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	US Bazaar.com : Encyclopedia Pages : Scottish crossbill (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Scottish crossbill is considered by many ornithologists to be a race of either the Common Crossbill or the Parrot Crossbill, both of which occur in the Caledonian Forest.
		The Scottish Crossbill appears to be a specialist feeder on the cones of pines (Scots pine and Lodgepole pine) and larch.
		The Scottish crossbill is extremely difficult to separate from Common and Parrot, and plumage distinctions are negligible.
	encyclopedia.us-bazaar.com /?title=Scottish_crossbill (888 words)

	Scottish Crossbills
		The Scottish crossbill was for a long time considered by many ornithologists to be a race of either the Common Crossbill or the Parrot Crossbill, both of which occur in the Caledonian Forest.
		This crossbill is resident, and is not known to migrate.
		The Scottish Crossbill is a specialist feeder on the cones of pines (Scots pine and Lodgepole pine) and larch.
	www.avianweb.com /scottishcrossbills.html (849 words)

	Trees for Life - Species profile: Scottish crossbill
		The Scottish crossbill is confined to the Highlands of Scotland, where it occurs in the pinewood remnants of the Caledonian Forest, and in conifer plantations which are 100 years or older in age.
		The Scottish crossbill is a sparrow-sized member of the finch family, measuring about 16 centimetres in length, and is closely related to goldfinches and canaries.
		The crossbill feeds on pine seeds either by pulling a cone off a branch and then holding it with its feet while it uses its bill to extract the seeds, or it acrobatically moves around the cone, extracting the seeds without removing the cone from the branch.
	www.treesforlife.org.uk /tfl.crossbill.html (1536 words)

	Scottish crossbill - The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Scottish crossbill was originally thought to be a sub-species of the common crossbill.
		Thus, the smallest birds (common crossbills) gave types A, B and E, whilst the large billed birds (parrot crossbills) gave type D. Birds with intermediate sized bills, and hence classed as Scottish crossbills, gave type C. It is likely that calls are learned from parents and should remain constant within the species.
		If the Scottish crossbill is a biological species, the composition of its neutral (non-functional) DNA should have diverged substantially from that of the common and parrot crossbill.
	www.rspb.org.uk /science/Ecology/2001/scottish_crossbill.asp (658 words)

	Crossbill
		The crossbills are birds in the finch family Fringillidae.
		The identification problem is least severe in North America, where only Red and White-winged occur, and worst in in the Scottish Highlands, where three species breed, and Two-barred is also a possible vagrant.
		Work on vocalisation in North America suggest that there are eight or nine populations of Red Crossbill which do not interbreed in that continent alone, although few ornithologists seem inclined to give these forms species status.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/cr/Crossbill.html (229 words)

	crossbill - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		crossbill bird of the genus Loxia, in the finch family.
		Crossbills are found in the evergreen forests of the Northern Hemisphere, as far south as NW Africa and Guatemala.
		Crossbills are not considered migratory, but they shift their breeding grounds erratically, probably in response to the availability of pine cones.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-crossbil.html (350 words)

	Crossbill Natural History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Crossbills are closely related to goldfinches and canaries, and like them, have elaborate and melodious songs.
		Crossbills are found primarily in association with conifer trees that have cones on them; they use their unusual bills to pull out tiny pine nuts from between cone scales.
		Birdwatchers know that if crossbills can be found in a place one year, chances are that there won't be crossbills there again until years later, when the local conifers produce another crop.
	research.amnh.org /ornithology/crossbills/nathist.html (409 words)

	Language Log: Scottish dialect genetics
		The RSPB press release tells us that "Scottish crossbills (as identified by bill size) also have quite distinct flight and excitement calls from other crossbills", but unfortunately, neither the press release nor its replication at the BBC tells us what crossbills' calls are like in general, and how the Scottish-dialect version differs.
		The Scottish crossbill page on the RSPB website says that it has "[a] 'chup chup' call with a fluty quality", whereas the common crossbill has "[a] loud 'chip chip' call; a warbling, twittering song", whereas the parrot crossbill has "[v]ery similar calls to crossbills, but thought to give a distinctive deep ‘kop-kop’ and ‘choop choop’".
		The Appalachian crossbills also showed a pattern of assortative pairing based on acoustic characters, but this observation is trivial because call matching was a prerequisite for identification of birds as mates.
	itre.cis.upenn.edu /~myl/languagelog/archives/003509.html (2163 words)

	Crossbill
		The identification problem is least severe in North America, where only Red and White-winged occur, and (possibly) worst in in the Scottish Highlands, where three 'species' breed, and Two-barred is also a possible vagrant.
		Work on vocalisation in North America suggest that there are eight or nine discrete populations of Red Crossbill in that continent alone, which do not interbreed and are (like the named species) adapted to specialise on different conifer species.
		Scottish Crossbill, Loxia scotica (often treated as a race of Parrot Crossbill)
	www.guajara.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/c/cr/crossbill.html (567 words)

