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	SCOTER - LoveToKnow Article on SCOTER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The scoter is also very generally known around the British coasts as the fl duck from the male being, with the exception.
		Of all ducks the scoter has the most marine habits, keeping the sea in all weathers, and rarely resolting to land except for the purpose of breeding.
		Even in summer small flocks of scoters may generally be seen in the tideway at the mouth of any of the larger British rivers or in mid-channel, while in.
	4.1911encyclopedia.org /S/SC/SCOTER.htm (340 words)

	Black Scoter - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Black or American Scoter (Melanitta americana) is a large sea duck, 43-54 cm in length, which breeds over the far north of North America in Alaska, Labrador and Newfoundland, and on Siberia east of the Yana River.
		It is sometimes considered a subspecies of the Common Scoter, as M.
		This species can be distinguished from other scoters, apart from Common, by the lack of white anywhere on the drake, and the more extensive pale areas on the female.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Black_Scoter (257 words)

	Padilla Bay
		Scoters are diving ducks and depend on availability of food sources on the sediment surface for food.
		Several factors suggest that scoter foraging profitability is greater in hard-mixed substrates than in soft-bottom eelgrass beds in early to mid-winter, but shifts in favor of eelgrass habitat in later winter.
		Scoter habitat is being characterized by measuring elevation, wave exposure, and tidal channel parameters.
	www.padillabay.gov /researchselectedAnderson.asp (575 words)

	Surf and Black Scoter Surgery
		Scoters were captured on wintering grounds of Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, USA and migrational staging areas on the Restigouche River, New Brunswick, Canada.
		Scoters captured in the Chesapeake Bay were transported in small plastic animal transport crates to the veterinary hospital at the USGS-Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD, USA.
		This study determined that one of the critical factors for survival of instrumented scoters is to assure that feathers are properly preened and dry before release to the wild.
	www.pwrc.usgs.gov /resshow/perry/scoters/Surgery.htm (555 words)

	USS Scoter II
		The second Scoter was laid down on 4 April 1944 by the Gulf Shipbuilding Corp., Chickasaw, Ala.; launched on 26 September 1944, sponsored by Mrs.
		After shakedown, Scoter sailed from the east coast on 22 May for the Pacific, arrived at San Diego on 13 June, and proceeded to Terminal Island, Calif., for four additional weeks of training, which began upon arrival on 18 June.
		Scoter received one battle star for her World War II service.
	www.multied.com /navy/Minelayer/scoterII.html (371 words)

	American Scoter Duck
		The American Scoter ranges along the whole coast of our Atlantic States, in the latter part of autumn and during the winter, extending as far southward as the mouths of the Mississippi, beyond which I have not observed it.
		During their stay along our shores, they congregate in vast multitudes, and being often shot on wing in numbers, are sold in all the markets of our maritime cities; but their flesh is very dark and has a strong fishy flavour, so as to be very unsavoury.
		It sometimes happens that during violent gales the Scoter is forced into freshwater rivers, from which, however, it returns to the salt bays, inlets, or outer sandy shallows of the coast, as soon as the weather permits.
	www.audubon.org /bird/boa/F39_G5i.html (1453 words)

	Arctic: Habitat requirements of white-winged and surf scoters in the Mackenzie Delta Region, Northwest Territories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Scoters, locally known as fl ducks, are an important subsistence resource for Gwich'in people, so there was strong local support for a project focusing on these species of sea ducks.
		Scoters may not breed until they are two or three years old, and some older individuals may forgo breeding in some years.
		Scoters are among the last ducks to reach breeding grounds in spring and one of the last to nest (Bellrose, 1980).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3712/is_200112/ai_n9013429 (1394 words)

	BirdWeb - Bird Details (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The breeding range of the Black Scoter is at the edge of the northern forest or in the treeless tundra, where they breed on small, shallow lakes, ponds, sloughs, and river banks with tall grasses to conceal nests.
		Scoters spend the non-breeding part of the year in large flocks on the ocean.
		Many surveys of scoters do not differentiate between the three species, and it is difficult to determine the population trends of each species independently.
	www.birdweb.org /birdweb/species.asp?id=86 (572 words)

