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Topic: Scrapie

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	APHIS \| News
		The scrapie agent is thought to be spread most commonly from the ewe to her offspring and to other lambs through contact with the placenta and placental fluids.
		Scrapie is most often diagnosed by microscopic examinations of brain tissue at necropsy or by procedures that detect the presence of the abnormal prion protein in brain tissue.
		Scrapie research efforts are currently focused on developing more practical live–animal tests to diagnose infected sheep before they show signs, investigating transmissibility of the agent, identifying the scrapie agent and its different strains, identifying genes that influence scrapie infection and evaluating genetic selection as a tool for scrapie eradication.
	www.aphis.usda.gov /lpa/pubs/fsheet_faq_notice/fs_ahscrapie.html (1372 words)

	Scrapie
		Scrapie is referred to as a disease of protein conformation because it appears to be caused by the misfolding of a normal cellular protein, termed the prion protein, or PrP (Prusiner, 1982).
		While scrapie was originally identified in sheep and goats, the prion diseases span from chronic wasting disease in deer and elk, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) of cattle, transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME), and several diseases in humans such as Kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), Gerstmann- Straussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS), and fatal familial insomnia (Gajdusek 1988).
		The subsequent identification of a scrapie specific protein and generation of antibodies led to the identification of the prion protein in both infected and uninfected brains.
	www.he.net /~seidel/docs/scrapie_doc.html (3732 words)

	Prion Disease: US Declares Scrapie Emergency
		Scrapie, a degenerative and eventually fatal disease affecting the central nervous systems of sheep and goats, is present in the United States.
		Scrapie, which is the ovine counterpart to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), or "mad cow disease," is a scourge that British sheep farmers--as well as their nation's health and agriculture officials--are treating with new respect.
		In cattle BSE passes from cows to calves and in sheep scrapie is renowned for its ability to transmit between generations and across flocks.
	www.mad-cow.org /00/apr00_scrapie.html (8131 words)

	Canada Scrapie Sheep Slaughter Continues
		In 1998, an outbreak of scrapie led to the slaughter of 8000 sheep in eastern Quebec.
		While scrapie is not thought to pose a direct threat to humans, scientists believe infected sheep carcasses fed to cattle may have started the BSE epidemic in Britain.
		Scrapie is transmitted through amniotic fluid, so infected ewes easily pass the illness to their lambs.
	www.rense.com /general39/slaughter.htm (588 words)

	Scrapie in Sheep - Livestock - Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives
		Scrapie is a fatal brain disease affecting sheep and goats.
		Scrapie is caused by an abnormality in the prion protein and changes in this prion protein gene may determine whether an animal is likely to develop the disease when exposed to it.
		Researchers are also investigating the transmissibility of the scrapie agent, identifying the scrapie agent and its different strains, identifying the genes that influence scrapie infection and examining the role that artificial insemination and embryo transfer may play.
	www.gov.mb.ca /agriculture/livestock/sheep/bsa01s29.html (1386 words)

	The rationale for ridding U.S. of scrapie - May 1, 2002
		The scrapie prion is thought to be spread most commonly from the ewe to her offspring and to other lambs in contemporary lambing groups through ingestion of the placenta and placental fluids or cutaneously through abraded skin.
		Scrapie spreads to other flocks through the movement of infected or exposed sheep, primarily if they lamb in a new flock, so identifying those animals and restricting their movement helps prevent transmission.
		Although the incubation period is typically two to five years, the scrapie agent has been found in the visceral tissue of lambs as young as four months when tissue from a suspect lamb was injected into the brain of a mouse.
	www.avma.org /onlnews/javma/may02/s050102g.asp (1364 words)

	Hawks Mountain Ranch~Infomration about Scrapie in Sheep and Goats
		Scrapie is an infectious disease of sheep and goats.
		Scrapie is an infectious disease of sheep and goats which causes a degeneration of the central nervous system resulting in a variety of behavioral, locomotive changes and death.
		Scrapie is a slowly progressive disease causing degeneration of the central nervous system of sheep and goats characterized by behavioral changes, tremor (especially of head and neck) and uncoordinated movements which progress to prostration and death.
	www.hawksmountainranch.com /HMRscrapiefacts.html (1145 words)

