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	Sea Lamprey/Fish of the Great Lakes by Wisconsin Sea Grant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The sea lamprey is an agressive parasite -- equipped with a tooth-filled mouth that flares open at the end of its eel-like body.
		An anticoagulant in the lamprey's saliva keeps the wound open for hours or weeks, until the lamprey is satiated or the host fish dies.
		Lamprey numbers in Lake Michigan are currently only about 10 percent of their peak numbers in the 1950s.
	www.seagrant.wisc.edu /greatlakesfish/sealamprey.html (311 words)

	index
		Sea lampreys spawn and undergo a sedentary phase in freshwater, but migrate to marine waters in the adult phase where they eat as a parasite.
		The mouth of the sea lamprey is jawless with numerous pointy teeth to attach to its host and a tongue that is used to create suction.
		Sea lampreys are a major source of problems in the Great Lakes where they are endangering the food chain.
	www.geocities.com /surfergirl192001 (98 words)

	Sea Lamprey in the Great Lakes
		Adult sea lampreys, which are shaped like eels, feed by attaching on other fish with their suctorial mouths and extracting blood and other body fluids from the fish.
		Thereafter, the invasion quickened; sea lampreys were found in Lake Huron in 1932, in Lake Michigan in 1936, and in Lake Superior in 1946.
		Sexually mature sea lampreys, which are about 46 centimeters long, ascend the tributaries of the Great Lakes in the spring and summer to seek stony, gravelly riffles where they excavate redds, saucerlike depressions that serve as nests.
	biology.usgs.gov /s+t/SNT/noframe/gl129.htm (1828 words)

	UMESC - Invasive Species - Sea Lamprey
		Sea lamprey prey on commercially important fish species, such as lake trout, living off of the blood and body fluids of adult fish.
		The sea lamprey was first discovered in Lake Ontario in 1835, Lake Erie in 1921, Lake Huron in 1932, Lake Michigan in 1936, and Lake Superior in 1946.
		There, the adult sea lamprey population is nearly as large as it was 40 years ago–before sea lamprey control–when lake trout and whitefish stocks were decimated.
	www.umesc.usgs.gov /invasive_species/sea_lamprey.html (323 words)

	SEA LAMPREY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Sea lamprey are parasitic animals that feed by attaching themselves to fish species, including lake trout, walleye arid other species sought after by Lake anglers.
		Sea lamprey became a noticeable problem in the 1970s when stocking programs for Atlantic salmon, lake trout, and other species were not yielding expected results in the Lake.
		Since the initiation of the sea lamprey control program, the average number of sea lamprey wounds on landlocked salmon in 1997 was less than half when compared with the number of wounds on landlocked salmon in 1990.
	faculty.plattsburgh.edu /nancy.elwess/lake_champlain_basin/sea_lamprey.htm (348 words)

	Sea Lamprey Metamorphosis Research of John Holmes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Lampreys are unique among freshwater fishes in that the larval period of their life cycle is terminated by a true metamorphosis involving extensive physiological, morphological, and behavioral changes as well as a change in habitat.
		Sea lampreys that are at least 120 mm and 3.0 g in size and with a CF (W/L
		Induction of metamorphosis in landlocked sea lampreys, Petromyzon marinus.
	www.utoronto.ca /env/jah/sealamp.htm (626 words)

	Sea lamprey
		The sea lamprey (the only member of its group known from our salt waters) can hardly be mistaken for any other fish, its eel-like appearance coupled with two dorsal fins and the jawless mouth placing it at a glance.
		The lamprey usually fastens to the side of its victim, where it rasps away until it tears through the skin or scales and is able to suck the blood.
		Lampreys were esteemed a great delicacy in Europe during the middle ages (historians tell us Henry I of England died of a surfeit of them) and considerable numbers were captured of old in the rivers of New England for human food, particularly in the Connecticut and Merrimac Rivers.
	www.gma.org /fogm/Petromyzon_marinus.htm (1617 words)

	Great Lakes Sea Lamprey Control Program
		Sea lampreys are parasitic eel-like fish that, in their adult phase, attach themselves to other fish species and feed on their prey's bodily fluids.
		After spending four to seven years in a larval phase, a sea lamprey lives one to one-and-a-half years as an adult, killing up to 18 kg (40 lb.) of fish before it returns to a river to spawn and die.
		The lamprey was largely responsible for the severe decline of lake trout and whitefish in the Great Lakes in the 1950s.
	www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca /media/backgrou/1996/hq-ac62_e.htm (935 words)

	Introduced Species Summary Project
		The sea lamprey is one of the close to 50 species of jawless fishes that inhabit temperate rivers and coastal seas.
		Because the sea lamprey had greatly reduced the population of large predators, alewife populations exploded and were followed by tremendous die-offs, resulting in additional changes to fish species composition in the lakes.
		The overall effect of TFM was the reduction of the sea lamprey population by 90% of its 1961 peak.
	www.columbia.edu /itc/cerc/danoff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/petromyzon_marinus.html (2778 words)