	USS Scoter II
		However, after one day's sweeping, she was withdrawn from the task group and returned to Sasebo to prepare for minesweeping support missions elsewhere in Japan.
		Scoter departed San Diego on 16 November 1946 with five YMS's, and, for the next five months, supported these vessels as they cleared minefields at Johnston Island, Eniwetok, Guam, and Woleai.
		Scoter was sold to Mexico on 19 September 1972 and serves the Mexican Navy as Manuel Gutierrez Zamora (G-10) into 1974.
	www.multied.com /Navy/Minelayer/scoterII.html (371 words)

	Surf Scoter Tracking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Each year as much as 78% of the surf scoter population wintering in the lower Pacific Flyway is found in the SFB estuary (Accurso 1992, Trost 2002, U.S. Fish and Wildlife 2002).
		First, we will study surf scoter winter foraging ecology and determine relationships between foraging patterns and the high concentrations of contaminants they are known to accumulate in SFB.
		Examine foraging ecology and contaminant uptake of surf scoter wintering in the SFB estuary.
	www.werc.usgs.gov /scoter/study.html (1922 words)

	White-winged, Black and Surf Scoter Habitat Model
		In the Northeast, highest densities of scoters occur in areas of abundant, preferred foods (Cottam 1939, Stott and Olson 1973, Vermeer and Bourne 1982).
		Scoters feed in open water, including the regularly flooded portions of the intertidal zone, and subtidal areas (Vermeer and Bourne 1982, Bordage and Savard 1995).
		Scoter foraging depth is usually < 10 m (Cottam 1939, Vermeer and Bourne 1982, Sanger and Jones 1984, Bordage and Savard 1995, Goudie et al.
	www.fws.gov /r5gomp/gom/habitatstudy/metadata/scoter_models.htm (1168 words)

	National Estuarine Research Reserve System
		Scoters, Melanita spp., Are sea ducks that breed in freshwater wetlands of Canada and Alaska and winter in estuaries and bays on the Pacific and Atlantic coasts.
		However, scoter habitat-use patterns, particularly in soft-bottom eelgrass, Zostera spp., beds such as in Padilla Bay, are insufficiently characterized to identify habitat changes affecting scoters.
		I hypothesize that scoter foraging profitability is greater in habitat of hard-mixed substrate than in soft-bottom eelgrass in early to mid-winter, but shifts in favor of eelgrass habitat in late winter to early spring.
	nerrs.noaa.gov /fellowship/grf_hab_22.html (378 words)

	WWT Threatened Species Department
		The Common Scoter is one of the least known ducks in the world, mainly because they are found throughout the year in remote habitats.
		In the UK, the Common Scoter is recognised as a nationally threatened species (the only species of waterfowl to be red-listed) because of its small and declining breeding population.
		Eutrophication and afforestation of breeding sites, fish stocking leading to increased competition with scoters for invertebrate food, and predation by introduced mink have all been suggested as factors responsible for these declines, while wintering populations are threatened by oil pollution and over-harvesting of shellfish.
	www.wwt.org.uk /threatsp/scoter/about.htm (278 words)

	All About Birds
		A coastal duck that breeds in the subarctic, the Black Scoter is not well studied in North America.
		In the form found in Europe, the "Common Scoter," the male has a larger swollen knob at the base of the upper bill that is fl on the sides with a yellow stripe on top, not entirely yellow.
		Unlike other scoters, it almost always punctuates a Wing-flap with a characteristic downward thrust of head, as if its neck were momentarily broken.
	birds.cornell.edu /programs/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Black_Scoter_dtl.html (444 words)

	Scoter
		The minesweeper departed Kure on 24 February and arrived at San Francisco on 18 April 1946 for overhaul.
		Scoter was reclassified MSF-381 on 7 February 1955.
		Scoter received one battle star for her World War II.
	www.history.navy.mil /danfs/s7/scoter-ii.htm (398 words)

	Ducks Unlimited: Mission Accomplished
		The bird featured on this year's artwork, the fl scoter, is a species not typically found in the continental bag.
		And while it may be unlikely that a flock of fl scoters will be visiting your decoy rig any time soon, the nation's waterfowlers need only to check their stamps in order to clearly identify the bird.
		Adult male fl scoters are completely fl, with the exception of a yellow protuberance at the base of the bill, and the gray lower surface of its flight feathers.
	www.ducks.org /media/magazine/stories/mission_accomplished_jan_feb_2002.asp (1164 words)

