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Topic: Scripts used for Persian

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	Persian alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For a complete description of the scripts that have been used to write Persian language through the history, see scripts used for Persian.
		The script used for the Persian language is a modified form of the Arabic alphabet, with a few extra letters.
		A slightly further modified form is used for Urdu.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Persian_alphabet (178 words)

	Iransaga - Persian Calligraphy
		The Arabic script was adopted in Iran quite soon after the Islamic conquest of AD 642, largely because it was the official script of the new state into which Iran was incorporated.
		Persian calligraphers excelled in all styles of writing; the elegant large muhaqqaq, the finer rihani, and the heavy pliable thuluth script to name a few.
		The Arabic script was derived from the Syriac and the Nabatean, which is characterised by a contrast between vertical lines and the horizontal based line formed by the links between the letters.
	www.artarena.force9.co.uk /cal.htm (537 words)

	Egyptian hieroglyph - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hieroglyphs continued to be used under Persian rule (intermittent in the 6th and 5th centuries BC), after Alexander's conquest of Egypt, and during the ensuing Macedonian and Roman periods.
		Monumental use of hieroglyphs ceased after the closing of all non-Christian temples in AD 391 by the Roman Emperor Theodosius I; the last known inscription is from a temple far to the south not long after 391.
		The transliteration system used in the chart below is over a century old but still reflects our best guess as to Egyptian pronunciation at the time, with several abstract symbols of unknown value such as "3".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyph (1389 words)

	W3C I18N FAQ: Script direction and languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Script: A collection of characters for displaying written text, all of which have a common characteristic that justifies their consideration as a distinct set.
		Knowing the directionality of text, based on the script(s) to be used, is important to web designers and authors, because right-to-left text can be more complicated (for beginners) to work with and the organization and directionality of the page layout are affected.
		Scripts have a writing direction, and so languages written in a particular script, will be written with the direction of that script.
	www.w3.org /International/questions/qa-scripts.html (1100 words)

	Iranian Scripts: Persian Alphabet
		Persian or Farsi, a member of the Iranian branch of Indo-European languages with about 58 million speakers in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan.
		The form of Persian spoken in Afghanistan is called Dari, while the form spoken in Tajikistan is known as Tajik and is written with the Cyrillic alphabet.
		Under Mongolian and Turkish rulers, Persian was adopted as the language of government in Turkey, central Asia and India, where it was used for centuries, and until after 1900 in Kashmir.
	www.iranchamber.com /scripts/persian_alphabet.php (231 words)

	Mongol Scripts
		This script was used as early as the mid 13th century as a stylistic variation of Uighur Script.
		The earliest known use of Latin letters to write Mongol is with the transcription of Mongol words into the journals of the European travelers in the 13th century such as John Plano of Carpini, William of Rubrick, and later Marco Polo.
		This script was modified in 1632 with influence of the Korean Script (Hunmin Chong'um).
	www.viahistoria.com /SilverHorde/research/MongolScripts.html (2659 words)

	THE IRANIAN: Iranians, Bernard Lewis
		It was this Persian Islam, rather than the original Arab Islam, that was brought to new areas and new peoples: to the Turks, first in Central Asia and then in the Middle East in the country which came to be called Turkey, and of course to India.
		The Persian sense of pride did not rest on a history retained and remembered, because their history too, except for the most recent chapters, was lost and forgotten, no less than the ancient glories of Egypt and Babylon.
		True, Persian was used as a classical language, a literary language and even at times a diplomatic language by all three neighbors, the Ottomans, the Central Asians, and the Indians.
	www.iranian.com /History/2003/October/Lewis (4408 words)

	Middle Persian scripts - Pahlavi, Parthian and Psalter
		The Middle Persian script developed from the Aramaic script and became the official script of the Sassanian empire (224-651 AD).
		The Parthian script developed from the Aramaic script around the 2nd century BC and was used during the Parthian and early Sassanian periods of the Persian empire.
		The Psalter script is a variant of the Persian script which was used mainly for writing on paper.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/mpersian.htm (202 words)

	Turkish Culture
		Arabic and Persian scripts were used during the Ottoman Empire period, but a modified Latin-based alphabet, with some extra letters, was introduced in 1928 which has been spoken since then.
		Traditional dress which was widely used during the pre-republic period differs from region to region and may still be worn in rural areas or for special occasions.
		Music like this is often used by the Sufi Medlevi cult for sacred ceremonies, often accompanying their famous whirling dervishes.
	www.geocities.com /resats/culture.html (3521 words)

	Ancient Scripts: Old Persian
		The first Persian Empire of the Achaemenid dynasty rose to power in the middle of the 6th century BCE and quickly conquered an area that stretched from Mesopotamia to Afghanistan.
		This script was not a direct descendent of the Sumerian and Akkadian systems, because even though the physical appearance of Old Persian signs are cuneiform, or in the shape of wedges, the actual shape of the signs do not correspond to signs in older systems with similar phonetic values.
		Syllabograms that are used only for their consonantal values have their vowels placed between parentheses, such as in the sign sequence r(i)-u that writes out the sound /ru/, and in the ending consonant /m/ in adam.
	www.ancientscripts.com /oldpersian.html (354 words)

