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Topic: Scramjet

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	Scramjet Propulsion
		A general derivation of the thrust equation shows that the amount of thrust generated depends on the mass flow through the engine and the exit velocity of the gas.
		Because the scramjet uses external air for combustion, it is a more efficient propulsion system for flight within the atmosphere than a rocket, which must carry all of its oxygen.
		Scramjets are ideally suited for hypersonic flight within the atmosphere.
	www.grc.nasa.gov /WWW/K-12/airplane/scramjet.html (472 words)

	Ramjet / Scramjet Thrust
		The flow exiting a scramjet inlet is supersonic and has fewer shock losses than a ramjet inlet at the same vehicle velocity.
		For ramjet and scramjet engines, the exit mass flow is nearly equal to the free stream mass flow, since very little fuel is added to the stream.
		For ramjets and scramjets, the nozzle exit velocity is supersonic, and the exit pressure depends on the area ratio between the throat of the nozzle and the exit of the nozzle.
	www.grc.nasa.gov /WWW/K-12/airplane/ramth.html (556 words)

	Scramjets integrate air and space - The Industrial Physicist
		Scramjets will enable three categories of hypersonic craft: weapons, such as cruise missiles; aircraft, such as those designed for global strike and reconnaissance missions; and space-access vehicles that will take off and land like airliners.
		At Mach 3–4, a scramjet transitions from low-speed propulsion to a situation in which the shock system has sufficient strength to create a region(s) of subsonic flow at the entrance to the combustor.
		Scramjets are ramjets that fly at hypersonic speeds and whose airflow through the combustor is supersonic.
	www.aip.org /tip/INPHFA/vol-10/iss-4/p24.html (2173 words)

	Aerospaceweb.org \| Ask Us - Hydrogen and the Scramjet
		Scramjets are designed to operate in the hypersonic regime of flight.
		However, the scramjet is significantly different from other kinds of jet engines, like turbojets and ramjets, in one key way.
		The goal of this scramjet development effort is to eventually flight-test a missile demonstrator that could cruise at Mach 6 for 600 nautical miles (1,110 km).
	www.aerospaceweb.org /question/propulsion/q0170.shtml (1286 words)

	Scramjet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		X-43A with scramjet attached to the underside at Mach 7
		The scramjet is a proposed solution to both of these problems, by modifications of the ramjet design.
		Both scramjets and conventional rockets are at risk in the event of a cooling failure.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Scramjet (4117 words)

	CNN.com - Experimental NASA jet reaches Mach 10 - Nov 16, 2004
		A scramjet differs from conventional jet technology by not using rotor blades to compress the air inside the engine.
		Instead, the scramjet, sometimes called an "air-breathing" engine, burns hydrogen fuel in a stream of fast-moving, compressed air created by the forward motion of the aircraft.
		Scramjet technology could eliminate the need to use heavy liquid oxygen to launch spacecraft and rockets into orbit.
	www.cnn.com /2004/TECH/11/16/scramjet.delay/index.html (577 words)

	Space Transport - The scramjet and hypersonic flight (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Scramjets (supersonic-combustion ramjets) are those in which the airflow through the whole engine remains supersonic.
		Scramjet technology is challenging because only limited testing can be performed in ground facilities.
		Ramjet operation is then followed by scramjet propulsion to at least Mach 10 or 12, after which the rocket is utilized again to supplement the scramjet thrust.
	www.geocities.com /spacetransport/hypersonic.html (814 words)

	Scramjet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		NASA is interested in supersonic combustion ramjet (scramjet) technology because scramjet engines get their oxygen from the atmosphere allowing more airplane-like operations for increased affordability, flexibility and safety in ultra-high-speed flights and for the first stage to Earth orbit.
		A scramjet (supersonic-combustion ramjet) is a ramjet engine in which the airflow through the whole engine remains supersonic.
		The scramjet advantage is once it is accelerated to about Mach 4 by a conventional jet engine or booster rocket, it can fly at hypersonic speeds, possibly as fast as Mach 15, without carrying heavy oxygen tanks, as rockets must.
	www.scramjet.com (1065 words)