	UMESC - Invasive Species - Sea Lamprey - Technical Assistance Provided to the Great Lakes Fishery Commission for ...
		Sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) are primitive, jawless fish that are parasitic to other fishes during their adult life stage.
		Sea lampreys are native to the Atlantic Ocean and ascend streams and rivers to spawn.
		By the 1940s, sea lampreys were abundant in all of the upper Great Lakes, contributing to severe reductions in the lake trout, whitefish, and cisco populations.
	www.umesc.usgs.gov /invasive_species/sea_lamprey/tech_assistance.html (692 words)

	Michigan State scientists identify chemical come-on of sea lamprey
		Their discoveries have the potential to lead to new ways to control sea lamprey populations in areas where they are destroying sport fish populations.
		Sea lampreys are aquatic vertebrates native to the Atlantic Ocean that likely found their way into the Great Lakes via shipping channels.
		Sea lampreys latch on to popular fish, such as salmon and trout, with a sucking disk and sharp teeth.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2002-04/msu-mss032902.php (715 words)

	Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The sea lamprey is one of the most primitive freshwater fishes existing in New York.
		These mouth structures are not without purpose, as the adult sea lamprey is a parasitic creature, feeding on the blood and body fluids of other fish.
		Sea lampreys are important in New York because of the damage they cause to other desirable fish.
	fish.dnr.cornell.edu /nyfish/Petromyzontidae/sealamprey.html (423 words)

	Lake Champlain Ecosystem Fish and Wildlife Resources Complex: Sea Lamprey
		Sea lamprey nest counts were conducted in index sections of ten Lake Champlain tributaries totaling 13.3 miles of river.
		The project was designed to assess the habitat and larval sea lamprey populations in the Winooski and Poultney River systems, and to estimate the numbers of parasitic sea lamprey adults produced from these streams.
		In addition to maintaining a long-term program of monitoring sea lamprey populations in Lake Champlain and providing Federal leadership for development of a long-term sea lamprey management program, the Office continued its cooperation to further science of sea lamprey management with its second year of collaboration with the University of Vermont.
	www.fws.gov /r5lcfwro/lamprey.htm (457 words)

	Introduction to the Petromyzontiformes
		The long, eel-like fish drinking the blood of this lake trout is one of nearly fifty species of lampreys, a group of jawless fishes found in temperate rivers and coastal seas.
		Lamprey eggs hatch into small larvae, known as ammocoetes, which are not predators at all; they lack the sucker mouths of the adults, and feed by producing strands of mucus and trapping food particles.
		But since 1835, the sea lamprey has been spreading through manmade canals into the Great Lakes of northeastern North America; it is now found in all five lakes and in several of the rivers that flow into them.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /vertebrates/basalfish/petro.html (578 words)

	Exotic Species: The Atlantic Sea Lamprey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The lamprey hooks on to its prey with the round oral disc and its hooked teeth and cuts through the flesh of its host with the toothed tongue (Kardong 87).
		The Atlantic sea lamprey and the wounds it inflicts on its host species were first discovered in Lake Ontario in the 1860s (Cox 150).
		The sea lampreys preyed upon large deep water salmonids, such as the lake trout, which is a commercially valuable fish.
	muweb.millersville.edu /~columbus/papers/poerstel.html (1465 words)

	Sea Lamprey Control
		Sea lampreys are primitive fish native to the Atlantic Ocean.
		Sea lampreys are so destructive that, under some conditions, only one out of every seven fish attacked will survive.
		Sea lamprey traps, often used in association with barriers, are fished to catch adult lampreys as they travel upstream to spawn.
	www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca /regions/central/pub/bayfield/06_e.htm (1113 words)

	CNN.com - Sea lamprey 'love signal' may tame species - April 4, 2002
		Sea lampreys feed by attaching on other fish with their suction-like mouths and extracting body fluids.
		Sea lampreys are native to the Atlantic Ocean.
		There, the discovery of this lamprey love potion may lead to ways of restoring the population in areas where the sea lamprey has become scarce.
	www.cnn.com /2002/TECH/science/04/04/sea.lampreys/index.html (815 words)

	Harmful Aquatic Hitchhikers: Fish: Sea Lamprey
		Sea lampreys are members of an ancient family of "jawless fishes" that were around before the time of the dinosaurs.
		Lampreys preyed on whitefish, lake trout and chub populations in lakes Superior and Michigan.
		Sea Lamprey are found throughout the Great Lakes and clear, cold streams in the region.
	www.protectyourwaters.net /hitchhikers/fish_sea_lamprey.php (781 words)

