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Topic: Sea mammal

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	Mammals
		Many marine mammals, such as the bottlenosed dolphin, Tursiops truncates, the killer whales, Orcinus orca, the beluga, Delphinapterus leucas, and the California sea lion, Zalophus californiaus, are known to produce so-called squeaks and chirps.
		In all marine mammals, the period of lactation is particularly stressful to the mother’s water balance.
		In Chapter 10 of “Mammals of the Sea: Biology and Medicine,” Sam H. Ridgway reports that the milk of both cetaceans and pinnipeds is very rich (high in fat and low in water content), which minimizes the water loss.
	www.rsmas.miami.edu /support/lib/seas/seasQA/QAs/m/mammals.html (3204 words)

	OCAQ Exhibits - Seals and Sea Lions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Seals and sea lions are mainstays of Oregon's marine mammal community.
		Sea lions can often be heard barking in Newport's Yaquina Bay, and harbor seals regularly play in the waters off the jetty.
		Five of the sea lions and one of the harbor seals were captive-born; one sea lion and four harbor seals were rescued and rehabilitated after beach strandings, but were not considered releasable.
	www.aquarium.org /exhibitsSeals.asp?sid=2 (214 words)

	SCS: California, Galápagos and Japanese Sea Lions (Zalophus californianus)
		The report also recommended that authority be given to kill sea lions which pose a threat to public safety and property at locations such as docks and marinas, and that commercial fishermen be allowed to kill sea lions that destroy their catch or gear.
		Many Galápagos sea lions have been and are still being killed as a result of illegal and local fishing activities around the islands, despite the Ecuador government expanding the no-fishing zone around the islands from 15 to 40 nautical miles in early 1998.
		California sea lions generally feed on prey that school or form dense aggregations, diverging from this feeding pattern when their normal prey is not as abundant or not available, as happens for example during moderate and severe El Niño events.
	www.pinnipeds.org /species/zalophus.htm (2640 words)

	SCS: Steller Sea Lion (Eumetopias jubatus)
		sea lions, are the largest of the Otariidae (eared seals) and are distributed around the rim of the North Pacific Ocean from California to northern Japan.
		There is also a danger to Steller sea lions from vessels running aground in their habitat, although the species is not as vulnerable to oil-related injuries as sea otters or sea birds.
		Steller sea lions are opportunistic feeders, foraging mostly near the shore and over the continental shelf for fish, including walleye pollock, herring, capelin, mackerel, rockfish and salmon, and cephalopods such as squid and octopus.
	www.pinnipeds.org /species/steller.htm (1484 words)

	Californian Sea Lion
		This quick and agile mammal can not only swim at speeds of up to 25 mph in short bursts but it can also walk on land using its flippers.
		All sea lions have a thick layer of blubber that keeps them warm in the cold weather.
		Sea lions eat a variety of fish and shell fish.
	www.geocities.com /sealion0915 (252 words)

	Friends of the Sea Otter - PastActions - 2001 Spring Census News Release from USGS (June 12, 2001)
		The population of sea otters in central California increased this century at an average annual rate of about five percent until the mid-1970's, when growth ceased and the population began to decline.
		New research is under way at the USGS Western Ecological Research Center to discover causes for the declines in California sea otter populations, by focusing on the behavior and population biology of sea otters.
		The scientists are documenting patterns of growth or decline in sea otter populations.
	www.seaotters.org /CurrentIssues/index.cfm?DocID=87 (1035 words)

	Behavior of Steller Sea Lions at Sea - Marine Mammal Research Consortium
		Sea lion researchers have learned a great deal over the past decade about what sea lions eat, approximately where they forage and who their potential predators are.
		What is not known is how sea lions find and catch their prey and how they avoid appearing on the killer whale menu.
		This allows the Consortium team to follow the sea lions at sea, whether it is day or night, windy or calm.
	www.marinemammal.org /whatsnew/2003/atsea.php (381 words)

