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Topic: Screwworm

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	APHIS \| News
		Screwworm larvae grow by feeding on the flesh of living animals and can grow to be over one-half inch within 5 to 7 days after hatching.
		The adult screwworm flies emerge from the pupal case and are ready to mate again within 3 to 5 days.
		Animals with screwworm infestations may die in 7 to 14 days if wounds are not treated to kill the larvae, especially in cases of multiple infestations.
	www.aphis.usda.gov /lpa/pubs/fsheet_faq_notice/fs_ahscrewworm.html (1344 words)

	Baumhover: Screwworm Eradication Programs Paper, 1997
		However, native screwworms were found to be as numerous as on the mainland, and to infest feral cats, opossums, and rabbits.
		Were these really screwworm eggs or the eggs from a rare species overshadowed by the screwworm? However, I verified that these were screwworms, since several of eggs in each mass had developed to the spined stage, characteristic of the sterilizing dosage delivered to our released males.
		Baumhover, A.H. Susceptibility of screwworm larvae and prepupae to desiccation.
	www.flaentsoc.org /webbaum/baumhover.html (9071 words)

	Screwworm History
		The screwworm was a livestock plague not just in the Southwest where it had long been a problem, but had been transported by infested livestock to the Southeast in 1933, the same year the screwworm was established as a separate species.
		A map of screwworm incidence in 1951 shows that cases were found in most of the southern half of the country and as far north as South Dakota.
		In 1954, screwworm flies were mass-reared in Orlando and flown to Curacao, where the number of sterile males released by air was increased to 400 per square mile and effective eradication of the screwworm was achieved in ten weeks.
	www.nal.usda.gov /speccoll/screwworm/history.htm (2235 words)

	Screwworm control and eradication in the southern United States of America
		Screwworms migrated 80 to 160 km in a generation, moving northward from the overwintering areas in the early spring.
		Screwworm flies that survive the effects of the elements emerge as adults, then feed on wound exudates and nectar sources from flowers and are ready to mate within three to five days, thus repeating the cycle (see Figure 2).
		The distribution of the sterile flies in the southern Florida peninsula further reduced the screwworm population that survived the winter and was responsible for slowing the migration north during the spring and summer.
	www.fao.org /ag/againfo/resources/documents/war/war/u4220b/u4220b0a.htm (5531 words)

	2000 - Crawford Sounds Alarm On Screwworm Found In Florida
		Screwworm is the common name of a pest native to the tropical areas of North, South, and Central America that causes extensive damage to domestic livestock and other warmblooded animals.
		The first case of screwworm this year was discovered by a private veterinarian in Wellington, Florida in early March 2000, on a horse imported from Argentina.
		Animals are infested when the screwworm eggs hatch in the wound of an animal and the larvae feed on the animal's flesh.
	doacs.state.fl.us /press/2000/10052000-2.html (1180 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The screwworm fly is attracted to an open wound or infected body opening, and lays eggs at the edge of the fissure.
		Basic to the entire program was an understanding of the reproductive life of the screwworm and the mechanism by which the proposed human intrusion could lead to the demise of the pest.
		The screwworm eradication program has more than paid its way in returns to livestock producers and, more importantly, to the consumers of animal products-the people who paid for the program with their tax dollars and pesos.
	www.cast-science.org /cast/pgm_edu/sfa2-1.txt (7318 words)

	State of Utah Department of Agriculture and Food (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Screwworms are known to live on living tissue in both livestock and humans.
		The screwworm larva was detected in the dog by Tooele veterinarian, Dr. Gary Gowans, in less than 24 hours after the animal arrived in Utah from Panama.
		Screwworm has turned up in other states in the past, forcing extensive and costly eradication efforts.
	www.ag.state.ut.us /pressrel/screwwrm.html (329 words)

	GENETIC CONTROL SCREWWORM
		Both species are referred to as screwworm and the invasion of body tissues by their larvae is termed myiasis.
		The economic loss due to myiasis from screwworm was estimated at $650m annually in 1985, with 90% of myiasis cases examined due to C.
		Considering that the control programme implemented against screwworm involved a genetic technique it would seem reasonable to assume that there would be a plethora of papers on the genetic structure of screwworm populations.
	www.roberth.u-net.com /cochlio.htm (1538 words)

	HorseQuest.com Horse Resource
		In this situation, sentinel animals are the best way to conduct surveillance for screwworm flies. VS and FDACS will place sentinel animals around the Florida premises of the horse that was infested. VS and FDACS are monitoring the situation. The decision regarding release of sterile flies will be reevaluated as the situation evolves.
		Animals are infested when the screwworm eggs hatch in the wound of an animal and the larvae feed on the animal’s flesh. Practitioners should be on the lookout for for:
		Animals with screwworm infestations may die in 7 to 14 days if wounds are not treated to kill the larvae, especially in cases of multiple infestations. As many as 3,000 larvae may be found in a single wound. Death results from toxicity and/or secondary infection.
	www.horsequest.com /journal/health/sworm1.html (382 words)

