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Topic: Scottish School of Common Sense

	Common sense - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		One meaning of the term common sense (or as an adjective, commonsense/common-sense or as an adverb, commonsensical) on a strict construction of the term, is what people in common would agree; that which they "sense" in common as their common natural understanding.
		Common sense is a perennial topic in epistemology and widely used or referred to by many philosophers.
		The Scottish philosopher Thomas Reid, a contemporary of Hume and the founder of the so-called Scottish School of Common Sense, devotes considerable space in his Inquiry and the Intellectual Powers developing a theory of common sense.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Common_sense (1273 words)

	Thomas Reid
		Thomas Reid (1710-1796), Scottish philosopher, and a contemporary of David Hume, was the founder of the so-called Scottish School of Common Sense[?], and played an integral role in the Scottish Enlightenment.
		He believed that common sense -- a term he used in a special philosophical sense -- is or at least should be at the foundation of all philosophical inquiry.
		He advocated direct realism, or common sense realism[?], and argued strongly against the so-called Theory of Ideas[?] advocated by John Locke, Descartes, and (in varying forms) nearly all Early Modern philosophers[?] who came after them.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/th/Thomas_Reid.html (216 words)

	Scottish School of Common Sense - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Scottish School of Common Sense was a school of philosophy that flourished in Scotland in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
		It found its roots in responses to the writings of such philosophers as John Locke, George Berkeley and David Hume, and its most prominent members were Thomas Reid and William Hamilton (who combined Reid's approach with the philosophy of Immanuel Kant).
		The central concern of the school is the defence of common sense against philosophical paradox and scepticism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Scottish_School_of_Common_Sense (167 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Philosophy of Common Sense
		The philosophy of common sense sometimes called Scottish philosophy from the nationality of its exponents (though not all Scottish philosophers were adherents of the Common Sense School), represents one phase of the reaction against the idealism of Berkeley and Hume which in Germany was represented by Kant.
		Sir James Mackintosh (1765-1832) adopted the principles of common sense, but accepted the utilitarian criterion of morality, held by the school of Hartly, and applied the analytic method to the moral faculty which Reid had taken to be "an original power in man".
		The common sense philosophy, adopting the Baconian method of "interrogation", or analysis, rejects, as contrary to the universal convictions of mankind, the notion of ideas as a tertium quid intervening between the object perceived and the perceiving subject.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/04167a.htm (1230 words)

	History of Philosophy 67
		The philosophy of the Scottish school was developed by Stewart, Brown, and Mackintosh before reaching its final phase as represented in the philosophy of Hamilton.
		Mackintosh, while adhering to the original speculative principle of the Scottish school, even going so far as to accuse Brown of openly revolting against the authority of Reid, departed from the ethical tradition of the followers of Hutcheson to the extent of admitting that benevolence is the universal characteristic of human virtue.
		His attitude was, however, one of antagonism to the doctrines of that school, and especially to the identification of metaphysics with psychology, which was, as we have seen, a tenet common to all the Scottish philosophers.
	www2.nd.edu /Departments/Maritain/etext/hop67.htm (2502 words)

	Common sense Ethics
		One meaning of the term common sense (or as an adjective, commonsense) on a strict construction of the term, is what people in common would agree; that which they "sense" in common as their common natural understanding.
		The Scottish philosopher Thomas Reid, a contemporary of Humeand the founder of the so-called Scottish School of Common Sense, devotes considerable space in his Inquiry and the Intellectual Powers developing a theory of common sense.
		Appeal to common sense is characteristic of a general epistemological orientation called epistemological particularism(The appellation comes from Roderick Chisholm.), which orientation is contrasted with epistemological methodism.
	www.lumrix.com /medical/ethics/common_sense.html (1248 words)

	Re: Quest for sixth sense. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		This is the "common sense." Two philosophers are most famous for advocating the other meaning of "common sense," the view (to state it imprecisely) that common sense beliefs are true and form a foundation for philosophical inquiry: Thomas Reid, G. Moore.
		Common sense should, in turn, be understood as self-evident knowledge we are able to acquire through the direct experience of objects in the physical world (real object, not copies or illusions).
		This last point shows that Moore's defence of common sense is not as much of a constraint on philosophical theory as one might at first have thought; for philosophical analysis can reveal to us facts about the 'principal or ultimate subject' of a truistic proposition which are by no means what common sense supposes.
	www.talkaboutsupport.com /group/alt.meditation/messages/124187.html (3448 words)

