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	AllRefer.com - Marmara, Sea of (Turkey Physical Geography) - Encyclopedia
		Marmara, Sea of, or Sea of Marmora, c.4,430 sq mi (11,474 sq km), NW Turkey, between Europe in the north and Asia in the south.
		The Sea of Marmara, c.175 mi (280 km) long and 50 mi (80 km) wide, is connected on the east with the Black Sea through the Bosporus and on the west with the Aegean Sea (part of the Mediterranean Sea) through the Dardanelles.
		In ancient times the sea was known as Propontis [Gr.,=fore-sea] from its position relative to the Black Sea.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/M/Marmara.html (249 words)

	Sea of Marmara - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Sea of Marmara (Turkish: Marmara Denizi, Modern Greek: Μαρμαρα̃ Θάλασσα or Προποντίδα;) (also known as the Sea of Marmora or the Marmara Sea) is an inland sea that connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea, thus separating the Asian part of Turkey from its European part.
		The Bosporus connects it to the Black Sea and the Dardanelles to the Aegean.
		The latter group is rich in sources of marble and gives the sea its name (marmaros is the Greek word for marble).
	www.hackettstown.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Marmara_Sea (225 words)

	Mediterranean Sea - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Mediterranean Sea is a part of the Atlantic Ocean almost completely enclosed by land, on the north by Europe, on the south by Africa, and on the east by Asia.
		The Mediterranean Sea is connected to the Atlantic Ocean by the Strait of Gibraltar on the west and to the Sea of Marmara and Black Sea, by the Dardanelles and the Bosporus respectively, on the east.
		The Mediterranean Sea has an average depth of 1,500 m and the deepest recorded point is 5,150 m (in the Ionian Sea).
	www.peekskill.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Mediterranean_Sea (1226 words)

	Black Sea - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		It is connected to the Mediterranean Sea by the Bosporus and the Sea of Marmara, and to the Sea of Azov by the Strait of Kerch.
		This is a result of the great depth of the sea and the relatively high salinity (and therefore density) of the water at depth; freshwater and seawater mixing is limited to the uppermost 100 to 150 m, with the water below this interface (called the pycnocline) being exchanged only once every thousand years.
		On the other hand, a study of the sea floor on the Aegean side shows that in the 8th millennium BCE there was a large flow of fresh water out of the Black Sea (New Scientist, 4 May 2002, p.
	www.hartselle.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Black_Sea (857 words)

	MISCELLANEOUS - MARMARA CRUISE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		We conclude that the northern sea of Marmara is at present cut by an active continuous strike-slip fault system, that we call the Marmara Fault.
		The establishment of the present trace of the fault through the Marmara Basin is contemporaneous with a recent phase of deposition of deep giant ripples, parallel to the bathymetric slope contours and adjacent to the turbidites basin deposits.
		A multibeam bathymetric survey of the three deep basins of the Marmara sea to identify the trace of the fault between the Izmit gulf and the Galipoli peninsula.
	www.geologie.ens.fr /marmara/misc.html (2086 words)

	Sea of Marmara, Turkey-Adiyamanli.org
		It is connected through the Bosphorus on the northeast with the Black Sea and through the Dardanelles on the southwest with the Aegean Sea.
		The sea was formed as a result of crystal movements that occurred approximately 2,500,000 years ago, in the Late Pliocene Epoch.
		The second group consists of the Marmara islands proper in the southwest, off Kapidagi Peninsula; these have granite, slate, and marble that have been quarried since antiquity hence the sea's name (Greek marmaros, "marble").
	www.adiyamanli.org /seaofmarmara.html (179 words)

	Learn more about Sea in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A sea (pronounced see) is a large expanse of saline water connected with an ocean.
		The term is also used for large, usually saline, lakes that lack a natural outlet, such as the Caspian Sea and the Sea of Galilee.
		The term is used in a less geographically precise manner as synonymous with ocean, as in the tropical sea or down to the sea shore, or even sea water referring to water of the ocean.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /s/se/sea.html (263 words)