	Puget Sound Health 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Scoters are the most abundant diving duck in Puget Sound during the winter.
		Numbers of scoters wintering in Puget Sound through the 1990s were 40 to 70 percent lower than numbers observed 20 years ago.
		Scoters that spend the winter in the Puget Sound region migrate in the spring to nesting areas in Alaska and Canada.
	www.psat.wa.gov /Publications/pshealth2000/Pop_scoters.htm (167 words)

	Surf Scoter - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Surf Scoter (Melanitta perspicillata) is a large sea duck, which breeds in Canada and Alaska.
		The females are brown birds with pale head patches.
		The wedge-shaped head and lack of white in the wings helps to distinguish female Surf Scoters from female Velvet Scoters.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Surf_Scoter (180 words)

	White-winged Scoter
		White-winged Scoter: Medium-sized sea duck that is mostly fl except for white eye patches and large white wing patches.
		This scoter breeds on large lakes and winters mainly on the ocean and on large coastal bays, but a few remain on lakes in the interior.
		White-winged Scoter: Five to 17 buff or pink eggs are laid in a hollow lined with sticks and down, under a bush, or in a crevice near water, often on an island in a lake.
	identify.whatbird.com /obj/299/_/White-winged_Scoter.aspx (669 words)

	White-winged Scoter
		White-winged Scoters are among the latest waterfowl to migrate to their breeding range in spring and to begin nesting in the interior of northwestern North America.
		White-winged Scoters migrate to the Pacific or Atlantic coasts for the winter.
		They are the largest of the three scoter species, and are easily distinguished in flight by the wing patches formed by the secondary feathers that contrast strongly with the dark body.
	birds.cornell.edu /BOW/WHWSCO (546 words)

	Vestnik Zoologii - 38(4)
		Morphometric characteristic of oesophagus and intestine in Black Scoter, Melanitta nigra (Anserifor-mes), wintering in the Polish Baltic coast.
		Dzia/la-Szczepanczyk E. — The material for the studies was oesophagi and intestines of 52 individuals of the Black Scoter Melanitta nigra Linnaeus — 32 males (5 immature and 27 adult ones) and 20 females (11 immature and 9 adult ones).
		A positive correlation for the relation of CBL to SIL and a negative one for the relation of EW to both parameters of caeca and to JIL were shown.
	www.v-zool.kiev.ua /tocs/abe38-4.htm (1284 words)

	Velvet Scoter
		The French call the scoter, Macreuse brune, in Spanish it is Negrón especulado, in German Samtente, the Danes call the scoter Fløjlsand and in Norway they call it Sjøorre.
		The Velvet Scoter with a length of about 20 inches and a wingspan of about three feet is the largest of three dark colored marine ducks commonly called Sea Coots along the Atlantic Sea Coast and readily distinguished from the other two by its white wing bars and very familiar to waterfowl hunters.
		The Velvet Scoter breeds in the far northern coniferous forest and the rolling treeless plains of northern Europe, Asia and North America.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/birding/98889 (453 words)

	Birds: The American Scoter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Scoter has as many names as characteristics, being called the Sea Coot, the Butter-billed, and the Hollow-billed Coot.
		The neighborhoods of marshes and ponds are its haunts, and in the Hudson Bay region the Scoter nests in June and July.
		If no mistake of identification was made in this case, the observation apparently reveals a new fact in the habits of the species, which has been supposed to feed exclusively in the water, and to subsist generally on fishes and other aquatic animal food.
	www.birdnature.com /jul1897/scoter.html (261 words)

	Common scoter - Melanitta nigra: More Information - ARKive
		The common scoter breeds in Fenno-Scandia, northern Russia, Iceland, Scotland and in north-west Ireland.
		In the last 25 years the UK breeding population of the common scoter has declined by over 50%, and it was completely lost from Northern Ireland by the early 1990s (3).
		Wintering scoters are extremely vulnerable to oil spills; a single spill can affect very large numbers (6).
	www.arkive.org /species/ARK/birds/Melanitta_nigra/more_info.html (706 words)