	Scottish Blog - 2006 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Scottish Royal Standard is also meant to be used by the First Minister, Lord Lieutenants in their Lieutenancies, the Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, and the Lord Lyon King of Arms.
		The agreement and the mutual trust and respect that was needed to uphold the treaty, was endorsed by the marriage of, Edward, the son of the Scottish monarch and King Phillip’s niece.
		In terms of Scottish geography, Inverness is lies in the mouth of the River Ness.
	www.scottish-heirloom.com /scottish-blog/index.php/2006 (12613 words)

	Ask The Radical Academy - Page 10
		The certainties of common sense, the insights of a reasoning which is implicit rather than explicit, are just as well founded as the certainties of philosophy, for the light of common sense is fundamentally the same as that of philosophy: the natural light of the intellect.
		A second point which links philosophy and common sense is that they take all of reality for their province -- common sense blindly, in a kind of instinctive response of the individual to the totality of experience; philosophy consciously, in the endeavor to give every aspect of reality its due.
		It differs from common sense because it holds its conclusions scientifically (that is, intellectually, rationally, and through causes), with a clarity and depth inaccessible to common sense.
	radicalacademy.com /askacademy10.htm (1446 words)

	Thomas Reid
		Thomas Reid (1710-1796) is a Scottish philosopher and one of the founders of the "common sense" school of philosophy.
		Common sense, for Reid, are those tenets that we cannot help but believe, given that we are constructed the way we are constructed.
		While his desire to overthrow skepticism and idealism — both of which he takes to be in violation of common sense — is part of Reid's motivation for attacking the Lockean model of the mental, he is careful not to attack the model merely on the grounds that it is in violation of common sense.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/reid (12737 words)

	Scottish Enlightenment
		Scottish scholars and clergymen looked to the universities and seminaries of Continental Europe, rather than England, to further their educations and garner intellectual inspiration.
		Also, unlike the French, the Scottish thinkers were particularly concerned with economic growth and development, the consequences of international trade and the mechanics of an emerging urban, commercial, bourgeois society -- concerns reflecting the reality of post-1707 Scotland.
		Both James Mill and J.R. McCulloch, the leaders of the Classical Ricardian School in the early 19th Century, were trained in the Scottish Enlightenment tradition, but, with academia now closed to their ilk, they had to look elsewhere for a perch to continue its work.
	cepa.newschool.edu /het/schools/scottish.htm (1987 words)

	Scottish Philosophy in the 19th Century
		And if common sense, or the principles of education, happen not to be stubborn, it is odds but we end in absolute skepticism.
		He was thus perfectly placed to broaden the horizons of Scottish philosophy, to push it beyond the narrower confines of Common Sense by bringing to wider attention the importance of Kant, and yet to do so as one profoundly sympathetic to the native tradition.
		The first of these was the Scottish Philosophy of Common Sense which showed that there are mental phenomena that cannot be interpreted as any form of sensation and that “intelligence supposed principles, which, as conditions of its activity, cannot be the results of its operation” (ibid: 3 emphasis original).
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/scottish-19th (6026 words)

	Thomas Reid
		Thomas Reid, Scottish philosopher, and a contemporary of David Hume, was the founder of the Scottish School of Common Sense, and played an integral role in the Scottish Enlightenment.
		Reid believed that common sense (in a special philosophical sense) is, or at least should be, at the foundation of all philosophical inquiry.
		His reputation waned after attacks on the Scottish School of Common Sense by Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill, but his was the philosophy taught in the colleges of North America, during the 19th century, and was championed by Victor Cousin, a French philosopher.
	www.philosophyprofessor.com /philosophers/thomas-reid.php (416 words)