	Sea of Marmara Region, Turkey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Sea of Marmara is bordered to the north by the peninsula of Thrace, to the south by the peninsula of Anatolia (Asia Minor), and to the west by the peninsula of Gallipoli.
		The sea was once rich in fish (and still yields some), and the lands surrounding it are rich agricultural areas which produce sunflowers, wine and table grapes, grains, and fruits in abundance.
		The Marmara has always had strategic importance because it is the major waterway linking the Black Sea and the Aegean and Mediterranean via the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles.
	turkeytravelplanner.com /WhereToGo/ThraceMarmara/SeaOfMarmaraMain.html (547 words)

	FOCUS on TURKEY - Istanbul and the Marmara Region of Turkey
		On the Black Sea coast, north of Izmit, particularly at Kerpe, Kefken and Kovanagzi, sandy beaches and comfortable guest houses attract vacationers.
		One of the Sea of Marmara's oldest and most famous resort areas, it offers pristine beaches and every type of accommodation.
		n the opposite, northern shore of the Sea of Marmara, Tekirdag is an important commercial harbor.
	www.focusmm.com /istmarma.htm (3063 words)

	MARMARA REGION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		On a finger of land, at the confluence of the Bosphorus, the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara stands, the Topkapi Palace, the maze of buildings that was the focal point of the Ottoman Empire between the 15th and 19th centuries.
		Marmara Island, formerly known as Prokonessos, rose to prominence in the Roman period and retained its importance in the Byzantine and Ottoman periods thanks to the marble quarries, which supplied the stone for extravagant imperial building programs.
		On the terraces descending to the sea are agoras, gymnasium and theatre.
	www.tourismturkey.org /regions/marmara/marmara_M.htm (7492 words)

	Geological Evolution-2
		In the north-east it was connected to the Caspian Sea through the Kumo-Manych depression, and in the south-west to the Sea of Marmara through the Bosphorus.
		At the time, the Sea of Marmara was isolated from the Mediterranean and was also greatly affected by reduced salinity.
		A gradual salinisation of the Black Sea followed and it is believed that within 1,000-1,500 years the salinity of the sea became sufficient to support a large number of Mediterranean species.
	www.grid.unep.ch /bsein/publish/geoevol2.htm (422 words)

	Black Sea -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		This ancient “sea between the lands” occupies a deep, elongated, and almost landlocked irregular depression lying between latitudes 30° and 46° N and longitudes 5°50 W and 36° E. sea bass
		Although the term sea bass may be used for the family as a whole, the fishes themselves bear a variety of names, such as...
		Sea kraits are common in warm, shallow waters of the western Pacific Ocean, the South China Sea, the Indian Ocean, and the Bay of Bengal.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9273249?tocId=9273249 (1022 words)

	Mediterranean Sea, Turkey-Adiyamanli.org
		An intercontinental sea situated between Europe to the north, Africa to the south, and Asia to the east.
		To the west the Mediterranean Sea is connected to the Atlantic Ocean by the Strait of Gibraltar, which at its narrowest point is only 8 miles (13 km) wide and has a relatively shallow channel.
		The Ionian Basin (northwest of which is the Adriatic Sea) and the Levantine Basin (northwest of which is the Aegean Sea) compose the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea.
	www.adiyamanli.org /mediterranean.html (555 words)

	18th WEC Congress - Discussion Session 2
		The Black Sea with its world's largest anoxic basin is situated between the folded Alpine belts of the Caucasus and Crimea Mountains to the north and northeast and the North Anatolian Mountains ("Pontids") to the south, with an area of 432 000 km2 and a volume of 534 000 km3 (Ross et al., 1974).
		Similarly, the slopes of the Black Sea are generally smooth in the north, compared to the steep and highly-dissected slopes in the south (Ross et al., 1974) (Figure 1).
		The hydrographic characteristics of the Sea of Marmara, in general, the less saline waters (2.2-2.4% by mass) of Black Sea origin enter this sea from the north-Northeast at the surface, where as the high saline (3.85 %) waters of Eastern Mediterranean enter from the Southwest, as a subsurface flow.
	www.worldenergy.org /wec-geis/publications/default/tech_papers/18th_congress/dsessions/ds2/ds2_6.asp (1384 words)