	Persian and Iranian scripts
		This script is consist of 36 syllabic characters, 2 separations of words, sings for numerals and 8 ideograms.
		Old Persian language was a one of four official languages of Achaemenian Empire but wasn’t used in administration because on the first place was Aramaic.
		Difficulty of use Pahlavi script caused that in later Sasanian period, Middle Persian texts was written in Avestan script.
	www.iran.krakow.pl /scripts.htm (1000 words)

	Sites on Scripts and Writing Systems
		Scripts and Languages “This is a site about the scripts of the world, and the languages they are used to write.
		The Pollard script and its equivalent in the Romanized script.
		Perso-Arabic Scripts This link is to an issue of the VishwaBharat e-newsletter, published by the government of India, that includes an article on Arabic script as used in India and its encoding in Unicode.
	scripts.sil.org /cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&item_id=SitesOnScriptsAndWSs&_sc=1 (3667 words)

	Search Results for script - Encyclopædia Britannica
		The nature of scripts varies from those that give only a brief outline of the action to detailed shooting scripts, in which every action, gesture, and...
		Brahmi script of north India, possibly connected with the late Maurya scripts and the early Kalinga character, and associated with the Sunga dynasty (c.
		Demotic script derived from the earlier pictographic hieroglyphic inscriptions and the cursive hieratic script (q.v.), and it began to replace hieratic writing during the...
	www.britannica.com /search?query=script&submit=Find&source=MWTAB (473 words)

	Iranian Scripts: Old Persian Cuneiform
		Old Persian, the language used in the cuneiform inscriptions of Achaemenian dynasty and the vernacular of the Achaemenian elite.
		Old Persian was spoken in southwestern Persia, an area known as Persis, and belongs to the Iranian branch or the Indo-Aryan family of languages.
		The Old Persian Cuneiform glyphs are both phonemic and syllabic.
	www.iranchamber.com /scripts/old_persian_cuneiform.php (142 words)

	Other scripts
		Persian is included in the Mac OS 9 install disks alongside Arabic, and with the Arabic Language Kits before them.
		Their general philosophy of division of languages into scripts, is that a script is a set of languages that can use the same character set.
		In this case, Persian is installed with the same ID numbers as when it is alone, while the Arabic resources appear with different IDs: 17923-24.
	www.hf-fak.uib.no /smi/ksv/OtherScripts.html (3519 words)

	Margins of writing, origins of cultures: 2005
		The free use of multiple scripts presupposes a well educated scribe, who was not only familiar with the specific orthographic rules of the scripts but also with their associated scribal traditions.
		The question is then whether the scripts, when adopted into a new textual and cultural environment and combined with other scripts, retained their specific cultural connotations for the composers and users of these spells.
		With the collapse of the Hittite empire shortly after 1200 BC it was the Hittite language and its cuneiform script that vanished and the Luwian language and hieroglyphic script that survived.
	oi.uchicago.edu /OI/IS/OIS/MARGINS_2005/Margins_2005.html (5024 words)

	IL&S: New Iranian Languages & Scripts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In the year 875 AD Dari Persian became the official language of the independent Safarid dynasty.
		The type of alphabets used to inscribe the new Iranian languages depends on the geographical and political situation in which these languages existed.
		While Tajiki Persian and Ossetic are written in the Cyrillic script.
	www.iranianlanguages.com /newiranian (170 words)

	LANGUAGES, SCRIPTS AND SHARDA
		It may even be a body gesture, knots upon a rope (used in certain South American languages) pictograms (the famous Egyptan heirlogyphics) figures (the chutches of 0 and 1 and used in computer language) and of course, the familiar alphabets.
		Thus though English and Russian scripts are of the same origin, it is not feasible to write the latter in Roman script because the sound bits peculiar to Russian tongue are not present in Roman script.
		In the evolution of the languages and at of scripts, it is pertinent to note that while languages evolve naturally helplessly without any will or determination on the part of their speakers, the scripts are fashioned actively by the speakers of the language, and constantly modified to come up with the most appropriate medium.
	www.koausa.org /Languages/RLBhat.html (2436 words)

	Elementary Persian Grammar - Cambridge University Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		It is based on the characteristic idiom and phraseology of the language as it is used in newspapers, magazines and novels.
		The student is introduced to Persian script from the first lesson.
		The student is also given help with pronunciation; at the ends of lessons sample sentences from the exercises are printed with diacritics showing the intonation and stress of each syllable.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/print.asp?isbn=052104894X&print=y (174 words)

	Arabic alphabet -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - Your gateway to all Britannica has to offer!
		Script used to write Arabic and a number of other languages whose speakers have been influenced by Arab and Islamic culture.
		Additional diacritics, representing short vowels (or the lack thereof), case endings, and geminate (duplicate) consonants, are normally employed only for the text of the Qur'an, for primers, or in instances where the reading might otherwise be ambiguous.
		Because Arabic script is fundamentally cursive, most letters have slightly different forms depending on whether they occur in the beginning, middle, or end of a word.
	concise.britannica.com /ebc/article-9355655 (218 words)

