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	Encyclopedia: English-language
		English is descended from the language spoken by the Germanic tribes, the Frisians, the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes.
		English is also one of the primary languages of Belize (with Spanish), Canada (with French), India (Hindi and English in addition to 21 other state languages), Ireland (with Irish), Singapore (with Malay, Mandarin, Tamil and other Asian languages) and South Africa (along with Zulu, Xhosa, Afrikaans, and Northern Sotho).
		English is the most widely used "second" and "learning" language in the world, and as such, many linguists believe, it is no longer the exclusive cultural emblem of "native English speakers", but rather a language that is absorbing aspects of cultures worldwide as it grows in use.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/English_language (2673 words)

	Ulster Scots language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Scots, mainly Gaelic-speaking, had been settling in Ulster since the 1400s, but large numbers of Scots-speaking Lowlanders, some 200,000, arrived during the 17th century following the 1610 Plantation, with the peak reached during the 1690s.
		Mid Ulster English, the dialect of most people in Ulster, including those in the two main cities, represents a cross-over area between Ulster Scots and Hiberno-English; it is currently encroaching on the Ulster Scots area, especially in the Belfast commuter belt, and may eventually consume it.
		Some advocates have claimed that Ulster Scots is spoken by up to 100,000 people, and if the NILTS figure is accurate, their estimate of 100,000 speakers for Ulster as a whole would be dependent on there being 70,000 speakers in Donegal, which is unrealistic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ulster_Scots_language (1619 words)

	Scots language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Scots became considered to have a substratal relationship to English as opposed to an adstratal relationship.
		However, most younger Scots today see a Scottish accent, that is, Scottish English, as a sufficient marker of their Scottishness and are generally not interested in retaining bilingualism in a language they consider old-fashioned, parochial, or simply uncool.
		Ulster Scots, spoken by the descendants of Scottish settlers as well as those of Irish descent in Northern Ireland and County Donegal in the Irish Republic, and sometimes described by the neologism "Ullans", a conflation of "Ulster" and "Lallans".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Scots_language (3506 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Scots language
		On the whole, Scots descends from the Northumbrian (Inglis) form of Anglo-Saxon, albeit with influence from Norse via the Vikings, Dutch and Low Saxon through trade with, and immigration from, the low countries, and Romance via ecclesiastical and legal Latin, Anglo-Norman and later Parisian French owing to the Auld Alliance.
		Scots also has loan words resulting from contact with Scottish Gaelic, a Celtic language (the tongue of the ancient Scots introduced from Ireland about 500 AD), distinct from Scots and still spoken by some in the Highlands and islands to the west.
		Scots became considered to have a substratal relationship to English as opposed to an adstratal relationship or put another way Scots became heteronomous and not autonomous to English.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Scots_language (3042 words)

	Scots-Online - Pittin the Mither Tongue on the Wab!
		Scots - the language of lowland Scotland, a descendant of the Anglo-Saxon Language.
		The Scots language is also known as the Doric, the Buchan Claik, the Patter, Lallans (Lowland Scots,)Braid Scots, Broad Scotch, Scotch, The Mither Tongue and in Ulster as Ulster Scotch or Ullans and to some simmply the Scottish dialect.
		Scots texts for those who are interested in learning Scots or for those who already speak it and wish to enjoy it.
	www.scots-online.org (422 words)

	Scottish Arts Council - Scots (English translation)
		Scots is a language which shares a common ancestry with English and a large amountÂ vocabulary in common.
		By the 15th-century, Scots was the language of the State and was the principal language used by the Courts and Parliament.
		Scots was recently recognised by the European Union under the Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights, which received official sanction by UNESCO in June 1996.
	www.scottisharts.org.uk /1/artsinscotland/scots/englishtranslation.aspx (333 words)

	Scots language and alphabet
		Scots is descended from the language of the Angles who settled in northern Britain, in an area now known as Nortumbria and southern Scotland, in the 5th century AD.
		By the 14th century Scots was the main language of Scotland and was used in literature, education, government and in legal documents.
		Since Scots was once the state language of Scotland, it is a valid part of our heritage and the society recognises that it should be able to take its place as a language of Scotland, along with Gaelic and English.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/scots.htm (547 words)

	Scottish Language
		But Scots are right to seek assurance of their separate identity in their language, for Scottish English is unique, and very different from the English of England, America or Australia.
		Scottish English was well on the way to becoming a separate, standard form of speech--as different from that spoken in London as modern Norwegian is from modern Danish--when a dramatic political and religious upheaval swung it back into line with London English.
		A Scots schoolboy reads the first line of a poem: "She canna thole her dreams." He has never heard anybody use the Scots word thole, meaning "endure," and has to ask the teacher about it.
	www.visitdunkeld.com /scottish-language.htm (993 words)