	USATODAY.com - Sea lions called to duty in Persian Gulf (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		The sea lions, part of the Navy's overall security plan, were sent to the Gulf after the Navy picked up reports that terrorists may use divers to lash explosives to the bottoms of ships, says Lt. (j.g.) Josh Frey, a spokesman for the Navy's 5th Fleet in Bahrain.
		Navy officials say the sea lions, part of the Shallow Water Intruder Detection System program, are so well-trained that the clamp is on the swimmer before he is aware of it.
		Training of sea mammals started in 1960 when the Navy purchased a dolphin to study its hydrodynamics, how it moves swiftly and efficiently through the water.
	www.usatoday.com /news/world/iraq/2003-02-16-sealions-usat_x.htm (736 words)

	Manatees
		This article said that this sea mammal has a habit of holding its head and shoulders clear of the water while suckling its young, thus perhaps giving rise to the ancient seamen stories about mermaids.
		It was reported that the birth occurred in very shallow water and that the mother supported the baby on her back, immersing it for successively longer periods of time until it learned to rise to the surface for air of its own accord.
		The sea cow or manatee is not extinct.
	www.rsmas.miami.edu /support/lib/seas/seasQA/QAs/m/manatees.html (2844 words)

	walrus - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Walrus, large, marine mammal found in the Arctic regions at the edge of the polar ice along the northeastern coasts of Canada and Siberia,...
		- tusked arctic sea mammal: a large sea mammal related to seals and sea lions, with tough wrinkled skin, large tusks, and bristly whiskers.
		dolphin, dugong, grampus, manatee, porpoise, sea lion, seal, walrus, whale, anteater, armadillo, badger, ferret, hare, hedgehog, hyrax, marten, mink,...
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/search.aspx?q=walrus (143 words)

	Marine Mammals (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Sea lion's body is shaped like a torpedo, so it can glide through the water like a boat.
		Sea lions are mostly found on sandy beaches and around rocks all around the world, but mostly in Australia.
		An unusual adaptation is that sea lions are born in the water.
	www.greece.k12.ny.us.cob-web.org:8888 /ls/grade4/sea2.htm (4604 words)

	Marine mammal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A marine mammal is a mammal that is primarily ocean-dwelling or depends on the ocean for its food.
		Since different groups of marine mammals originate from different ancestors, this is a case of convergent evolution.
		Since mammals originally evolved on land, their spines are optimized for running, allowing for up-and-down but only little sideways motion.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sea_mammal (638 words)

	Enhydra lutris, Sea Otter at MarineBio.org
		Sea otters, Enhydra lutris (Linnaeus, 1758), are the largest member of the family Mustelidae (70 species of river otters, skunks, weasels, badgers, etc.) and are the smallest marine mammal in North America.
		Since Sea otters do not have any insulating fat, the fur is responsible for maintaining warmth in waters typically 1-10°C. Most mammals fur sheds rain and water, and keeps them warm by trapping air in the underfur (like a down jacket).
		Sea otters are social, and tend to congregate in groups of gender, with pups and females in a group and males in another group.
	marinebio.org /species.asp?id=157 (2088 words)

	Vanguard - National News : Sea lion caught in Lagos lagoon...as LASG plans sea museum
		LAGOS—FOLLOWING the discovery of a six-feet long sea mammal suspected to be a sea lion at Epe Lagoon, the Lagos State Government is planning to partner with the state owned university, the University of Lagos and the National Institute of Marine Research and Oceanography on how to establish and maintain a sea museum.
		Consequent upon this, the fishermen took the mammal to the state Ministry of Agriculture for appropriate action who in turn advised the fishermen to keep the animal pending further directives from the state government.
		Kaoli Olusanya, while commending the crew of fishermen that brought the sea lion out alive, stated that such animals are of immense importance to education, research and tourism development of the state.
	www.vanguardngr.com /articles/2002/nationalx/nr116062006.html (549 words)

	Lake Clark National Park & Preserve - Sea Mammals (U.S. National Park Service)
		Whether it's a whale breaching, a sea otter eating a clam, or a harbor seal resting on the beach, spotting a sea mammal is a special treat.
		Few sea otters have been sighted in the park’s bays and coves but are known to be common in adjacent areas of Cook Inlet.
		More information on Alaska's sea mammals can be found at the National Marine Mammal Laboratory's Alaska Fisheries Science Center or the State of Alaska's wildlife notebook page.
	www.nps.gov /lacl/naturescience/sea-mammals.htm (183 words)