	International Geology Review
		The Ezine-Şarköy fault which caused the east-to-west facies changes in the western Marmara region during late Aragonian-middle Pannonian time, is a strike-slip fault connecting the northern branch beneath the northern part of the Marmara Sea with the southern branch in the Biga Peninsula of the NAF.
		The shallow seaway (occupying the Dardanelles also), which existed between the Sea of Marmara and the Mediterranean in the late Miocene, was obstructed by the erosion of the area raised due to the Anafartalar fault and the filling up of the trough situated in the east, during the latest Miocene-early Pliocene (Fig.
		The sequence is an evidence on the land areas for the connection between the Sea of Marmara and the Mediterranean via the Dardanelles during the late Pleistocene.
	www.istanbul.edu.tr /eng/jeoloji/deprem/kaf/elmas.htm (7129 words)

	Daring the Dardanelles British Submarines in the Sea of Marmara During World War I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		To appreciate the achievement of these daring submarine pioneers, consider the geography of the Dardanelles, the narrow, southwest-northeast strait that connects the Aegean Sea with the Sea of Marmara, with Asia to the south and the Gallipoli Peninsula - Europe - to the north.
		Interestingly, the wreck of AE-2 was rediscovered in the Sea of Marmara in 1998, and discussions are ongoing between the Turkish and Australian governments about raising her as a relic.
		By the end of 1915, virtually all of the Gallipoli traffic was forced onto primitive roads along the Sea of Marmara or sent for a round-about railway journey of some 600 miles.
	www.chinfo.navy.mil /navpalib/cno/n87/usw/issue_8/daring_dardanelles.html (2297 words)

	Interaction between faulting and sedimentation in the Sea of Marmara, western Turkey
		However, in the vicinity of the Sea of Marmara, both surface mapping of faults and earthquake fault plane solutions indicate that extensional motions, presumably related to back arc extension behind the Hellenic subduction zone, create a much wider zone of deformation which reaches hundreds of kilometers in width.
		In the southern Sea of Marmara these basins are half graben, formed on north dipping fault planes, which have trapped sediment coming into the Sea of Marmara from the south.
		No evidence is found in the data set for the existence of a single strike-slip fault through the Sea of Marmara or for the existence of a northern boundary fault along the Tekirdağ and Central Marmara basins.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2002/2001JB000450.shtml (382 words)

	The Earthquake and Tsunami of August 17, 1999 in the Sea of Marmara, Turkey - by Dr. George Pararas-Carayannis
		The Earthquake and Tsunami of August 17, 1999 in the Sea of Marmara, Turkey
		The most recent tsunami in the Eastern Marmara Sea was associated with the 18 September 1963 earthquake.
		The potential for tsunami generation in the Sea of Marmara is substantial.
	www.drgeorgepc.com /Tsunami1999Turkey.html (2386 words)

	Black Sea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		It is connected with the Aegean Sea by the Bosporus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles.
		The Crimean Peninsula projects into the Black Sea from the north, forming the shallow Sea of Azov on the east and the Karkinitskiy Gulf on the west.
		By the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1856, which ended the Crimean War, the sea was opened to the commerce of all nations and was neutralized.
	www.odessit.com /general/blacksea.htm (468 words)

	DRAINAGE EVOLUTION ALONG THE NORTH ANATOLIAN FAULT ZONE, EASTERN MARMARA-TURKEY
		Recent drainage of the eastern Marmara region is discharged to the Sea of Marmara and Black Sea.
		Regional geologic and geomorphologic data indicate that whole of NW Anatolia including Sea of Marmara basin was a highland drained to Black Sea during the Late Pliocene period.
		Average elevation of the surface is 200 m on the peninsula and slightly tilted toward north and paleo-valleys hanged along the northern margin of the Izmit Bay.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2004AM/finalprogram/abstract_77197.htm (510 words)