	British Garden Birds - Crossbill
		The Crossbill is a heavily built finch, a little larger than a Greenfinch, with a larger, thicker bill with mandibles that cross at the tip.
		Crossbills frequently leave one area of forest for another as a result of the sporadic nature of the cone crops.
		Crossbills have not been seen in our neighbourhood, but they are an irregular breeder in coniferous areas in and around Sheffield.
	www.garden-birds.co.uk /birds/crossbill.htm (396 words)

	birding facts Birding Resources by the Fat Birder
		The Scottish crossbill, Loxia scotica, was first described as a sub species of the common crossbill in 1904 by a German taxonomist called Ernest Hartert, who noted that the bills of crossbills in highland Scotland were larger than that of common crossbills.
		The next steps in the Scottish crossbill study are to establish the bird’s population size and habitat requirements.
		Now that we have shown the Scottish crossbill exists and is endemic, we must focus our conservation efforts in making sure that it not only survives, but flourishes and that Scotland has plenty of the habitat that supports and maintains the population of these birds, of which we should be justly proud.
	www.fatbirder.com /news/index.php?article=661 (664 words)

	Status of 'UK's only endemic bird species' confirmed - The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The status of the Scottish crossbill as endemic to Britain - occurring here and nowhere else in the world - is indeed justified, according to the results of a lengthy scientific study into the species.
		'Celtic' crossbills differ in bill size from other crossbill species found in Britain, and just like native Scots, they have also been found to have a distinct Scottish accent or call, thought to be the method used by the birds to make sure they only attract and pair with potential mates of the same species.
		Although the British Ornithologists Union has classed the Scottish crossbill as a separate and distinct species since 1980, many ornithologists, including those in the RSPB have always reserved judgement on this notion, believing there was insufficient scientific research for its formal acceptance.
	213.219.31.195 /scotland/action/endemiccrossbill.asp (951 words)

	Common or Red Crossbills
		The Common Crossbill (Loxia curvirostra) is a small passerine bird in the finch family Fringillidae.
		This species is difficult to separate from Parrot Crossbill and Scottish Crossbill, both of which breed within its Eurasian range.
		Plumage distinctions from Parrot and Scottish Crossbills are negligible.
	www.beautyofbirds.com /commoncrossbills.html (519 words)

	Scottish crossbill - The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Scottish crossbill is a chunky, thick-set finch with a large head and substantial bill.
		It is very difficult to distinguish from the other members of the crossbill family As the UK's only endemic bird species (ie one found nowhere else in the world), it is on the Red List.
		Confined to the Scots pine forests of the Scottish Highlands, both ancient Caledonian forest and new commercial plantations.
	www.rspb.org.uk /birds/guide/s/scottishcrossbill/index.asp (218 words)

	BirdForum - Scottish Crossbill
		I am sure I have seen it argued in some research on crossbills that all 4 (common, scottish, parrot and two-barred) could all be regarded as one species.
		No. I have seen Crossbills in Scotland in varying habitats but there is no way I can be sure of the ID in the field.
		When I asked the staff about it they answered that they didn't know which Crossbills were around there, because you would have to catch them to measure their bills, and because they thought that the Common or Parrot was also around there.
	www.birdforum.net /printthread.php?t=9413 (996 words)

	Crossbill - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		, 2001) indicates that the crossbills and redpolls share a common ancestor and only diverging during the Tortonian (c.
		The species of crossbills are difficult to separate, and care is needed even with Two-barred/Hispaniolan Crossbill, the easiest.
		The other species are identified by subtle differences in head shape and bill size, and are the subject of much taxonomic speculation, with some scientists suggesting that the previously held assumption that the Parrot and Scottish Crossbills and possibly the Hispaniolan and Two-barred Crossbill are conspecific.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Crossbill (710 words)

	Scottish Forest Alliance - News
		One of the largest native woodland regeneration programmes in Scotland’s history is underway as the Scottish Forest Alliance (SFA) embarks on its vision to reverse centuries of deforestation and breathe new life into the Scottish countryside, its wildlife and communities.
		The Scottish Forest Alliance The SFA is a novel collaboration between BP, Forest Enterprise (FE), the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Scotland and the Woodland Trust Scotland which will undertake sustainable forest management projects in Scotland.
		SFA funding is being used to establish a broadleaf and conifer woodland and to generally enhance the landscape, mitigating the existing scars of dereliction and to develop a network of paths.
	www.scottishforestalliance.org.uk /news/news014.asp (1661 words)