	Scramjet shoots across Australia's sky - 30 July 2002 - New Scientist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The scramjet, called Hyshot, was designed and built by scientists at the University of Queensland's Centre for Hypersonics in Australia.
		Scramjets use oxygen rushing in from the atmosphere and are therefore much lighter and efficient.
		But before the scramjet could be activated, the aircraft had to be destroyed when it began to veer off course.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn2609 (337 words)

	washingtonpost.com: With 'Scramjet,' NASA Shoots for Mach 10 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Unlike rockets, which must carry oxygen with them as a "combustor" to ignite the fuel supply, scramjets take oxygen from the atmosphere, offering a huge savings in aircraft weight, and researchers around the world would like to take advantage.
		In northeast Australia, a scramjet team funded by the U.S. and Australian armed forces will try for Mach 10 next year as a first step in using a scramjet to put satellites in space.
		Scramjets work on the same principle as all jet engines -- igniting fuel in compressed air and aiming the expanding gases to the rear to propel the aircraft forward.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A38020-2004Nov9?language=printer (1113 words)

	BBC News \| SCI/TECH \| Scientists score scramjet success
		After the titanium projectile was launched, it used its scramjet to cover a distance of 80 metres (260 feet) in slightly over 30 milliseconds.
		The approach taken to reach scramjet take-over speeds has been to attach them to a rocket booster and then operate the scramjet once the rocket has reached high speed.
		Researchers at the University of Queensland's Centre for Hypersonics hoped to be the first to fly a scramjet on 13 August, but had to postpone their test until October because of technical difficulties.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/1528849.stm (375 words)

	SPACE.com -- Results Just In: HyShot Scramjet Test a Success
		The scramjet test took place within only the last few seconds of the flight.
		The July 30 HyShot launch was designed to take the scramjet engine to a speed of Mach 7.6 - or more than seven times the speed of sound.
		A scramjet engine doesn't need to haul a large stash of propellant as it uses oxygen sucked out of the atmosphere to combust with a small amount of onboard hydrogen.
	www.space.com /missionlaunches/hyshot_020816.html (366 words)

	NDM Article - Army Tests Scramjet to Power Kinetic Energy Tank Rounds
		Hot air entering the scramjet inlets at four times the speed of sound, ignites the fuel and sustains combustion, so the scramjet itself contains pure fuel without wasting weight and volume of a separate oxidizer.
		A scramjet propelled round could sustain the velocity and penetrating power of a tank gun round all the way to its target.
		He notes a gun-launched scramjet could be tested in the 1,000-foot tunnel at the AEDC for a fraction of the cost of a rocket-boosted vehicle.
	www.nationaldefensemagazine.org /issues/2003/Aug/Army_Tests.htm (1298 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Revolutionary jet engine tested
		The scramjet engine, the Hyshot III, was launched at Woomera, 500km north of Adelaide in Australia, on the back of a two stage Terrier-Orion rocket.
		A scramjet - or supersonic combustion ramjet - is mechanically very simple.
		However scramjets do not begin to work until they reach five times the speed of sound.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/science/nature/4832254.stm (641 words)

	So what is a ScramJet - and will it power a people-mover in the future?
		Called HyShot, the Aussie scramjet program was such a success that the university research team - the first in the world to successfully flight test a supersonic air-breathing scramjet engine received an Australian Research Council grant of $1.8 million to continue their work.
		The scramjet's ability to deliver remarkable power at a very low weight and with few moving parts means the engine is likely to become a staple in the aviation industry, especially for long-range, high-altitude flying.
		Once the scramjet details are worked out, we'll be flying across the globe as casually as though we were heading two states over for a family vacation.
	www.iasa.com.au /folders/Breaking_News/scramjetter-1.html (1028 words)

	Articles on US scramjet programs - World Affairs Board
		Landingham said his group's research is focused on scramjet technology, which can propel vehicles at speeds of Mach 8 to Mach 12 -- the equivalent of 4,800 to 7,200 miles per hour.
		A 23lb(10.4kg) scramjet tank projectile(as discussed above) with a sustained flight speed of Mach 7 as mentioned in the articles above would release 29.6Mj of kinetic energy on impact to a range of approx 5 miles.
		Scramjet powered artillery and naval rounds also show great promise for extending range, massively increasing velocity, and enhancing lethality over current HE rounds.
	www.worldaffairsboard.com /showthread.php?t=6579 (3027 words)