	Scots language - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Scots (or Lallans meaning lowlands) is a Germanic language used in lowland Scotland, and parts of Northern Ireland and border areas of the Republic of Ireland, where it is known as Ulster Scots or Ullans.
		On the whole, Scots descends from the Northumbrian form of Anglo-Saxon albeit with influence from Norse via the Vikings, Dutch and Low Saxon through trade with, and immigration from the low countries and Romance via ecclesiastical and legal Latin, Anglo-Norman and later Parisian French due to the Auld Alliance.
		Ulster Scots, spoken by the descendants of Scottish settlers in Northern Ireland, and sometimes described by the neologism Ullans as a merging of Ulster and Lallans.
	www.free-definition.com /Scots-language.html (2296 words)

	Scots in English?
		English developed from the West Saxon element of Old English, while Scots grew out of the Anglian dialect of the kingdom of Northumbria, and since that divergence, they have developed along different lines and been subject to different influences.
		I was determined to teach my pupils to write in Scots, so I evolved my own method, by trial and error, and for what it was worth, it was outlined in a booklet which the Perth Branch of the Scots Language Society had printed and circulated to primary schools in the district.
		What we should really concentrate on is teaching children who mumble and slur their Scots, because they've been taught to be ashamed of it and think it doesn't matter how they enunciate it, that this is a fine, expressive language that they should take pride in and try to use well.
	www.arts.gla.ac.uk /SESLL/STELLA/STARN/crit/scotsine.htm (2469 words)

	From Scots to New Zealand English (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		There is a dialectal continuum linking Standard English and Scots in speech: almost Standard speech with a slight Scottish accent at one extreme, and a highly distinctive variety with rich local lexis, pronunciation and grammar at the other extreme, in areas such as Shetland and Glasgow.
		English was imposed as the official language in the 16
		Alongside the English efforts to spread their power throughout the island, a steady growth in the use of English took place, with a corresponding decline in the use of Gaelic.
	kfa.univ.szczecin.pl /histvar/scotsNZ.html (1641 words)

	Scots at Edinburgh (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Scotland has a linguistic and literary tradition that sets it apart in many ways from other parts of the British Isles, and Scots has a recorded history of around 8 centuries and is, as a result, of great linguistic and cultural significance and interest.
		In 1st year there are introductory lectures on various aspects of Scots, such as the history of Scots and Scots dialects, and on the language of modern Scots Literature.
		In 2nd year Modern Scots and Scottish 'Standard' English are investigated, including their origins and development, sociolinguistics and structure.
	www.englang.ed.ac.uk /scots.html (358 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| UK Latest \| Scots prefer English housing system (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		One in five Scots favours scrapping the property market's "offers over" system for the fixed-price sales procedure used south of the border, a survey has found.
		Some 19% of Scots want the trend for fixed-price property sales to become the norm across the country.
		Steve Reid, of Clydesdale Bank, said canny Scots were treading cautiously in the housing market, even though interest rates were tipped to fall.
	www.guardian.co.uk /uklatest/story/0,1271,-5177214,00.html (208 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Scotland \| English face Scots 'antagonism'
		Up to a third of English people living in Scotland think Scottish people are Anglophobes, according to a study.
		Professor Miller said that a "vast majority" of those he spoke to believed there was a conflict between the Scots and the English.
		Some people believed that they had been refused a job because they were English.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/scotland/3167418.stm (468 words)

	Scots-English/English-Scots Dictionary (Hippocrene Practical Dictionary) by David Ross, Gavin D. Smith, New, Used ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Scottish Literature: In English and Scots (By Allan MacGillivray)
		The Poetry of the Scots: An Introduction and Bibli...
		Scots Armies of the English Civil Wars, Vol.
	www.bookfinder4u.com /detail/0781807794.html (197 words)

	Indian English
		In fact, Indian English is a recognized dialect of English, just like British Received Pronunciation (RP, or BBC English) or Australian English, or Standard American.
		And it can be as hard for Americans to understand as Scots English, especially if spoken at speed, which it frequently is, in my experience.
		The latter book is the single most useful source of information I have ever seen on all aspects of the English language, and it is a joy to browse or to read.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~jlawler/aue/indian.html (869 words)

	Scots-English/English-Scots Dictionary (Hippocrene Practical Dictionary) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This is a true translation of the New Testament from the Greek into Broad or Lowland Scots and not simply a retelling of the Gospel stories.
		When read aloud, the real beauty of the language is appreciated more than might be when read silently.
		There are various existing reference books about Scots, such as dictionaries and grammar books, but this is the first-ever language course.
	www.enotalone.com /books/0781807794.html (143 words)

	A Bawbee Might Buy You a Bannock: Scots English Knowledge Cards
		The Scots were too tough for the Roman Britons: far from imposing the Latin language on them, shaken Roman colonists built a wall to keep them out of England.
		Characteristically stubborn, however, the Scots mingled a lot of their own Celtic vocabulary with English and ended up speaking in a tongue that neatly defeated all outsiders' efforts to understand what they were saying.
		Take it along on your next visit to Caledonia and you'll be able to ask a howtowdie where the cludgie is without being thought a haiverer.
	www.pomegranatecommunications.com /bamibuyyouba.html (191 words)

