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Topic: Sea Surface Temperature

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	Sea Surface Temperature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Satellite sea surface temperature (SST) provides both a synoptic view of the ocean and a high frequency of repeat views, allowing the examination of basin-wide upper ocean dynamics.
		SST shows many of the world's major currents, such as the Gulf Stream; it can also show current-related anomalies such as cold and warm core eddies.
		This method of measurement represents the temperature of the "skin" of the ocean, approximately the surface one millimeter (1 mm) or less, and it may not represent the bulk temperature of the upper meter of ocean.
	www.csc.noaa.gov /crs/definitions/SST.html (150 words)

	Sea surface temperature - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sea surface temperature (SST) is the water temperature at the surface.
		The earliest technique for measuring SST was dipping a thermometer into a bucket of water manually drawn from the sea surface.
		SSTs above 26.5 degrees C are generally favorable for the formation and sustaining of tropical cyclones.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sea_surface_temperature (997 words)

	Sea Surface Temperature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The general definition of sea surface temperature (SST) is that it is the water temperature at 1 meter below the sea surface.
		The first automated technique for determining SST was accomplished by measuring the temperature of water in the intake port of large ships.
		In general, a SST cooling is observed after the passing of a hurricane primarily as the result of mixed layer deepening and surface heat losses.
	www.csc.noaa.gov /crs/cohab/hurricane/sst.htm (493 words)

	Sea Surface Temperature
		Water temperature directly affects the species of plants (such as algae, seagrasses, marsh plants, and mangroves) and animals (microscopic animals, larger invertebrates, fish, and mammals) that live in a particular region.
		In addition, increases in temperature are thought to be associated with the degradation of coral reefs (bleaching) and may increase the frequency or extent of blooms of harmful algae (see Harmful Algal Blooms).
		While SST varies noticeably from year to year, and there are individual reports of gradually increasing temperatures in several of these ocean regions (see the technical note for citations), the data presented here do not show any trends.
	www.heinzctr.org /ecosystems/coastal/sea_surf_temp.shtml (249 words)

	NASA Oceanography - Sea Surface Temperature
		The distribution of temperature at the sea surface tends to be zonal, that is, it is independent of longitude.
		SST data is used to observe many regional phenomena around the world, including the Chesapeake Bay and the Gulf of Mexico, the Gulf Stream, Kuroshio, the Somali Current, the Brazil Current and the East Australian Current.
		SST data are important to the development and testing of a new generation of computer models in which the interacting processes of the land, the atmosphere, and the oceans are coupled.
	science.hq.nasa.gov /oceans/physical/SST.html (2410 words)

	Infrared and Microwave Remote Sensing of Sea Surface Temperature
		Sea surface temperature (SST) is an important geophysical parameter, providing the boundary condition used in the estimation of heat flux at the air-sea interface.
		SST measurements are primarily made at a channel near 7 GHz with a water vapor correction enabled by observation at 21 GHz.
		The "sub-skin SST" is at a depth of ~1 mm and corresponds to the attenuation length of microwave radiation.
	cires.colorado.edu /~maurerj/class/SST_presentation.htm (1462 words)

	AGU Web Site: Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temperature Data Available From the NOAA/NASA Pathfinder Program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The NOAA NLSST algorithm coefficients are estimated by the regression of satellite-sensed brightness temperatures against in situ SST observations that are approximately cotemporal and colocated.
		Hence, biases in satellite-derived SST estimates that arise because of this difference between the ocean's skin and bulk temperatures are being closely scrutinized in the Pathfinder SST data sets.
		Mean temperature as a function of latitude is plotted, and it is clear that the Pathfinder SST data set is slightly cooler at all latitudes than either the Miami MCSST data or the OISST data.
	podaac.jpl.nasa.gov /sst/Publications/95274e.html (1807 words)

	Monitoring and Calibrating Sea Surface Temperature
		Because published sea surface temperature data bases differ in the types of measurements used and in the time and space scales over which they are averaged we have used two different data bases.
		This trend is expected since increasing temperature causes increased evaporation, thermal convection, and small cloud formation, which results in increasing sub-pixel scale contamination of the sea surface temperature radiometer signal, providing temperature estimates which are systematically too low under the warmest conditions.
		A detailed study of NOAA sea surface temperature data at 37 locations across the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic oceans for 1993 and 1994 included sites at which bleaching took place, where it did not and would have been reported had it taken place, and where no information was available.
	globalcoral.org /monitoring_and_calibrating_sea_s.htm (3574 words)

	Sea Surface Temperature
		Monthly mean subsurface temperatures at the depths of 100m, 200m and 400m analyzed for 0.25 degree x 0.25 degree grid points in the seas around Japan from 121E to 161E between 24N and 48N.
		COADS mean sst: sea surface temperature data (Jan 1854 to Dec 1992 by 1; 1E to 1W by 2; 89S to 89N by 2)
		Measurements of sea surface temperature (SST) and related parameters, climatologies and anomalies, Night Marine air temperature and Sea Ice coverage spanning the period 1851-1995.
	www.science.gmu.edu /~yvikhlya/data/sst.html (1735 words)