	Jamaica Gleaner - Screwworm eradication success in Hanover - Saturday \| November 30, 2002
		THE NATIONAL Screwworm Eradication Programme, which was officially launched islandwide some four years ago, has reaped success in Hanover.
		The eradication of the economically damaging screwworm has been the purpose of the programme spearheaded by the Ministry of Agriculture, through its Veterinary Service division, in partnership with the United States Department of Agriculture and the International Atomic Energy Agency.
		Meanwhile, the Veterinary Division of the Ministry of Agriculture, which is responsible for the National Screwworm Eradication Programme, is reporting that there is a steady decline in reported cases of screwworm infestation in all parishes.
	www.jamaica-gleaner.com /gleaner/20021130/farm/farm1.html (328 words)

	Secondary Screwworm, Cochliomyia maellaria (Fabricius)
		The livestock industry considers the secondary screwworm an important pest because of the enormous economic losses inflicted on the industry through both myiasis cases and disease transmission.
		The secondary screwworm is considered to be very beneficial as a decomposer.
		Biology of the primary screwworm fly, Cochliomyia americana, and a comparison of its stages with those of C. macellaria.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /IN149 (971 words)

	Screwworm
		The screwworm, Cochliomyia hominovorax, is an aggressive bot fly (family Calliphoridae) that lays its eggs around the edge of any skin cut or abrasion in most wild or domestic animals.
		The use of sterile males to eradicate screwworm populations was first suggested in 1937 by E. Knipling, an entomologist with the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
		After eliminating screwworms from the southeastern United States, the eradication program moved into the Southwest where it tackled infestations along a 1500-mile border between the United States and Mexico.
	www.cals.ncsu.edu /course/ent425/text19/screwworm.html (577 words)

	USDA Celebrates Research That Eradicated the Screwworm / August 28, 2002 / News from the USDA Agricultural Research ...
		U.S. Department of Agriculture officials today joined Mexican agriculture officials in commemorating the 30th anniversary of the Mexican-American Commission for the Eradication of Screwworm and in recognizing the commission's success in eradicating the pest from the United States and Mexico.
		On Aug. 28, 1972, the Mexican-American Commission for the Eradication of Screwworm was formed at the request of Mexican livestock producers, to carry the program south to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.
		Screwworms are parasites that can cause great damage to domestic livestock and other warm-blooded animals.
	www.ars.usda.gov /is/pr/2002/020828.htm (580 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Screwworm was eradicated from the United States in 1966.
		The female screwworm lays her eggs in the open wounds of animals, and the larvae grow by feeding on the surrounding flesh.
		Animals with screwworm infestations may die in 7 to 10 days if wounds are not treated to kill the larvae.
	ceris.purdue.edu /napis/pr-release/2000/pr001004.txt (412 words)

	North Carolina Dept of Agriculture & Consumer Services
		The certificate must state that the dog is either free from screwworm or was found to be infested with screwworm and was held in quarantine and treated until free from screwworm prior to leaving the region of origin.
		Horses must be examined for screwworm by a full-time salaried veterinary official of the exporting country within 24 hours prior to shipment to the United States.
		If screwworm are found during this examination, the horses must be held in quarantine and treated until free of infestation.
	www.agr.state.nc.us /vet/FedScrewWormRegs.htm (699 words)

	Screwworm Publications, 1981-1999
		Brenner, R. "Distribution of Screwworms (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Relative to Land Use and Topography in the Humid Tropics of Southern Mexico." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 78, no. 4 (July, 1985): 433-439.
		Mackley, J. "Incidence of the Screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax, and the Secondary Screwworm, C. macellaria (Diptera: Calliphoridae), in the Central Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico." Journal of Medical Entomology 23, no. 1 (January 24, 1986): 76-82.
		"The Screwworm as a Pest on the Island of Jamaica and the Feasibility of Eradication by the Sterile Insect Method." The Southwestern Entomologist 2 (1977): 4, 202-206.
	www.nalusda.gov /speccoll/collect/screwworm/nav/recbib.htm (6095 words)

	screwworm.html
		Entomologists operate the world's only screwworm research rearing facility at the USDA Agricultural Research Service's Midwest Livestock Insects Research Unit at the University of Nebraska.
		Berkebile is refining the technique to make it reliable enough for use at the international screwworm rearing station in Mexico.
		Julia Russ, a technologist in USDA's screwworm rearing facility, works in a room that houses adult screwworm flies in small cages covered with cheese cloth.
	ard.unl.edu /rn/0999/screwworm.html (686 words)