	Syntactic accounts of agrammatism in English and Scots Gaelic (ResearchIndex)
		Abstract: This paper is based on a recent research grant proposal submitted to ESRC entitled `A cross-linguistic investigation into the impairment of functional categories in agrammatism in English and Scots Gaelic'.
		We outline a theoretically-motivated approach for characterising agrammatism, an acquired language deficit associated with Broca's aphasia.
		11 Syntactic Theory and the Acquisition of English Syntax (context) - Radford - 1990
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /189886.html (579 words)

	Wigtownshire Pages, Articles, History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Strathclyde, with its HQ at Dumbarton, and encompassing the Clyde valley and probably some of Dumfries and some of Rheged,as they fought and as the boundaries moved.
		Northumbria, which stretched usually in that period as far north as the Lothians and Edinburgh, and is the real reason why Scots today speak English, as their language was Anglian.
		These two groups, Scots, Picts and Gallowegians on the one hand, Northumbrians and some of the Cumbrians together with all the Southern Anglo-Saxons on the other, now became recognizable as today's Scots and English.
	freepages.history.rootsweb.com /~leighann/articles/history/border.html (282 words)

	Scots : English as Second Language
		ESL provides language support and help with academic work mainly for overseas students who need help with English language skills.
		Find out how Scots can help and support your child with exams and school work.
		Upcoming events and key dates at The Scots College.
	www.tsc.nsw.edu.au /index.cfm?id=2089 (56 words)

	ASLS: Links
		The Cambridge History of English and American Literature - an invaluable on-line encyclopaedia, although it should be remembered that it was compiled from 1907 to 1921.
		Department of English at the University of Aberdeen - Literature and language at Aberdeen University
		Scots on-line - pittin the Mither Tung on the Wab.
	www.arts.gla.ac.uk /ScotLit/ASLS/Links.html (8638 words)

	One Look Dictionary List
		English slang and colloquialisms used in the United Kingdom -includes definition (English) (95KB, indexed Dec 10 2001)[3448 dictionary words, index = pee]
		English Homophone -includes synonym (indexed Dec 10 2001)[842 words, index = ear]
		Energy Terms -includes definition (English) (26KB, indexed Dec 10 2001)[442 dictionary words, index = ene] 40.
	a-z-dictionaries.com /dictionary.html (11991 words)

	WATERSPELL: Medieval Words, Irish Legends, Celtic Myth & Magic, Druids & Wizards (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Key: Where possible, I've told what sort of word or phrase it is (dialectal English, old slang, archaic, chiefly Scottish, etc.) or named the date or the century of its origins in English (14c, etc.).
		A great romp through the history of English, with chapters on Old English, Middle English, and Scots English that provide excellent background for us word-loving readers who are fascinated with the beautiful older forms of our mother tongue.
		If all you remember about this writer is being forced to read The Scarlet Letter for English class, get your hands on this collection of exquisite short stories and see if you don't agree that they're as deliciously dark and haunting, melancholy and mystical, as the more familiar stories of Poe.
	users2.ev1.net /~djls/words.htm (2031 words)

	The Poetry of Scotland; Gaelic, Scots, & English, 1380-1980; Edited by Roderick Watson
		The Poetry of Scotland; Gaelic, Scots, & English, 1380-1980; Edited by Roderick Watson
		Unlike other anthologies, it includes concise bibliographies of each writer, user-friendly notes, and poems in Gaelic with modern English translations.
		Roderick Watson is professor of English at the University of Stirling.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/cup/catalog/data/074860/0748606076.HTM (129 words)

	The Online Scots Dictionary - Home Page
		Scots is the Germanic language, related to English, spoken in Lowland Scotland and Ulster, not the Celtic language Gaelic!
		For more detail try The Dictionar o the Scots Leid.
		Scots to English dictionary as in a book.
	www.scots-online.org /dictionary (113 words)

	The Pride O' Scotland. A Scots English Parallel of Matthew, Mark, Luke & John - WILLIAM WYE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A Scots English Parallel of Matthew, Mark, Luke & John - WILLIAM WYE
		A Scots English Parallel of Matthew, Mark, Luke & John
		They offer full satisfaction and normal prices - no markups, no hidden costs, no overcharged shipping costs.
	www.antiqbook.co.uk /boox/osh/057760.shtml (81 words)

	E. L. Easton - English Around the World
		M.A. in English Language and World Englishes The School of English at Leeds
		English around the World Peter John Hassall and Siva Ganesh
		Audio Samples International Dialects of English / Paul Meier
	eleaston.com /world-eng.html (81 words)

	Origins.net - Genealogy Research Online
		To view our current products and services and try a free search across British Origins, Irish Origins, and Origin Search, please visit http://www.originsnetwork.com.
		Origins Network services include subscription access to exclusive genealogy related collections on British Origins and Irish Origins, expert Scottish Old Parish records research on Scots origins, plus Free basic access to our state-of-the-art specialized search engine for genealogy, Origin Search.
		Please accept our apologies for any inconvenience caused.
	www.origins.net (244 words)

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