group by Hinde and his contemporaries) of the Toronto area (see also Eller, 1967).
		During studies of the scolecodont type material in 2004 at the Natural History Museum (NHM), London, MEE discovered that slabs associated with the Hinde (1879) Cincinnatian collection were covered with a seemingly monospecific graptolite assemblage.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_200603/ai_n17177946 (795 words)

	GeoFact No. 24, Tiny Hidden Treasures--The Microfossils of Ohio
		Scolecodonts are the jaws of marine worms belonging to the class Polychaeta of the phylum Annelida, which includes earthworms and leeches.
		Scolecodonts are dark brown to fl and can reach almost 10 mm in length, but are generally 0.1 to 2 mm long.
		Scolecodonts are potential index fossils and are well suited for ecological studies as many of them are associated with sediments deposited in a certain type of environment.
	www.dnr.state.oh.us /geosurvey/geo_fact/geo_f24.htm (1843 words)

	Cincinnati Scolecodonts
		There are quite a few common genera in the Cincinnati rocks that have not been very well studied or classified by professional paleontologists and have been overlooked by amateurs because specimens are not found in most books or are too small to be noticed.
		Scolecodonts are the hard jaws of polychaete worms.
		Apparatus - All or part of the scolecodont elements of a single animal, existing in the orginal positions, relative to each other.
	drydredgers.org /scolec2.htm (784 words)

	Fossil Record of the Polychaeta
		Such polychaete jaws are fairly common in the fossil record, and are known as scolecodonts.
		Numerous well-preserved scolecodonts have been found in Silurian strata of Gotland, Sweden; these have been assigned to five genera, and more than 20 species.
		Thus, there is good evidence that the polychaetes were already a diverse group over 400 million years ago.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /annelida/polyfr.html (151 words)

	Scolecodonts from central Missouri -- Sylvester 33 (1): 33 -- Journal of Paleontology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Scolecodonts from central Missouri -- Sylvester 33 (1): 33 -- Journal of Paleontology
		Twenty-seven species of scolecodonts, seven of which are new, are described from the Upper Devonian Snyder Creek and the Lower Mississippian Chouteau formations of central Missouri.
		Although no genus of scolecodonts is confined to one geologic period, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, and Mississippian groups can be differentiated on the basis of specific characters.
	jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org /cgi/content/abstract/33/1/33 (133 words)

	Microfossils from the upper Sylvan Shale (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Scolecodonts dominate the fauna, but chitinozoans, some organic spherules, and the possible foraminiferan, Thuramminoides, were also recovered.
		The assemblage is strongly dominated by the new paulinitid species Kettnerites sp., generally forming more than 50% of the scolecodonts, and differs rather conspicuously from other assemblages of both Laurentia and Baltica, particularly by its high relative frequency of paulinitids and by the lack of taxa characteristic in other regions.
		Approximately coeval assemblages (Vormsi and Pirgu stages) from the eastern Baltic region are dominated by the placognath genera Mochtyella, Vistulella, and Xanioprion, and the labidognath genus Pteropelta.
	www.unt.edu.ar /fcsnat/INSUGEO/geologia_17/50.htm (400 words)

	Journal of Paleontology: Scolecodont systematics exemplified by the polychaete Hadoprion cervicornis (Hinde, 1879) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Scolecodont systematics exemplified by the polychaete Hadoprion cervicornis (Hinde, 1879)
		Apart from a few of the pioneers, most students were aware that scolecodonts were part of polychaete jaw apparatuses, yet they used form-taxa.
		Furthermore, he would definitely have been wrong if he had placed all 23 of the previously used names into synonymy because most or all scolecodonts described were not part of the P. paranensis jaw apparatus.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_199805/ai_n8803653 (1318 words)

	Late Ordovician polychaetaspid polychaete annelids from the type Cincinnatian region
		Polychaetaspids are one of the most abundant and diverse jawed polychaete families in Early Paleozoic shallow marine strata and representatives are known from all present–day continents except for Antarctica.
		Five tentative scolecodont associations were identified by Eriksson and Bergman (in press), each one housing at least one characteristic polychaetaspid taxon (Figure 1).
		Eller, E.R. Scolecodonts from the Erindale, Upper Ordovician, at Streetsville, Ontario.
	www.unt.edu.ar /fcsnat/INSUGEO/geologia_17/49.htm (1352 words)

	PALYNOLOGY DEFINITIONS
		Applications include the reconstruction of prehistoric diet, funary practices, artifact function and source, archaeological feature use, cultivation and domestication of plants, and human impact on vegetation.
		CHITIN: The polysaccharide coating of microforaminifera, scolecodonts, and the spores and hyphae of certain fungi.
		SCOLECODONTS: the scleroprotein teeth, jaws, and associated features of polychaet annelid worms.
	www.geo.arizona.edu /palynology/ppalydef.html (1259 words)

	BIOSTRATIGRAPHICALLY DIAGNOSTIC GRAPTOLITES ASSOCIATED WITH HINDE’S (1879) SCOLECODONTS
		The Ordovician scolecodonts, and some of the conodonts, were all collected from the ‘Cincinnati group’ in the Toronto area.
		Based on these scolecodonts, Hinde (1879) erected many new species and three genera, Arabellites, Glycerites, and Oenonites, the names of which have been, and still are, debated.
		During study of the Hinde (1879) Cincinnatian scolecodont type collection at the Natural History Museum, London, MEE discovered slabs with graptolites in abundance.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2004AM/finalprogram/abstract_74129.htm (452 words)

	APP 46 (1) 2001
		Permian–Triassic scolecodonts and conodonts from the Svalis Dome, central Barents Sea, Norway, 69–86 [ABSTRACT]
		Permian–Triassic scolecodonts and conodonts from the Svalis Dome, central Barents Sea, Norway.
		Scolecodonts and conodonts are described from five samples of three cores from the Svalis Dome, central Barents Sea.
	app.pan.pl /acta46-1.htm (1401 words)

	IGCP 406 Ann. Rept. 1998 (WP) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Hints has finished a revision of the Ordovician and Silurian Ramphoprionid polychaetes from Severnaya Zemlya (results of this work are published).
		He plans to begin to study collections of scolecodonts from Siberia.
		She also published her major work on Silurian thelodonts from Scotland (Marss and Ritchie 1998) and a paper with many other authors on scolecodonts from Novaya Zemlya.
	biodb.biology.ualberta.ca /wilson.hp/paleozoic/IGCP406AnnRept9807.html (720 words)

	Preservation and Sample Processing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The exact structure of sporopollenin is still uncertain, but according to some authors, it may be a beta-caratenoid, xanthophyll and fatty-acid polymer.
		Other types of chiton-like material are present in scolecodonts, fungal spores, organic walls of foraminifera, and chitinozoans.
		The highly resistent composition of palynomorphs is what allows them to be preserved in most sedimentary environments, and what enables their extraction from most lithologies using chemical techinques which would obliterate most other fossils.
	www.geo.ucalgary.ca /~macrae/palynology/presprocess.html (279 words)

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