	USDA finalizes screwworm rule - May 15, 2002
		The Department of Agriculture has issued a final ruling requiring certain animals that are imported from regions of the world that have screwworms to be inspected and treated to prevent the pest from taking up residence in the United States.
		Screwworms, which cause extensive damage to livestock and other warm-blooded animals, are native to tropical areas of South America, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, tropical and sub-Saharan Africa, and the Arabian peninsula.
		The pest was eradicated from the United States in 1996, but screwworm larvae were found in horses transported to the United States from South America in July 1999 and February and March 2000.
	www.avma.org /onlnews/javma/may02/s020515p.asp (263 words)

	1992 World Food Prize Laureates Dr. Edward F. Knipling and Dr. Raymond C. Bushland
		Screwworms were eliminated in a span of only seven weeks, saving the domestic goat herds that were a source of meat and milk for the island people.
		The 1980s saw Mexico and Belize eliminate their screwworm problems through the use of SIT, and eradication programs have progressed through all of Central America, with a biological barrier having been established in Panama to prevent reinfestation from the south.
		As director of the Kerrville, Texas, laboratory, he oversaw screwworm research – developing a method to artificially rear large quantities of screwworms in the laboratory – and began test-sterilizing screwworms using an Army x-ray apparatus.
	www.worldfoodprize.org /Laureates/Past/1992.htm (1598 words)

	Frozen Flies Safeguard Research, Screwworm Eradication Efforts
		Considered the backbone of screwworm eradication, sterile-insect releases have helped eliminate this parasitic fly species from the United States and Central America as far south as the Isthmus of Panama.
		In the approach, both male and female screwworms are reared under factorylike conditions and then sterilized by irradiation.
		Berkebile says creating a repository addressed fears of losing the strains to calamities such as disease outbreaks, fire, or even earthquake damage to facilities in which the flies are kept—derailing years of research in support of programs to eradicate the parasite and prevent its reintroduction.
	www.ars.usda.gov /is/AR/archive/feb05/flies0205.htm (1178 words)

	Screwworm Program
		A screwworm infestation is caused by larvae of the fly Cochliomyia hominivorax.
		Once screwworms were eradicated in Costa Rica, the direct benefit to the producers was estimated at over 13 million dollars per year (in 1997 dollars).
		Although the Screwworm Eradication Program mainly focuses on the agricultural sector and the positive results will be most obvious in the livestock industry and the national economy, there will also be great benefits to the public health sector.
	usembassy.or.cr /screwwrm.html (947 words)

	SUGGESTIONS FOR MANAGING EXTERNAL PARASITES OF TEXAS LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY
		There is a constant threat of reintroduction of the screwworm by the accidental transportation of infested animals to uninfested areas.
		Producers are urged to inspect livest ock for screwworms and submit all suspect blow fly larvae found in animals for positive identification.
		Adults attack cattle mainly around the ears, eyes and poll of the h ead; the lesions often resulted in screwworm infestations before fly eradication was achieved.
	entowww.tamu.edu /extension/bulletins/b-1306.html (5904 words)

	Screwworm turns heads in Florida- April 15, 2000
		When screwworm larvae were found on the prepuce of a four-year-old Thoroughbred gelding in Florida in March, it prompted a quick response.
		The screwworm is found in subtropical and tropical climates.
		A sterile-fly rearing facility to be established in Panama in about three years will help to reduce the risk of reinfestation of the United States through accidental release of fertile flies.
	www.avma.org /onlnews/javma/apr00/s041500b.asp (475 words)

	Corpus Christi Online - / Winter welcomed by screwworm-wary ranchers
		A maggot plucked from an Angora goat in Rocksprings was identified as a screwworm in mid-November, and since then the state has been under a high alert as officials with the Texas Animal Health Commission searched for more of the destructive pests.
		The screwworm poses a threat to livestock because its larvae feed on live animal flesh.
		In 1997, screwworm larvae were found by a veterinarian in a dog shipped to San Antonio from a military base in Panama.
	www.caller2.com /autoconv/bizlocal98/bizlocal86.html (700 words)

	OIE - Revue A/180113 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Screwworm myiasis, caused by infestation of even minor wounds by the obligative parasitic larval stages of the New World screwworm (NWS) (Cochliomyia hominivorax) or Old World screwworm (OWS) (Chrysomya bezziana) flies, is a major cause of livestock morbidity and mortality in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world.
		The author reviews the biology of the parasites and the effects of screwworm, in addition to prevention of infestation upon the introduction of animals.
		Outbreaks in areas where screwworm has already been eradicated divert costly programme resources and slow progress southwards, and are considered emergencies.
	www.oie.int /eng/publicat/RT/1801/A_r18113.htm (357 words)

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