	Defra, UK - Animal health and welfare - BSE - Other TSEs - Scrapie
		Scrapie is a fatal brain disease (a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy) of sheep and goats.
		Scrapie is important because it is a significant cause of disease in sheep and to a lesser extent in goats, but also because it is a Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) which is potentially transmissible to humans; to date there is no evidence that this occurs.
		Although the nature of the agent which causes scrapie is not fully understood, and although the way in which the disease spreads is unclear, it is well established that the scrapie agent can persist for some years in the environment and that it is relatively resistant to most disinfectants.
	www.defra.gov.uk /animalh/bse/othertses/scrapie/index.html (914 words)

	Livestock Disease Scrapie
		Scrapie is an infectious disease of sheep and goats which causes a degeneration of the central nervous system resulting in a variety of behavioral, locomotive changes and death.
		The scrapie agent is highly resistant to environmental conditions and substantially resistant to procedures such as cooking or rendering, and many disinfectants.
		Scrapie is a slowly progressive disease causing degeneration of the central nervous system of sheep and goats characterized by behavioral changes, tremor (especially of head and neck) and uncoordinated movements which progress to prostration and death.
	www.ag.state.co.us /animals/LivestockDisease/scrapie.html (981 words)

	Genetics of Scrapie
		Scrapie is a slowly progressive infectious disease of sheep and goats, which causes degeneration of the central nervous system.
		Scrapie is one of several diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) that affect animals and humans.
		The scrapie agent is most commonly transmitted from an infected ewe to her own or other lambs during the first few months of life.
	www.ext.vt.edu /news/periodicals/livestock/aps-02_06/aps-112.html (807 words)

	Scrapie Canada–Information and Updates about Scrapie's Affect on Sheep & Goats
		Scrapie is slow to develop, usually takes more than a year and a half for clinical signs to appear in an infected animal, although it has been known to take up to eight years to develop.
		Scrapie is diagnosed after death by microscopic examination of the brain tissue, tonsils, lymph nodes, or spleen that have been treated with a special stain.
		When an animal is identified with scrapie, all the animals that were exposed to the same birthing environment and are deemed at risk to developing the disease are ordered destroyed.
	www.scrapiecanada.ca /whatis.html (760 words)

	National Scrapie Education Program
		The scrapie agent is thought to be spread most commonly from the ewe to her offspring and to other lambs in contemporary lambing groups through contact with the placenta and placental fluids.
		Scrapie can currently only be confirmed by microscopic examinations of brain tissue at necropsy or by procedures that detect the presence of the abnormal prion protein.
		Susceptibility to scrapie in sheep is affected by the amino acid sequence of the sheep’s prion protein.
	www.animalagriculture.org /scrapie/AboutScrapie/FactSheet.htm (1196 words)

	Scrapie \| RuralNI
		Scrapie is confirmed after death of the animal by examining its brain tissue.
		Scrapie is notifiable and there is a DANI slaughter and compensation scheme.
		Do not ignore signs, if scrapie develops in your flock, it is difficult to get rid of as it spreads slowly and infection can remain in the environment for a long time.
	www.ruralni.gov.uk /livestock/sheep/technical_information/note2.htm (389 words)

	Scrapie
		Although Scrapie doesn't cross species, it is a member of the family of diseases known as Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE's) that includes "Mad Cow Disease" in cattle and Chronic Wasting Disease in deer and elk.
		Scrapie incidence in goats has been very low, but this may be the result of little attention being paid to goats overall.
		It is important to know that whatever the Scrapie agent turns out to be, scientists know that it is (a) very resistant to heat, and (b) does not cause any inflammatory reactions or immune system responses in the infected goat or sheep, thereby making current live-animal diagnostic testing techniques useless.
	www.tennesseemeatgoats.com /articles2/scrapie.html (1055 words)

	Scrapie Summary
		Scrapie has been known since the 18th century (1732) and does not appear to be transmissible to humans.
		Scrapie is infectious and transmissible among similar animals, and so one of the most common ways to contain scrapie (since it is incurable) is to quarantine and destroy those affected.
		Scrapie occurs in Europe and North America, but to date Australia and New Zealand (both major sheep-producing countries) are scrapie-free.
	www.bookrags.com /Scrapie (1429 words)

	Update on Testing for Scrapie, VME-0004-01
		Scrapie is one of several diseases of humans and animals that are more generally called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs.) These diseases are all characterized by a very long incubation period, slow onset of neurologic disease, and inevitable death.
		Scrapie in sheep is characterized initially by subtle changes in behavior and gait.
		This is not necessarily true for all strains of scrapie, and it is not yet known whether sheep with the QR or RR genotype can carry the infection and transmit it without developing the clinical signs.
	ohioline.osu.edu /vme-fact/0004.html (1889 words)