	KryssTal : Writing
		These scripts were originally written on palm leaves which split if a straight line is drawn on them; hence their curved appearance.
		Used for the language of the same name spoken in the state of
		Used by the language of the same name spoken on the island of
	www.krysstal.com /writing.html (1376 words)

	Amazon.com: Elementary Persian Grammar: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Because it is attempting to equip the reader to deal with classical as well as modern texts, much of the grammatical information and vocabulary is not necessary for active use, although this is not made clear and many modern usesages are overlooked or mentioned only in passing.
		Thackston is the book to use for the beginner who whishes to make quick and satisfying progress in the language and perhaps Lambton for those who want an obscure reference grammar.
		The nine accompanying tape cassettes (available from a book dealer or from the publisher) reproduce all Persian that appears in the book and gives pauses for repetition--except for the twenty-five pages of Persian readings, which are read aloud at normal speed.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/052109206X?v=glance (922 words)

	Welcome to Linguaphone Malaysia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		By the early Mohammedan period, two scripts were in use; the Naskhi – the ordinary cursive form used in books and correspondence and the Kufic, an angular script used mainly for decorative purposes.
		The latter is used in newspapers, books and broadcasting and is the universal written language of the whole Arab world.
		It is the language used between educated speakers from different countries who would probably have some difficulty in understanding one another were they to speak entirely in their own pure dialect.
	www.lotuslearning.com /lotus_synergy/htm/liarabic.htm (656 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Data processing software using Unicode will be able to identify the Language of the text for each character by identifying the plane the character is located in and use appropriate font to display the same or invoke some meaningful linguistic processing.
		The Latin script with its supplementary characters and extended symbol has about 550 different characters and this is quite adequate to handle almost anything that has appeared in print in respect of the Latin script.
		With majority of the Languages of the World, which use a relatively small set of symbols to represent the letters of their alphabet, 8 bit (or even 7 bit) character codes are adequate to represent the letters.
	acharya.iitm.ac.in /multi_sys/exist_codes.html (3002 words)

	Supported Scripts
		These collections of symbols (i.e., scripts) then serve as inventories of symbols which are drawn upon to write particular languages.
		In many cases, a single script may serve to write tens or even hundreds of languages (e.g., the Latin script).
		The writing systems for some languages may also make use of more than one script; for example, Japanese traditionally makes use of the Han (Kanji), Hiragana, and Katakana scripts, and modern Japanese usage commonly mixes in the Latin script as well.
	www.unicode.org /unicode/standard/supported.html (186 words)

	LangBox International FAQ
		The use of the extension is done at the runtime by either load the Language specific pseudo-device driver on to the current TTY line or set the LD_LIBRARY_PATH shell variable that indicate to an application where to load its shared dynamic system libraries.
		This is fast and we are using it in house for more that 6 years on some of our station keyboard.
		In context sensitive scripts, characters could be rendered in a different shape depending on the combination of the characters within a word.
	www.langbox.com /lbiFAQ.html (3638 words)

	Learn Farsi - Farsi Language Courses and Phrase Books
		Using a unique method of memory recall developed by renowned linguist, Dr. Paul Pimsleur, the programs teach listeners to combine words and phrases to express themselves the way native speakers do.
		Colloquial Persian is the ideal introduction to the modern language, also known as Farsi, as spoken in Iran.
		Covering the languages of Iran and Afghanistan, this new addition to the Your First 100 Words In series can be used by students as a supplement for their language courses, by parents as an introduction for young children, or by learners independently.
	www.almudo.com /Iran-Language.htm (1379 words)

	Digital Language Access : Scripts, Transliteration, and Computer Access
		Just as Phoenician script, and other contemporary variants were adopted in Hebrew script, Hebrew in turn was adopted and adapted for writing Greek, which again in turn was adopted as a model for writing the Latin, Cyrillic, Georgian and Armenian scripts, each of which spread under the influence of Christianity.
		It is not always a simple matter, given the divergence in use of characters among different languages over the centuries, and the fact that many resemblances are not on a one to one basis, as Figure 2 shows.
		TL is the representation of letters of one script by the letters of another; TS is the representation of sounds of one language in letters of one script.
	www.dlib.org /dlib/march97/sesame/03clews.html (3924 words)

	All Empires History Forum: Islamic conquest
		Aramaic and Phoenician are the mother of almost all scripts used in west Asia and Europe.
		Later (2nd century B.C), Parthians used a changed version of Old Persian alphabet, which they called "Pahlavi" or "Pahlavani" meaning "heroic" and called themselves "Pahlavans" meaning heros; this language played a significant role in recovering Iranian mythology after it was destroyed by Alexander.
		Ottomans, Qarakhanids, Timurids, Seljuks used arabic alphabet but in the way of Persian as far as I know and that is why no arab could read what we wrote, on the other hand, you guys understood most of the things.
	www.allempires.com /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=1582&PN=1 (1825 words)

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