	Scottish Thought and Letters in the Eighteenth Century
		The Scottish school of common sense philosophers (from Thomas Reid to Thomas Brown) found Hume's conclusions unwelcome.
		Renan tells how he was reared on 'le bon Thomas Reid' and Goethe praised the teaching of the Scottish School as expounded by Reid and Dugald Stewart.
		Friend of Reid and Beattie (the three scholars were regarded for a time as the triumvirate of the common sense school of Scottish philosophy), Oswald offered this work as his contribution to the new thinking.
	special.lib.gla.ac.uk /exhibns/scottish/phil-religion.html (1545 words)

	The Philosophy of Common Sense (1895): by Henry Sidgwick (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		For our sense of the ridiculous is manifestly stirred by the mere incongruity of an opinion with our intellectual habits: a strange truth is no less apt to excite it than a strange error.
		Still it may be said, granting the existence of cognitions and beliefs that cannot now be resolved into more elementary feelings, and that present themselves in ordinary thought with the character of unreasoned certitude, systematic reflection on these beliefs and their antecedents must render it impossible to accept them as trustworthy premises for philosophical reasoning.
		It is a commonplace that the senses deceive, and the more we learn of the psychophysical process of sense-perception, the more clear it becomes why and how they must deceive.
	fair-use.org /mind/1895/04/the-philosophy-of-common-sense (3991 words)

	Naive Physics: An Essay in Ontology
		Thus we shall take the world of common sense as serving at one and the same time as (1) an object of a sophisticated theory and also (2) as that to which we have ready access in straightforward and non-theoretical everyday experience.
		Other appearances are taken by common sense as secondary to or as deformations of that optimal appearance which alone counts as an appearance of reality.
		And the normal instances of such species are marked by familiarity, they are understood by common sense, both in regard to what they are and also in regard to what they will do (in regard to their regular patterns of behaviour in normal and regular circumstances).
	ontology.buffalo.edu /smith/articles/naivephysics.html (8666 words)

	Was J. Gresham Machen a Consistent Calvinist?, by Shane Rosenthal
		Now, to suggest that the philosophy of Common Sense might be inherently deistic because of the outlook of the original founder, it should be admitted, is nothing but guilt by association.
		Reid's view could be considered a type of foundationalism, although not in the Cartesian sense because his system is "built upon a broad foundation" of the numerous principles of common sense, which, because they are each self evident, require no proof and do not lead to skepticism.
		It appears, however...that the 'common notions' of men are sinful notions." (40) Van Til is therefore suspicious of this underlying common sense philosophy because of its under-emphasis of the effects of the fall.
	homepage.mac.com /shanerosenthal/reformationink/srmachen.htm (7012 words)

	Skepticism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Kant's famous denunciation of the school in the Prolegomenae is taken by many people to absolve them of the duty to read any of its writings before criticizing them.9 One thinks here also of Hume's well‑known (and this time, apparently well‑aimed) reference to "that Bigotted Silly Fellow, Beattie" in his anonymous advertisement to the Enquiries.
		The `positive' part of his antisceptical project ‑ enshrined in "the first principles of common sense" ‑ is said to be no more than a dogmatic begging of all Hume's interesting questions.
		It is proposed that we do the latter by interpreting Reid as a respectable externalist ‑ a `reliabilist' whose reliabilism has one `epicycle': common sense beliefs amount to knowledge provided only that they are undefeated by a known cause of error as general as themselves.
	www.wordtrade.com /philosophy/skepticism.htm (3268 words)

	Gilder Lehrman Center: Scholar's Forum: Slavery and Evangelical Enlightenment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		By wedding the empiricism and cosmopolitan civic vision of the Scottish philosophy to the spiritiual fervor of evangelicalism, the Evangelical Enlightenment galvanized a radical Northern opposition to slavery, and contributed to an ideological crisis within the Southern planter class that seemed for a moment in the 1830s actually to have shaken its hold.
		Yet Scottish antislavery sentiment in the eighteenth century largely remained in the realm of abstract theory and failed to engage the concrete issues of British involvement in the slave trade and slavery in the West Indies.
		The Bible's assertion of the common descent of all people, interpreted in light of the meaning of equality in republican America, proved to be a serious obstacle to the development of an effective rationale for African slavery.
	www.yale.edu /glc/forum/evangel/evangel.html (7544 words)

