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	eMedicine - Snake Envenomations, Sea : Article by James Foster, MD, MS
		Sea snakes are found predominantly in tropical and subtropical waters in the western Pacific and Indian Oceans, often in protected coastal waters and near river mouths.
		Sea snakes are not found in the Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean, or along the North American coast north of Baja.
		History: The diagnosis of sea snake envenomation requires the establishment of the potential for exposure to a sea snake (eg, exposure to water in an area known to harbor sea snakes), identification of symptoms of envenomation, and demonstration of evidence of a bite (eg, multiple puncture wounds or reliable history of observed bite).
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/topic543.htm (3460 words)

	ANIMAL BYTES - Sea Snakes
		Sea snake fangs are fragile and may break off and remain in the wounds of their victims.
		Sea snakes are regarded as a delicacy in the Orient.
		Sea snakes are attracted by light, which is often the method used by humans to collect them.
	www.seaworld.org /animal-info/animal-bytes/animalia/eumetazoa/coelomates/deuterostomes/chordata/craniata/reptilia/squamata/sea-snakes.htm (355 words)

	Poisonous Animals: Sea snake (Hydrophiidae)
		Sea snakes are generally very small and have short fangs incapable of causing much damage.
		The sea kraits differ from the sea snakes in that they are egg-layers and must come on shore for reproduction.
		The bite of the sea snake is painless.
	library.thinkquest.org /C007974/2_3sea.htm (350 words)

	Sea Snake - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Sea snakes inhabit the tropical waters from the Indian to the...
		Snakes live in nearly every habitat imaginable, from forests and lakeshores to prairies and deserts, and on every continent except Antarctica.
		Sea Serpent, imaginary marine creature supposed to be of snakelike form and monstrous size.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Sea_Snake.html (167 words)

	sea snake - Encyclopedia.com
		The sea snake's body is flattened laterally and its oarlike tail is used as a scull.
		Sea snakes are classified in the phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata, class Reptilia, order Squamata, family Hydrophidae.
		Helping sea snakes beat the odds; Reducing the impact of prawn trawling on sea snakes is the aim of a study involving CSIRO, the Australian Fisheries Management Authority and the Northern Prawn Fishery.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-seasnake.html (1353 words)

	Sea snakes
		Sea snakes are not supposed to be in the tropical waters of the Atlantic.
		All of the sea snakes are poisonous, having descended from cobra-like ancestors, and are distinct in having broad, paddle-shaped tails.
		Sea snakes are confined to the Tropical Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean.
	www.rsmas.miami.edu /support/lib/seas/seasQA/QAs/s/seasnakes.html (4722 words)

	CRC Reef Research Centre
		Sea snakes can spend long periods underwater because they have an elongate right lung that extends for almost the entire length of their body.
		Sea snakes avoid accumulating excess salt from seawater by using a salt excreting gland - the posterior sublingual gland that sits under the tongue.
		All species of the Hydrophiidae, the largest of the five groups of sea snakes, have exploited the viviparity (have live young) that exists in some of their terrestrial ancestors, and have thus freed themselves entirely from the need to return to land to breed.
	www.reef.crc.org.au /discover/plantsanimals/seasnakes/index.html (738 words)

	snakes
		Sea snakes are generally very small and have short fangs incapable of causing much damage.
		The sea kraits differ from the sea snakes in that they are egg-layers and must come on shore for reproduction.
		The bite of the sea snake is painless.
	www.angelfire.com /ia3/camping2/seasnake.htm (584 words)

	Sea Snake - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Sea snakes inhabit the tropical waters from the Indian to the...
		Snakes live in nearly every habitat imaginable, from forests and lakeshores to prairies and deserts, and on every continent except Antarctica.
		Sea Serpent, imaginary marine creature supposed to be of snakelike form and monstrous size.
	encarta.msn.com /Sea_Snake.html (203 words)

	Untitled Document
		Sea snakes appear to be important prey for tiger sharks despite being among the most venomous snakes on earth.
		On the other hand, sea snakes weaving their way through the seagrass are almost impossible to see and a tiger shark would have a hard time catching them.
		Snakes in shallow habitats are rarely found over sand bottoms (where their snake-eel prey is most abundant) when the tide is high and tiger sharks can access these shallow sand flats.
	www.fiu.edu /~heithaus/SBERP/pages/SeaSnake.htm (535 words)

	eMedicine - Snake Envenomations, Sea : Article Excerpt by: James Foster, MD, MS
		However, sea snake venom is extremely potent, and a complete envenomation by an adult sea snake may contain enough venom to kill 3 adult people.
		Sea snakes are closely related to Australian elapids; some paraspecificity exists between sea snake antivenom and Australian elapid antivenom.
		Age: Age is a factor in determining sea snake bites only insofar as it occurs with potential recreational or occupational exposure to the serpents.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/byname/snake-envenomations-sea.htm (630 words)