	Neuroethology: Swimming in the Lamprey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		North Americans are most familiar with the Sea Lamprey as the uninvited parasite that almost eliminated all of the native fish of the Upper Great Lakes after their introduction via the Welland Canal in 1921.
		Lamprey come from one of the oldest extant groups of vertebrates, having diverged from other vertebrates around 500 million years ago prior to the branch that led to modern fish, and have remained somewhat "primative" in terms of a number of measures of vertebrate complexity.
		The simplicity and robustness of the Sea Lamprey nervous system, along with an anguilliform mode of locomotion (movement by snaking their body forward and backward through the water) uncomplicated by pectoral fins and other advances of modern fish locomotion, have made it an ideal model system for studying vertebrate locomotion.
	soma.npa.uiuc.edu /courses/physl490b/models/lamprey_swimming/lamprey_swim.html (2061 words)

	1095 Sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus - SAC selection species account
		The sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus is a primitive, jawless fish resembling an eel.
		In comparison to 1099 River lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis, sea lampreys seem to be relatively poor at ascending obstacles to migration, and are frequently restricted to the lower reaches of rivers.
		Recent surveys show that sea lamprey larvae are widely distributed throughout the middle and lower reaches of the river, where the particularly fast-flowing waters of the River Spey provide ideal spawning conditions for this species.
	www.jncc.gov.uk /ProtectedSites/SACselection/species.asp?FeatureIntCode=S1095 (1002 words)

	minnesota sea grant - outreach - exotic species - sea lamprey: the battle continues
		Sea lampreys entered the Great Lakes from the Atlantic Ocean through man-made shipping canals and were first observed in Lake Ontario in the 1830's.
		Sea lampreys prey on all types of large fish, such as lake trout, salmon, rainbow trout (steelhead), brown trout, whitefish, yellow perch, burbot, walleye, and catfish.
		Sea lamprey traps are operated at various locations throughout the Great Lakes, often in association with barriers.
	www.seagrant.umn.edu /exotics/lamprey.html (1231 words)

	FISH OF THE MONTH - sea lamprey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Once attached, the lamprey opens wounds on the prey's skin using a rasping tongue and sharp teeth and feeds on blood and other bodily tissue.
		Smaller sea lampreys are bottom dwellers along coasts and on the continental shelf.
		The lamprey is a potential threat to recreationally and commercially important species in the Chesapeake Bay, although it isn't present in sufficient numbers to be a major destructive force.
	www.fisheries.vims.edu /lamprey.htm (221 words)

	Sea Lamprey Control 1996 Annual Report
		The uncontrolled population of sea lamprey larvae in the St. Marys River continues to produce an unacceptably high population of parasitic lampreys in Lake Huron that are compromising lake trout rehabilitation in that lake.
		Based on estimates of the damage caused by the population of parasitic-phase sea lampreys in the mid-1980s these reductions were established to reflect the need for enhanced control on Lake Superior, with full recognition of the need for further evaluation of the costs of suppressing the population of lampreys to these levels.
		Number of spawning-phase sea lampreys captured in assessment traps in an annual average of 12 streams (range, 9-16) in Lake Huron, 1986-96, and estimated population of spawning lampreys in the Cheboygan, St. Marys, and Thessalon rivers, 1986-96 (population in Thessalon not estimated in 1988 and 1991).
	www.glfc.org /slft/slar96/slar961.htm (2776 words)

	125th - Articles - Science - Controlling the Noxious Sea Lamprey on the Great Lakes
		The mouth of a sea lamprey is a suction disc with many rows of teeth that lock on to prey.
		Sea lampreys cling to fish by suction (center) and then use their boney, rasping tongue to bore into the flesh, causing significant damage and death to fish like lake trout (right).
		By the 1940s, sea lampreys were abundant in all of the lakes and contributed to the extinction or severe reduction of lake trout, whitefish, and cisco.
	www.usgs.gov /125/articles/sea_lamprey.html (1202 words)

	Fact Sheet 9: International Sea Lamprey Management on the St. Marys River
		There, the adult sea lamprey population is nearly as large as it was 40 years ago-before sea lamprey control-when lake trout and whitefish stocks were decimated.
		Sea lampreys attach to fish with a suction cup mouth and rasp through the fish's scales and skin with a sharp tongue.
		Sea lamprey control on the St. Marys River is vital for the recovery of valuable, rare, native species.
	www.glfc.org /pubs/fs9.htm (576 words)

	Lake Champlain Anglers Collect Tagged Sea Lamprey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Lake Champlain Sea Grant Extension Project and New York Sea Grant have requested help from anglers in bringing in the sea lampreys, non-native parasitic fish that feed on the blood and body fluids of salmon and trout.
		The locations where the lampreys are picked up will be studied to help optimize planned control measures for these destructive fish that have had a devastating impact on native fish populations in Lake Champlain and in the Great Lakes.
		In Lake Champlain, Lamprey have hindered the restoration of lake trout populations and landlocked Atlantic salmon.
	www.flmnh.ufl.edu /fish/InNews/lampreys2002.htm (506 words)

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