	Nearctica - Natural History - Birds of Eastern North America - Anatidae - Surf Scoter (Melanitta perspicillata)
		The female Common Scoter lacks defined white patches on the head, but the lower half of the head is lighter than the top half.
		Overwintering Range: The Surf Scoter overwinters along both coasts of North America from Alaska to Southern California in the west and Newfoundland to Texas in the east.
		Behavior: The Surf Scoter is a diving duck, diving and swimming underwater during its search for food.
	www.nearctica.com /birds/ducks/Mpersp.htm (331 words)

	SCOTER - Online Information article about SCOTER
		The scoter is also very generally known around the See also:
		Even in summer small flocks of scoters may generally be seen in the tideway at the mouth of any of the larger British See also:
		arctic or subarctic countries, but the scoter itself is said to breed occasionally in See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /SAR_SCY/SCOTER.html (482 words)

	Surf scoter or ruddy?
		Chris anything is possible and although a Surf Scoter is generally found in a saltwater environment nature may have allowed a wayward duck to show up in Utah.
		A Surf Scoter bill is pretty large, has a thick "hump" above the nostrils, and a raised, fl spot on each side of the upper mandible, and the eye is snow white.
		The bill is all brown and the bird is all brown also except for some slight "lighter" streaking on the side of the face.
	www.taxidermy.net /forums/BirdTaxiArticles/02/a/025A5A0C7F.html (413 words)

	Black Scoter
		Black Scoter: Five to eight pale buff eggs are laid in a down-lined cup of grass hidden in a rock crevice or clump of grass near edge of water.
		Black Scoter: Black scoters dive to feed on mollusks, crustaceans, and small fishes found in marine and freshwater habitats.
		● Breeding and nesting: Black Scoter: Five to eight pale buff eggs are laid in a down-lined cup of grass hidden in a rock crevice or clump of grass near edge of water.
	identify.whatbird.com /obj/298/_/Black_Scoter.aspx (626 words)

	White-winged Scoter Range Map
		The White-winged Scoter breeds from northern Alaska to southern Keewatin and northern Manitoba south to central Alaska, northeastern Washington, southern Saskatchewan, northern North Dakota and northern Ontario; possibly farther east.
		The White-winged Scoter inhabits waters on open tundra or prairie with dense, low ground cover, preferably lakes larger than 110 acres, 3 to 12 feet deep and with dense submergent vegetation.
		In other seasons, it can be found on marine and brackish waters along the coasts where the water is shallow over shellfish beds and the bottom is hard and sandy or gravelly, and occasionally on open freshwater.
	www.shawcreekbirdsupply.com /whitewinged_scoter_map.htm (134 words)

	Civilian Ships--Scoter (Motor Boat, 1916)
		Scoter, a 52' 9" motor pleasure boat, was built in 1916 by George Lawley & Son at Neponset, Massachusetts.
		Owned by J.L. Saltonstall of Beverly, Mass., she was enrolled in the Naval Coast Defense Reserve prior to U.S. entry into World War I, and was formally taken over by the Navy in April 1917.
		Commissioned as USS Scoter (SP-20), and subsequently employed in European waters, the craft was apparently disposed of overseas in 1919.
	www.history.navy.mil /photos/sh-civil/civsh-s/scoter.htm (271 words)

	Remarks on the Courtship and Voice of the Black Scoter
		Remarks on the Courtship and Voice of the Black Scoter.--On June 26, 1952, at Iglak Bay on the Yukon-Kuskckwim Delta, Alaska, I observed a pair of Black Scoters (Metanitta nigra ameri- cana) engaged in courtship activities.
		The scoters were on a shallow, fresh-water lake in a marshy lowland area; most' of their display activities took place 50 yards or less from my location on the shore.
		Female Black Scoters, when alarmed, elevate the tail to an angle of 45 degrees and move head and neck back and forth, bill horizontal, in a motion similar to the courtship bowing.
	elibrary.unm.edu /sora/Condor/files/issues/v059n02/p0139-p0140.html (1203 words)

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