	12.5 Measurement of Sea Surface Temperature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Temperature measurement by remote sensing is based on the principle that any object emits electro-magnetic energy corresponding to the temperature, wavelength and emissivity.
		However the value of e for sea water is very nearly equal to 1 and also comparatively constant, while the value e for ground surfaces is not homogeneous.
		Figure 12.5.2 shows the sea surface temperature in pseudo color in Northern Japan using NOAA AVHRR data which were atmospheric ally as well as geometrically corrected with overlays of sea coast lines and latitude and longitude grid lines.
	www.profc.udec.cl /~gabriel/tutoriales/rsnote/cp12/cp12-5.htm (270 words)

	Sea surface temperature
		Sea water density values were calculated from data on temperature and salinity using the methods approved by UNESCO in 1983 with an accuracy up to 0.01.
		The occurrence frequency of the ranges of mean seasonal temperature, salinity and density values was calculated on the basis of the obtained series.
		The calculation results are transferred in the form of three ASCII files (tbl_2.txt, tbl_3.txt and tbl_4.txt), containing Table 2 (occurrence frequency of the ranges of sea surface temperature), Table 3 (occurrence frequency of the ranges of salinity of the surface layer) and Table 4 (occurrence frequency of the ranges of density of the surface layer).
	www.fni.no /insrop/DOC_DATASea_surface_temperature.html (580 words)

	Sea Surface Temperature Observatons from Satellite
		Finally, SST can be used to help locate living resources that are associated with specific thermal features in the oceans, such as fish that prefer a specific temperature range.
		Density is a function of temperature and salinity (the amount of dissolved salts in water); therefore, both thermal (temperature) fronts and haline (salinity) fronts exist in the ocean.
		Since these temperature differences are often on a magnitude of 2&SHY;5° C, image enhancement techniques are often used to highlight the temperature range of the ocean surface and improve the contrast between small differences in sea surface temperature.
	henry.pha.jhu.edu /ssip/asat_int/ocean.html (1265 words)

	Variability of the sea surface temperature
		Variability of the sea surface temperature in the eastern equatorial Pacific during 1986-88
		This increase in latent heat release is related to the warm SST anomalies and higher wind speeds that occurred in the eastern Pacific during the 1987 El Niño.
		Since some of the air temperature data are missing from the equatorial mooring record, we were unable to compute the sensible heat flux over the entire record length.
	www.pmel.noaa.gov /pubs/outstand/haye1160/surfaceh.shtml (1128 words)

	NEREIDS Sea Surface Temperature
		Sea Surface Temperature (SST) images are derived from data collected by the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), which is flown on the Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellites operated by NOAA.
		The AVHRR collects data from five spectral channels (in the visible, near-infrared and thermal infrared portions of the electromagnetic spectrum) and a standard multi-channel algorithm is applied to the data to derive SST.
		These images are binned and averaged on a 0.5 degree global grid, and smoothed and interpolated using a Gaussian-type filter.
	nereids.jpl.nasa.gov /cgi-bin/sst.cgi?show=overview (253 words)

	[No title]
		Primer on the measurement of sea surface temperature.
		Sea Surface Temperature is computed from the multi-channel algorithm.
		Before March 19, 1996 the temperatures are displayed on a common color scale from 2°C to 32°C. From March 19, 1996 on, the temperature color table is dynamically scaled.
	fermi.jhuapl.edu /avhrr/sst.html (154 words)

	FAQ : HURRICANES, TYPHOONS, AND TROPICAL CYCLONES
		This warm, moist air cools as it rises in convective clouds (thunderstorms) in the rainbands and eyewall of the hurricane The water vapor in the cloud condenses into water droplets releasing the latent heat which originally evaporated the water.
		This latent heat provides the energy to drive the tropical cyclone circulation, though actually very little of the heat released is utilized by the storm to lower its surface pressure and increase the wind speeds.
		Above this temperature deep convection can occur, but below this value the atmosphere is too stable and little to no thunderstorm activity can be found (Graham and Barnett 1987).
	www.aoml.noaa.gov /hrd/tcfaq/A16.html (276 words)

	NOAA CoastWatch Data Products
		Sea surface temperature products from GOES for the coastal United States are available in near real-time and updated 8 times per day (every 3 hours).
		CoastWatch SST Images are produced from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data four times daily for the coastal waters of the United States.
		Sea surface temperature products may be browsed online or obtained from the Regional Nodes; retrospective data may be obtained from
	coastwatch.noaa.gov /cw_dataprod_sst.html (433 words)