	DTI Offshore SEA downloads \| Biological environment \| Marine mammals
		The harbour porpoise the most numerous marine mammal in the North Sea, with a population estimated at 268,000 in summer 1994.
		Eight marine mammal species are known to occur regularly in this area: grey seal, harbour seal, harbour porpoise, white-beaked dolphin, bottlenose dolphin, Atlantic white-sided dolphin, killer whale, and minke whale.
		There are occasional at-sea records of at least a further five cetacean species (humpback whale, fin whale, sperm whale, striped dolphin and short-beaked common dolphin) and four pinniped species (hooded seal, bearded seal, ringed seal and walrus).
	www.offshore-sea.org.uk /site/scripts/downloads.php?categoryID=11 (1549 words)

	The Marine Mammal Center
		Sea otters are usually dark brown, often with lighter guard hairs.
		Sea otters are one of the only marine mammals to use tools.
		When sea otters are under water searching for food, they store what they have found in the loose skin folds at their armpits.
	www.tmmc.org /learning/education/mammalinfo/seaotter.asp (646 words)

	Glenn VanBlaricom—Research
		The California sea lion (Zalophus californianus californianus) is an ideal species to examine the relationship between the ecology of marine mammals and the consequences of bioaccumulating pollutants.
		California sea lions are marine mammals that lead an amphibious existence; during their ontogeny they live through a purely terrestrial phase after birth relying on their mother’s milk and with age they gradually forage independently in the aquatic environment.
		In addition to obtaining a better understanding of the movement and foraging maturation of juvenile sea lions, we hope to gain insight on what and where these individuals are feeding that might expose them to pollutants in the environment, which in turn may predispose them to diseases adversely affecting their health.
	www.fish.washington.edu /people/glennvb/research.html (2755 words)

	Every otter counts / Annual census begins in state for nearly extinct sea mammal
		Sea otters are a keystone species, mammals at the top of the food chain and an indicator of the health of the marine ecosystem that is their habitat.
		The southern sea otter was hunted virtually to extermination for its rich, dense fur, but a remnant colony of about 50 survived in a cove on the Big Sur coast.
		Since 1984, the Monterey Bay Aquarium has conducted a rescue and rehabilitation for stranded sea otters, and a few pups or ailing adults are always receiving TLC from its scientific staff.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2001/05/18/MN144637.DTL (888 words)

	Open Water Research Station for Research of Steller Sea Lions at Sea - Marine Mammal Research Consortium
		The first trained sea lions helped to evaluate one of the key components in the cost of foraging — namely, the cost of diving to different depths.
		Before any research can be carried out, the sea lions have to be relaxed in their new marine environment, and they must be accustomed to the variety of new sights and sounds that the sea has to offer.
		Similarly, the sea lions have to be comfortable swimming around boats, and jumping on and off their transport vessel — the Steller Shuttle.
	www.marinemammal.org /research/openwater (396 words)

	Sea Turtle Tagging Study
		Determining the distribution, abundance, and population status of sea turtles in the marine environment is important for the recovery and protection of sea turtle populations listed under the Endangered Species Act of 1973.
		The incidental capture of sea turtles in pound nets provides a unique opportunity to study live specimens that might otherwise be inaccessible in Maryland waters.
		If you are interested in participating in or have questions about the sea turtle tagging study, please contact Tricia Kimmel at the Cooperative Oxford Laboratory at (410) 226-5908 x137 or tkimmel@dnr.state.md.us.
	www.dnr.state.md.us /fisheries/oxford/research/fwh/taggingstudy (896 words)

	seaturtle.org - Links : Health
		Reptile Infectious Diseases - Green sea turtle herpesviruses and a disease characterized by pneumonia, tracheitis, and conjunctivitis; Vibrio parahemolyticus in Kemp's ridley sea turtles.
		Sea turtle bones bear rings that help scientists measure sexual maturity - Since 1979, George Zug, herpetologist in the Department of Vertebrate Zoology in the National Museum of Natural History, has been perfecting a method for estimating the age of sea turtles by counting growth rings in their bones.
		The Sea Turtle Stranding Network (STSSN) was established in 1980 and continues to consistently document all sea turtles found stranded on US beaches, transport live stranded turtles to rehabilitation facilities, and salvage dead turtles for necropsy and study.
	www.seaturtle.org /links/Health (1374 words)