	Banded Sea Snake (Laticauda colubrina)
		Banded Sea Snakes feed primarily on the crabs, cuttlefish, eels, fish, fish eggs, and squid commonly found in the shallows of the coral reefs and estuaries surrounding coral reef habitats.
		Sea Snakes are not found in the Atlantic Ocean or the waters of the Caribbean.
		Sea Snakes also present a high degree of danger to humans particularly after tropical storms when they are washed ashore becoming virtually helpless to move and extremely dangerous alive or dead.
	www.tigerhomes.org /animal/banded-sea-snake.cfm (981 words)

	BANGLAPEDIA: Sea Snake
		Sea Snake any of the front-fanged, venomous, marine snakes, related to the cobras and kraits belonging to the family Hydrophidae.
		Sea snakes have, by and large, laterally compressed body and flattened, vertically compressed oar-like tail; nostrils are on top of the snout and provided with valves that prevent water from entering into the trachea when they swim under water.
		Sea snakes swim by undulating movement of the body that starts from the head and ends in the tail that works as radar.
	banglapedia.search.com.bd /HT/S_0167.htm (511 words)

	The sea snakes are coming:c Will global warming bring the world's most poisonous snakes to Britain's shores? Zoologists ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Yellow-bellied sea snakes make their most dramatic appearances at drift lines - slicks of floating debris, weed and sticks which are brought together by surface currents.
		It is difficult to deduce the age of a sea snake from its length, but researchers believe that Pelamis becomes sexually active at one or two years of age.
		Snakes reposing at the surface in rough weather would be tossed about by the waves and would tend to suffer injuries to the spine.
	www.newscientist.com /article/mg12817424.200-the-sea-snakes-are-comingc-will-global-warming-bring-theworlds-most-poisonous-snakes-to-britains-shores-zoologists-have-justbegun-to-understand-how-they-survive-in-the-open-sea-.html (2776 words)

	SharkFriends Sea Snake Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		HABITAT: Sea snakes inhabit tropical waters from the Indian ocean to the Pacific ocean.
		Sea snakes are particularly abundant in the Persian Gulf and the Bay of Bengal.
		SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION: Sea snakes are usually classified in two subfamilies, the Hydrophiinae and the Laticaudinae, both in the family Elapidae.
	www.sharkfriends.com /seasnake.html (337 words)

	Snake Evolution - Photos of Vestigial Hind Limbs on Snakes
		Among existing reptiles, the snakes have in their turn produced a true sea snake, but as this is confined to the tropics, it is little known outside of zoological circles.
		In the rear-fanged snakes, the enlarged teeth are used to pierce the skin of prey after it has been seized and partially swallowed, allowing venom (composed of highly modified saliva) to flow out of the Duvernoy's gland and dribble down the grooved teeth into the wound.
		Snakes that lay eggs are more vulnerable to loss of the entire clutch to predators or to environmental factors, such as fluctuations in temperature or in water levels if the snake is a water snake.
	www.edwardtbabinski.us /articles/snake_vestigial_limb.html (3664 words)

	banded sea krait, Laticauda colubrina
		Sea snakes are divided into two subfamilies, laticaudinae and hydrophiinae, with the former of the two distinguished from other sea snakes by the fact they are amphibious (lives on land and water), versus aquatic (never leaving the water).
		Sea kraits are ovoviviparous, returning to land to lay their eggs, versus other viviparous species that bear their young in the water (subfamily hydrophiinae, aquatic sea snakes).
		A sea snake's paddle-shaped tail is useful for swimming, but otherwise these reptiles look very much like their land cousins, even down to the forked tongue it uses during its search.
	www.divegallery.com /sea_krait.htm (355 words)

	Sea Snake pictures
		Sea snakes of several different species belong to a group related to the cobras but aquatic rather than land dwelling.
		The body is compressed as an adaptation for swimming and the snakes are so thoroughly aquatic that they are either clumsy or helpless when brought ashore.
		Only genus Laticauda has the typical broad ventral scales of snakes, and it is often considered the least advanced of the sea snakes.
	www.freesnake.com /sea1.html (101 words)