	Turkey - Underwater Signatures of the Kocaeli Earthquake of August 17, 1999
		To explain the structure of the northern strand of the NAFZ in the Marmara Sea, Barka and Kadinsky-Cade (1988), and Wong et al.
		The presence of these deep marine sub-basins in the modern Marmara Sea is mainly related to the dextral movement of the NAF along its northern strand.
		An investigation of the Moho topography beneath the Marmara Region from the azimuthal anomalies, Turkish J. Mar. Sci.
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/Station/8361/Quake99Turkey.html (3929 words)

	Mediterranean Sea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Sediment samples from the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea that include evaporite minerals, soils, and fossil plants show that about 7.2 million years ago in the late Miocene period the Strait of Gibraltar was blocked and the Mediterranean Sea evaporated into a deep basin with a bottom over two miles below the world ocean level.
		The Sea was reduced to a couple of lakes with varying saltsalinity/ and probably even dried up, leaving for quite some time a desolate salt basin.
		The possible Black Sea deluge theoryflooding of the Black Sea/ from the Mediterranean is thought to have happened near the dawn of recorded history and may provide a more recent basis for such myths.
	www.infothis.com /find/Mediterranean_Sea (1436 words)

	Tekirdag, Turkey - Mersina: Information about Turkey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Tekirdag is on the Marmara Sea coast of Thrace, and has been settled from the beginning of history.
		Marmara Ereglisi (the ancient names Perinthos / Heraklia) is ideal for getting use of the sea and the beaches.
		Acropolis, antique harbor, sea and city walls, theater, vaults and stadium are the main historical remains here.
	www.mersina.com /Turkey/Marmara/Tekirdag (167 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Sea of Marmara
		Marmara, Sea of (ancient Propontis), inland sea, northwestern Turkey, connected to the Black Sea by the Bosporus Strait and to the Aegean Sea by the...
		Thrace and the borderlands of the Sea of Marmara in northeastern Turkey encompass a central plain of gently rolling hills with few changes in...
		Strait : bodies of water connected by straits : Sea of Marmara: Dardanelles
	encarta.msn.com /Sea_of_Marmara.html (159 words)

	Mediterranean Sea -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		The area surrounding the Mediterranean Sea has been called the “cradle of civilization.” The sea lies between Europe to the north and west, Africa to the south, and Asia to the east.
		This ancient “sea between the lands” occupies a deep, elongated, and almost landlocked irregular depression lying between latitudes 30° and 46° N and longitudes 5°50 W and 36° E. Mediterranean vegetation
		An inland sea connected with the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea separates the Arabian Peninsula from northeastern Africa.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9275768?tocId=9275768&query=aegean (919 words)

	REFERENCE - MARMARA CRUISE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Straub, C., H.G. Kahle, and C. Schindler, GPS and geologic estimates of the tectonic activity in the Marmara sea region, NW Anatolia, J.
		3 R. Armijo, The fault breaks of the 1999 earthquakes in Turkey and the tectonic evolution of the Sea of Marmara and the Aegean, in: May 14-17 2000 Istanbul NATO advanced Research Seminar: integration of earth sciences research on the 1999 Turkish and Greek earthquakes and needs for future cooperative research, N. Gorur, ed., p.
		11 X. Le Pichon, T. Taymaz and C. Sengör, Important problems to be solved in the Sea of Marmara (abstract), in: NATO advanced Research Seminar: integration of earth sciences research on the 1999 Turkish and Greek earthquakes and needs for future cooperative research, N. Gorur, ed., pp.
	www.geologie.ens.fr /marmara/reference.html (533 words)

	Garmin: Cartography - BlueChart - Card: Aegean Sea and Sea of Marmara, JUL 05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		BlueChart®: Aegean Sea and Sea of Marmara, JUL 05
		Aegean Sea and Sea of Marmara, JUL 05
		AEGEAN SEA - GREECE AND TURKEY.NISOS KALIMNOS to NISOS IKARIA.
	www.garmin.com /cartography/bluechart/card.jsp?sku=MEU015R&cd=Atlantic (172 words)

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