	C.R. Biotech, Agricultural Genotyping, Scrapie information
		Scrapie has been with the sheep industry for centuries and there is some resistance to the idea of the necessity of total eradication.
		In the case of an animal with Scrapie (or Mad Cow Disease in cattle), the protein encoded by the PrP gene is misfolded and can not be destroyed by cellular proteases when no longer needed by the cell.
		It is less important in breeding for Scrapie resistant animals in the U.S. as it appears to be involved more in fast onset (R) or slower onset (H) of symptoms.
	www.chiggerridge.net /c.r.biotech,agri.html (2173 words)

	APHIS Veterinarian Outlines Scrapie Program Requirements (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Scrapie, a fatal degenerative disease affecting the central nervous system of sheep and goats, was accidentally introduced into the U.S. in 1947.
		There is no evidence that scrapie can spread to humans, either through consumption of meat or dairy products or through handling of animals, but the sheep industry has been subject to negative publicity because of public perceptions.
		Scrapie positive and suspect animals may not be moved under any condition other than for research or destruction, Sutton stressed.
	www.livestockweekly.com /papers/02/01/24/whlscrapie.asp (3288 words)

	North Carolina Dept of Agriculture & Consumer Services
		Scrapie has had a significant impact on the sheep industry and has caused financial losses to sheep producers across the country.
		The scrapie agent is thought to be spread most commonly from ewe to offspring and to other lambs in contemporary lambing groups through contact with the placenta and placental fluids.
		Scrapie can only be confirmed by microscopic examinations of brain tissue at necropsy or by procedures that detect the presence of the abnormal prion protein.
	www.ncagr.com /vet/scrapie.htm (1208 words)

	Cornell Sheep Program - Scrapie genetics
		Scrapie was first diagnosed in the U.S. in 1947 in a flock of Suffolk sheep in Michigan that had imported sheep from Canada of U.K. origin for several years.
		The scrapie agent is thought to be spread most often from ewe to offspring and to other lambs in contemporary lambing groups through contact of lambs with the placenta and placental fluids of infected ewes (USDA, 1999).
		Scrapie is not caused by a particular genotype.
	www.sheep.cornell.edu /sheep/management/health/scrapiegenetics.htm (2468 words)

	Montana Suffolk Sheep Breeders Association - Scrapie Info
		There are three main theories on the nature of the scrapie agent: (1) the agent is a virus with unusual characteristics, (2) the agent is a prion, which is a malformed protein in the brain, and (3) the agent is a virino, a very small piece of DNA that acts like a virus.
		In States that sign Scrapie Control Pilot Project agreements, APHIS will offer an option to purchase only test-positive sheep from those owners who are interested in participating in scrapie control pilot projects for flock cleanup and who have flocks that are suitable based on the epidemiology of the flock and the availability of required records.
		The Scrapie Flock Certification Program is a different program available to producers who wish to take additional actions that will allow their flocks to be certified as being free of scrapie.
	www.mtsuffolksheep.org /scrapie.html (5652 words)

	Scrapie
		Scrapie in sheep is endemic in all countries except Australia and New Zealand.
		Scrapie may be naturally transmitted between sheep through the placenta or by contact with the placenta, however, vertical transmission (from dam to offspring) has been disputed (Ridley and Baker, 1995).
		New cases of sporadic scrapie may appear periodically as may DNA mutations that result in scrapie; however determining the cause once the founder animal has been lost is difficult due to the means of tranmission.
	w3.aces.uiuc.edu /AnSci/BSE/TSE_Scrapie_Sheep.htm (504 words)

	New Live-Animal Test for Scrapie
		To glimpse what a quick, easy, inexpensive scrapie test might mean to the sheep industry, you first have to know what sheep producers endure without such a test.
		The ram was ultimately found to have scrapie, a brain disease that causes sheep to behave erratically, lose weight, and eventually die.
		Scrapie is known as a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE).
	www.ars.usda.gov /is/AR/archive/nov98/test1198.htm (1369 words)

	Scrapie (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Scrapie is slowly progressive disease of sheep and goats.
		Scrapie has had a significant impact and financial loss to the entire US sheep industry.
		Scrapie belongs to a group of similar diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE).
	www.dlab.colostate.edu /webdocs/ext_vet/cleon6.html (668 words)

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