	USATODAY.com - Scientists fear return of toxin that kills sea mammals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		LOS ANGELES (AP) — Two dozen sick or dead sea lions and dolphins have washed ashore in Southern California in recent weeks, heralding the apparent return of a naturally occurring toxin that last year caused the second-largest marine mammal die-off in U.S. history.
		The California sea lions and common dolphins have been found on beaches between Santa Barbara and San Diego and were believed to be victims of domoic acid poisoning.
		But the behavior of some sea lions, including head waving and seizures, suggests it is the culprit, as does the rate at which dead and dying animals have been found.
	www.usatoday.com /news/science/2003-05-12-sea-toxin_x.htm (367 words)

	Friends of the Sea Otter - PastActions - FSO's Testimony at the Gill Net Hearing - (Seaside, Monday 18th Sept 2000)
		The California Department of Fish and Game’s (Department) biologists, managers and wardens were in the forefront of the efforts to stop the marine mammal and sea bird drownings in the 1980s, and it is altogether fitting that the Department is taking the lead again now.
		Continuing to authorize the current fishing practices within the sea otter range may result in the state itself violating the federal Endangered Species and Marine Mammal Protection Acts, as well as the statutory protections of the California Fish and Game Code that provide full protection to sea otters.
		We remember well that in the early 1980s it was the thousands of lifeless sea bird bodies washing up on the shores of Monterey Bay that raised the first fears that sea otters were also falling victims to these nets.
	www.seaotters.org /PastActions/index.cfm?DocID=75 (1394 words)

	Addressing Priority Research Issues \| Alaska Sea Grant
		The national Sea Grant agenda is organized into eleven themes and three national priority areas.
		Sea ducks in Unalaska Bay appear to be in poor physical condition and have been exposed to a variety of disease agents, possibly due to contaminated water.
		Marine mammal interactions involve facilitating disposal of carcasses to educational institutions and/or using the opportunity for educational activities such as public necropsies.
	seagrant.uaf.edu /working.html (4909 words)

	New Page 0
		Marine Mammal Sea Camp was designed not only to begin to prepare young adults for careers in marine mammalogy, but also to familiarize them with the ecological importance of this diverse group of animals.
		With the cooperation of the Marine Mammal Research Program at Texas AandM University at Galveston and agencies within them such as the Texas Marine Mammal Stranding Network, this camp is able to offer the cutting edge of marine mammal science, theory, and technology to the campers.
		This camp is a once in a lifetime chance to experience marine mammal science as it truly is without being a researcher.
	www.tamug.tamu.edu /seacamp/Sea_Camp4.html (375 words)

	Lack of money could strand sea mammal rescuers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		The Texas Marine Mammal Stranding Network tries to rescue living dolphins and whales that wash ashore, and also examines the ones that don't make it.
		Then, a dolphin-killing virus was discovered in 1994 -- largely through the network's research --and marine facilities decided to stop taking the stranded animals in order to protect their own, Worthy said.
		Both went to Sea World after they were declared clean of the virus and were too young to release.
	www.chron.com /content/chronicle/metropolitan/96/12/02/seamammal.html (445 words)

	Research and Outreach Projects 2006-2008 \| Alaska Sea Grant
		Sea ducks, most notably Steller's eiders, in Unalaska Bay appear to be in poor physical condition and have been exposed to a variety of disease agents.
		Populations of 10 of the 15 known species of Alaska sea ducks have inexplicably declined, and biologists and waterfowl managers are rushing to determine why.
		Sea Grant traineeships provide the nation's future scientists with the educational and hands-on research tools needed to provide leadership to manage marine resources.
	seagrant.uaf.edu /Projects.html (3019 words)

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