	Thomas Reid - Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man - Reviewed by Philip de Bary, Thoemmes Press - Philosophical ...
		Until recently, anyone who wanted to read the writings of the founder of the Scottish School of Common Sense (and for most of the twentieth century there werenât very many who did) had usually to read them in Sir William Hamiltonâs edition, The Works of Thomas Reid (1st edn 1846; 8th edn 1880).
		Twenty-one years later in EIPM sense perception is just one of the Intellectual Powers to which he devotes an Essay, the others being memory, conception, abstraction, judgment, reasoning and taste.
		Reidâs broad aim throughout this body of work is two-fold: negatively, to demolish the claims of âthe ideal theoryâ in all these domains, and positively to establish a âphilosophy of common senseâ which lacks its skeptical consequences for knowledge and morality.
	ndpr.nd.edu /review.cfm?id=1158 (1427 words)

	English Deism [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		The second work lays down the common marks by which religious truth is recognized.
		These are (1) a belief in the existence of the Deity, (2) the obligation to reverence such a power, (3) the identification of worship with practical morality, (4) the obligation to repent of sin and to abandon it, and, (5) divine recompense in this world and the next.
		Between religion thus naturally explained and a prophetic and Christian revelation Hobbes, nevertheless, attempted to mediate; he mentions as the means that might lead to such a reconciliation the rational interpretation of miracles, the differentiation between the inner moral sense of Scripture and mere figurative expression, and the historical criticisms of Biblical sources.
	www.iep.utm.edu /d/deismeng.htm (3113 words)

	Reid, T.; Haakonssen, K., ed.: Practical Ethics.
		As the originator of the Scottish school of "common sense" philosophy and the foremost contemporary critic of David Hume's moral skepticism, Thomas Reid (1710-1796) played a hitherto unknown role in applying the tradition of natural law to morality and politics.
		The papers assembled here demonstrate the extent to which the moral philosophy of the Enlightenment was influenced by natural jurisprudence.
		Haakonssen's introduction is the first substantial systematic treatment of Reid's moral-political thought, connecting it with his general philosophy and setting it in the context of his life and time.
	pup.princeton.edu /titles/4589.html (202 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		It is quite common today for works in applied ethics to include a brief discussion of ethical theory, saying that there are two types: deontological theories and teleological theories.
		And it is becoming increasingly common, largely because of the influence of MacIntyres work, for authors to mention virtue ethics as a possible third option.
		One period lasting up to the age of 7-8, during which justice is subordinated to adult authority; a period contained approximately between 8-11, and which is that of progressive equalitarianism; and finally a period which sets in towards 11-12, and during which purely equalitarian justice is tempered by considerations of equity.
	www.usafa.af.mil /jscope/JSCOPE96/lutz96.html (8443 words)

	Edgar Allan Poe, 1809-1849 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Thoroughly trained in the classics and in the rhetoric and aesthetics of the Scottish common-sense school of philosophers, Poe was, according to the critic Robert D. Jacobs, indeed a southerner by temperament and inclination.
		His classical bent, along with his background in Scottish philosophy and aesthetics, contributed to his theory of unity of effect and to his ideas about the short poem.
		He and Nathaniel Hawthorne introduced the ambiguities of symbolism in their Gothic tales, and Poe is credited with defining the short story as a distinct literary form.
	docsouth.unc.edu /poe/bio.html (864 words)

	Common-Sense School - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Common-Sense School - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Common-Sense School, philosophical movement that originated in Scotland in the 18th century and spread abroad, particularly to France and the United...
		Reid, Thomas (1710-1796), Scottish philosopher, founder of the Scottish, or common-sense, school of philosophy.
	encarta.msn.com /Common-Sense_School.html (141 words)

	BookRags: Thomas Reid Biography
		His An Inquiry into the Human Mind, on the Principles of Common Sense (1764) established his reputation for overthrowing the view that the world is mediated through "ideas," which had been entertained by philosophers from René Descartes to David Hume, and which he considered a source of modern skepticism.
		His alternative conception of mental activity, according to which ordinary beliefs about the world arise from "principles of common sense," was a decisive contribution to mental science conceived along the lines of Isaac Newton's natural philosophy.
		As a result of the attention accorded their more popular writings, Reid became known as the founder of the Scottish school of common-sense philosophy.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/thomas-reid-dlb2 (184 words)

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