	USATODAY.com - Jet nearly hits 7,000 mph (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The 12-foot-long X-43A supersonic combustion ramjet —; or scramjet — flew on its own power for just 10 seconds after separating from a booster rocket, but it was enough to excite researchers.
		The flight was the last in a $230 million-plus program to test a technology most likely to be initially used to power missiles or in military aircraft, such as bombers that could reach any target on Earth within two hours of takeoff.
		Scramjets may also provide an alternative to rockets for space launches.
	www.usatoday.com /tech/science/2004-11-16-scramjet-day-2_x.htm (684 words)

	HyShot - Centre for Hypersonics, The University of Queensland
		This correlation is being developed with a scramjet configuration that retains the essential components for supersonic combustion.
		As the combustion process in the scramjet is dependent on the ambient pressure, a highly parabolic trajectory with a near vertical decent during the test time was chosen, so that a correlation could be developed over an envelope of ambient pressures.
		One for the hydrogen supplied to the scramjet during the experiment and the other is used to supply the nitrogen to the cold gas thruster during the maneuver.
	www.uq.edu.au /hypersonics/?page=19501 (1580 words)

	NASA scramjet smashes speed record - 17 November 2004 - New Scientist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The scramjet burned fuel for about 10 seconds off the southern California coast, US, to reach a speed of about Mach 9.6 (11,500 km per hour).
		For Tuesday's flight, which had been postponed 24 hours due to electrical instrumentation glitches, the 3.7-metre scramjet was paired with a Pegasus rocket and carried to an altitude of 12 kilometres by a B-52B mother ship.
		This boosted the pair to an altitude of about 34 km, where the scramjet was released for its brief supersonic flight.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn6686 (558 words)

	Wired News: Aussies Send 'Scramjet' Skyward
		The scramjet had to be destroyed, and was steered into the Pacific Ocean by commanders at California's Edwards Air Force Base.
		As the scramjet reached a critical threshold falling speed at roughly 100 kilometers, radio signals sent from the test engine gave researchers indications of temperatures and pressures within the combustion chamber to see if hypersonic combustion really took place.
		If the scramjet tested Tuesday is able to break that record, it will have achieved a major milestone in proving hypersonic technology.
	www.wired.com /news/technology/0,1282,47990,00.html (967 words)

	Wired News: Scramjet Flies, But Errantly
		The aim was to carry the scramjet to a height of 300 kilometers, and then let it fall to Earth.
		A scramjet is an air-breathing, hydrogen-combusting rocket that can reach hypersonic speeds, defined as higher than four times the speed of sound, or Mach 4, roughly 5,200 kilometers per hour.
		However, they did know that the scramjet survived most of the fall in good shape, indicating that -- at the very least -- it appeared to have been built tough enough.
	www.wired.com /news/technology/0,1282,48022,00.html (826 words)

	FOXNews.com - Scramjet Prototype Hits Mach 8 Over Australian Desert - Science News \| Current Articles
		Scientists believe that the scramjet could one day be used to power super-fast intercontinental passenger planes.
		The scramjet — the name comes from Supersonic Combustion RAMjet —; is among the simplest of all engines because it has no moving parts.
		At an altitude of about 22 miles, the scramjet activated, pushing the craft to speeds of about 6,000 mph before it ran out of fuel at a height of several thousand feet and plunged into the Australian desert.
	www.foxnews.com /story/0,2933,189243,00.html (792 words)

	SPACE.com -- Australian Scramjet Screams Skyward (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		An experiment in harnessing scramjet technology for future space transportation systems was flown last weekend by the University of Queensland in Brisbane.
		Scramjets inhale oxygen from the atmosphere to burn their fuel, rather than carrying oxidizers in their tanks.
		The scramjet was attached to a Terrier-Orion rocket combination with the scramjet payload mounted atop the second stage of the rocket configuration.
	www.space.com.cob-web.org:8888 /businesstechnology/060327_scramjet.html (456 words)

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