	Paleoceanography - Sea Surface Temperature & Upper Ocean Structure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The apparent obsession with SST is justified because SST is an important boundary condition for both running and evaluating General Circulation Models of the atmosphere and ocean as well as for interpreting the processes and mechanisms of climate change.
		In view of the importance of SST in understanding past climates and GCM modeling, we at Brown are pursuing a multi-proxy approach, including faunal assemblages, alkenones, stable isotopes and trace metals, to make the best possible, internally consistent, global estimates of SST and thermocline structure.
		The monthly SST calibration data for all samples has been updated using the Global Ocean Surface Temperature Atlas (GOSTA) and the World Ocean Atlas 94 data have been used for subsurface temperature and salinity.
	www.geo.brown.edu /georesearch/esh/paleo/sst.html (1163 words)

	Sea temperature charts
		All of these charts display the temperature of the water at the sea surface.
		These days, the sea surface temperature data comes almost exclusively from remote sensing, using satellites.
		Sea surface temperatures across the NE Atlantic and North Sea, from the UK Met Office
	www.getaforecast.com /weatherpix-seatemp.htm (102 words)

	Virtual Vacationland: Ocean Temperature
		Daily temperature swings on Mars' surface tend to be very large, except in polar regions where ice caps stabilize temperature.
		In non-polar regions, night-to-day temperature swings of 80 degrees Celisus (or 144 degrees Fahrenheit) are common.
		One city's temperature range is shown as an orange line with triangles, the other city's month-to-month temperatures are shown as a grey line with circles.
	www.bigelow.org /virtual/sst_sub1.html (1528 words)

	Sea Surface Temperature - IMCS Marine Remote Sensing
		Land temperatures, though slightly innacurate, show the heat emitted from major cities (such as Philly and NYC).
		The raw satellite data is processed to sea surface temperature using the Multi-channel Sea Surface Temperature (MCSST) algorithm using
		These are either cloudy areas that were not cold enough to be eliminated by the computer, or areas that are outside of the temperature scale.
	marine.rutgers.edu /mrs/sat_data/?product=sst¬humbs=0 (456 words)

	NOAA OI SST Analysis
		The most significant change for the OI.v2 is the improved simulation of SST obs from sea ice data following a technique developed at the UK Met Office.
		Reynolds, R.W., 1993: Impact of Mount Pinatubo aerosols on satellite-derived sea surface temperatures.
		Smith, T. and R. Reynolds, 1998: A high resolution global sea surface temperature climatology for the 1961-90 base period.
	www.emc.ncep.noaa.gov /research/cmb/sst_analysis (428 words)

	SST Overview Template (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Like the Pathfinder 18km SST, this dataset is distributed at a spatial resolution of 18km at weekly time periods.
		consists of weekly and monthly global sea surface temperature fields since 1981 gridded at a 1 degree by 1 degree resolution..
		Near real time SST data from the NOAA Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites are available from May 5 of 2003 to the present at a 6km spatial resoultion.
	podaac.jpl.nasa.gov /sst (1127 words)

	GoesSST Model Sea Surface Temperature
		Composite images of satellite-derived sea surface temperatures (SST, degrees Celsius) for the Western Atlantic and Eastern Pacific.
		SST is calculated from GOES infrared satellite data.
		The Enhanced fields use dynamic colorbar settings which allow higher resolution for regions with small ranges in temperature.
	www.opc.ncep.noaa.gov /sst/goessst2.shtml (98 words)

	NOAASIS - NOAA Satellite Information System for NOAA Meteorological / Weather Satellites
		"Primer on the Measurement of Sea Surface Temperature" by Frank Monaldo, JHU/APL
		NOAA satellite SST data can also be retrieved in other formats, including ASCII text and spreadsheets.
		National Data Buoy Center current weather, water temperature and sea state conditions from Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico and Pacific buoys.
	noaasis.noaa.gov /NOAASIS/ml/sst.html (198 words)

	Modern Average Global Sea-Surface Temperature
		The purpose of this data set is to provide paleoclimate researchers with a tool for estimating the average seasonal variation in sea-surface temperature (SST) throughout the modern world ocean and for estimating the modern monthly and weekly sea-surface temperature at any given oceanic location.
		The objective was to derive the average sea-surface temperature of each month and week throughout the whole 10-year series, meaning, for example, that data from January of each year would be averaged together.
		Source code is provided here for two programs, one to retrieve SST values, given a list of SST data files and a list of geographic locations, and one to expand the compressed data files into the same format as the original JPL files.
	geochange.er.usgs.gov /pub/magsst/magsst.html (2869 words)

	SVS Animation 3376 - Current Tropical Sea Surface Temperatures
		Sea surface temperature (SST) and SST anomaly data updated daily.
		This is the most recent Sea Surface Temperature (SST) data available for the Gulf of Mexico region and the Atlantic Coast region.
		The most recent 10 day average of SST anomalies derived from Aqua/AMSR-E SST measurements.
	svs.gsfc.nasa.gov /vis/a000000/a003300/a003376 (190 words)

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