	Other Snakes of the South Pacific Most Likely to be Encountered
		Although new distributional records for sea snakes may be of interest to scientists, sea snakes pose no real threat as invasive species and under most conditions should be left in the habitats in which they are sighted.
		As a member of the family Laticaudidae, it is one of the few sea snakes known to haul out on land for purposes of egg-laying or in sea caves and isolated rock islands where aggregations of unknown significance are reported.
		The Pelagic sea snake's coloration normally includes a fl background color contrasting strongly with a yellow belly and pale yellow lateral stripe along the body which frequently breaks into an undulating array of fl and yellow blotches on the posterior body and tail.
	www.mesc.usgs.gov /resources/education/bts/bioeco/other_snakes.asp (1828 words)

	CBC Television \| the nature of things (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Sea of Snakes reveals the snake's secrets, glimpses its powerful sea gods and discovers how this unique species has so extraordinarily adapted to life at sea and on land.
		Unlike "true" sea snakes which always remain in the water, sea kraits need to come ashore and spend parts of their life on land to rest, digest and lay their eggs.
		Sea of Snakes is produced, written and directed by Gisela Kaufmann.
	www.cbc.ca /natureofthings/show_seaofsnakes.html (572 words)

	Sea Snakes
		The sea snake is primarily found in the northern waters of Australia.
		Sea snakes bear their young on shore, and spend the remainder of their lives in the ocean looking for food, fish and eel.
		The sea snake venom is approximately two times more potent than the land snake venom, in comparing rattlesnakes, copperheads and water moccasins.
	www.surviveoutdoors.com /reference/snakes/sea_snakes.asp (263 words)

	CSL Antivenom Handbook - Sea Snake Antivenom
		Sea snakes are closely related to the venomous Australian land snakes of the family Elapidae, but are currently classified in a separate family, Hydrophiidae.
		Sea snakes are found predominantly in the northern waters of Australia, though storms may carry the occasional specimen southward, with authenticated bites from Sydney.
		Sea snake venoms have been the subject of much research, because of their post synaptic neurotoxins, many of which have been sequenced.
	www.toxinology.com /generic_static_files/cslavh_antivenom_seasnake.html (841 words)

	snake - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Snake (reptile), legless animal with a long, flexible body covered with overlapping scales.
		Snakes are reptiles, a diverse group of animals that...
		Snake (river, northwestern United States), formerly Lewis River, river in the northwestern United States, chief tributary of the Columbia River.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/search.aspx?q=snake (197 words)

	Year 4 Reptile Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Most sea snakes never leave the water but are reptiles not fish, so they must come to the surface to breathe.
		Sea snakes are different from many other snakes in that their eggs hatch internally (inside the female's body) and they reproduce live young.
		Sea snakes are all poisonous but not aggressive and show us how a species which is mostly a land dweller can exist very well without leaving the water.
	www.rochedalss.qld.edu.au /seasnake.htm (543 words)

	Healthopedia.com Drugs Information - Antivenin, Sea Snake (antivenin (Enhydrina schistosa ), sea snake antivenom)
		Sea snake antivenin belongs to a group of medicines known as antivenins.
		It is used for the treatment of symptoms caused by the bites of poisonous sea snakes.
		Sea snake antivenin is to be used only by or under the supervision of a doctor or, in special circumstances, by paramedics.
	www.healthopedia.com /drugs/detailed/antivenin-sea-snake (279 words)

	Section B - Sea snakes
		All snakes are good swimmers, but only the sea snakes have successfully evolved a suite of characters that have allowed them to move permanently from the land into the ocean.
		Sea snakes are rarely seen by most humans, however fishermen in tropical areas are well aware of their toxic venom and treat them with caution.
		Sea snakes are also common by-catch in the prawn industry in northern Australia, and a preliminary study to investigate the feasibility of a skin industry (for leather) has been undertaken.
	www.reef.edu.au /asp_pages/secb.asp?FormNo=54 (778 words)

	The UnMuseum - Sea Serpents
		It was a large sea snake, or sea serpent, that they estimated to be sixty feet long, 15 inches in diameter, and moved through the sea with it's head some four feet out of the water.
		One theory that has been advanced to explain Chessie is that a vessel from South America had a giant anaconda, a snake capable of living in freshwater, on board.
		The snake escaped and adapted to the brackish water.
	www.unmuseum.org /seasnake.htm (1164 words)

	Sea snake - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sea snakes are divided into two subfamilies, Laticaudinae and Hydrophiinae, with the former distinguished from other sea snakes by the fact they are amphibious (living on land and water), rather than aquatic (never leaving the water).
		Sea kraits are oviparous, returning to land to lay their eggs, versus other ovoviviparous species that bear their young in the water (subfamily hydrophiinae, aquatic sea snakes).
		All 50 or so species of sea snakes are venomous, and some are known to have venom ten times as strong as rattlesnake venom, making them among the most potentially venomous of all snakes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sea_snake (574 words)

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