	Action plan for Loxia scotica
		As far as can be ascertained, Scottish crossbills are largely confined to the remaining fragments of Caledonian pine forest, or planted woods dating from the middle of the last century.
		The Scottish crossbill is listed as data deficient in the European RDL due to doubts over taxonomic status.
		Clarify the taxonomic status of Scottish crossbill in relation to common and parrot crossbills.
	www.ukbap.org.uk /UKPlans.aspx?ID=424 (549 words)

	Scottish crossbill (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		This rare, large-billed red crossbill inhabits the remaining patches of pine woods in Scotland.
		Because other, slightly smaller, red crossbills (Loxia "curvirostra") also breed there without apparent hybridization, the Scottish crossbill has been recognized as the distinct species Loxia scotica.
		This is a situation similar to that in Scandinavia where large-billed parrot crossbills range in the same area as smaller "common" crossbills.
	research.amnh.org /users/jgg/crossbills/scottish.html (112 words)

	A Scottish accent gives away Britain's only indigenous bird Independent, The (London) - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Although the British Ornithologists Union has classed the Scottish crossbill as a distinct species since 1980 many ornithologists, including those in the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, have hesitated to follow suit, as they believed there was not enough scientific research to prove it was different from other crossbills.
		But after undertaking years of study into the habits and characteristics of the bird, which thrives in Scotland's conifer woodland, the RSPB has at last accepted that the Scottish crossbill is unique to Britain.
		They also found that young Scottish crossbills inherit their bill sizes from their parents - an important piece of evidence confirming the status as a distinct species.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20060816/ai_n16643829 (493 words)

	Scotsman.com News - Finally, the rare bird that Scotland really can call its own (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Scottish crossbill was described as a sub-species of the common crossbill in 1904 by Ernest Hartesrt, a German bird classification expert.
		Scotland's conifer woods are home to three types of crossbill - the common crossbill, which has a small bill, the parrot crossbill, which has a large bill, and the Scottish crossbill, which has an intermediate bill size.
		THE Scottish crossbill is a type of finch with a large head.
	news.scotsman.com /index.cfm?id=1194662006 (1039 words)

	Loxia scotica
		Careful observations showed that really these Scottish birds were intermediate in size between the two, fed mainly on pines rather than spruces or larches and didn't interbreed with Crossbills in the same area.
		The Scottish Crossbill was therefore declared a separate species, the only one which breeds in Britain and nowhere else.
		In theory the Scottish Crossbill has a heavier, more parrot-like bill, recalling crossed secateurs rather than crossed scissors and in some birds this is obvious.
	www.birdguides.com /html/vidlib/species/Loxia_scotica.htm (275 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Scotland \| Highlands and Islands \| 'Accent' confirms unique species
		A "Scottish accent" has confirmed a bird species can only be found in the Scottish Highlands and nowhere else in the world, according to the RSPB.
		Dr Jeremy Wilson, head of research for RSPB Scotland, added: "Clarifying the status of the Scottish crossbill as a distinct species, and devising a survey method based on the bird's calls are exciting steps forward.
		The Scottish crossbill uses its unusual shaped beak to prise pine seeds from tree cones.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/scotland/highlands_and_islands/4793863.stm (579 words)

	CROSSBILL CROSSES
		Nominate race occurs over much of Europe inc The Scottish crossbill (Loxia scotica) which is so similar to the common and parrot crossbill (Loxia pytyopsittacus) All three species are identical in plumage, and the Scottish crossbill is intermediate in physical size between the smaller common crossbill and the larger parrot crossbill.
		The Red Crossbill is similar to the White-winged Crossbill but lacks wing bars and has a larger bill.
		This cross was shown at the 2002 world show in Belgium It had the colouration of a goldfinch mule with the shape, beak, rump colour and wings of the crossbill, It was not so thick set as the crossbill.
	www.geocities.com /mules_hybrids/crossbill_crosses.htm (665 words)

	Bird directive: Scottish Crossbill (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		All crossbill (Loxia) are characterized by mandibles crossed at tip.
		Scottish Crossbill is biger (L 18 cm) than Crossbill (L. curvirostra) and has biger bill.
		The primary habitat is native forests of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) where birds feed on pine-cone seeds.
	ec.europa.eu /environment/nature/directive/loxia_scotica_en.htm (163 words)

	Biodiversity in Scotland. Page :10
		The Costed Action Plan sub-group is co-ordinating the work of the agencies which agreed to take a national lead on plans for individual species or habitats, linking their work and expertise in with local needs and strategies and with the areas where urgent protective and remedial action is indicated.
		The Scottish Office and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds in conserving the corncrake
		It is working to develop further costed action plans that are relevant to rare or declining Scottish habitats and species.
	www.scotland.gov.uk /library/documents-w6/bisf-10.htm (426 words)

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