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	Seabed stabilization mattresses - Patent 5193937
		A mattress according to claim 8, wherein said structure is of generally isosceles shape, and wherein said elements comprise a central element and two outer elements, each of the outer elements having a right-angled triangular cross-section with its hypotenuse defining a part of a downwardly converging lower side of said structure.
		The present invention relates to seabed mattresses for the protection and stabilisation of seabed installations such as pipelines.
		Thus, for example, a seabed pipeline can be covered with such a mattress so that the pipeline is stabilised by the weight of the blanket thereon and also the adjacent seabed is protected against erosion.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5193937.html (2997 words)

	New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy is a debate in the politics of New Zealand.
		The foreshore and seabed controversy was sparked when, on 19 June 2003, New Zealand's Court of Appeal ruled that Maori were entitled to "seek exclusive title" over the foreshore and seabed in the Maori Land Court.
		The foreshore and seabed issue, as part of the larger race relations debate, was one of the most significant points of contention in New Zealand politics at the time, and remains a significant issue for many people.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/New_Zealand_foreshore_and_seabed_controversy (1640 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Our Seabed Frontier: Challenges and Choices (1989)
		In order to use the seabed, it is necessary to be able to predict the frequency, magnitude, and duration of these processes, and to understand their impacts on the seabed and on ocean bottom structures.
		In addition to the forces already discussed, the seabed is shaped by the processes associated with the rise and fall of sea level during glacial and interglacial periods, the consequent sediment influx from continents, and changes in bottom current intensity.
		SEABED RESEARCH Research in the EEZ requires investigation-generally long-term and multidisciplinar~of complex interactive systems to acquire the quantity and quality of data necessary to test theories, develop a framework of knowledge, and verify predictive models of seabed processes; and the application of results to specific problems related to utilization of the seabed.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309041260/html/5.html (5798 words)

	Significance of Seabed Disturbance by Mobile Gear Relative to Natural Disturbances
		Analysis of this data indicates that evidence of bottom scarring by the fishing gear is restricted to deeper waters with a seabed composition of soft cohesive sediments, despite the observation that fishing activity is ubiquitous throughout the bay mouth.
		Therefore, we argue that the relative significance of seabed disturbance by mobile fishing gear on habitat structure and the biological community must be scaled against the magnitude and frequency of seabed disturbance due to natural causes.
		Seabed disturbance by mobile fishing gear is recognized as an important issue, however, we argue that seabed disturbance by mobile fishing gear must be evaluated relative to seabed disturbance due to natural physical and biological causes.
	www.fishingnj.org /artdealter.htm (5467 words)

	Hydro.com/ormenlange - Seabed topography
		ROCKY MOUNTAIN: The seabed from the edge of the slide and down to the Ormen Lange field is very uneven, with peaks up 40 to 60 metres.
		The seabed from the edge of the slide and down to the Ormen Lange field is very uneven.
		The seabed will also be prepared before the pipelines are laid, using newly-developed subsea digging equipment and filling with stone mass from a dedicated vessel.
	www.hydro.com /ormenlange/en/about_ormen/key_features/seabed_topography/index.html (461 words)

	SEA - Products: ECHOplus - Seabed Classification
		If the seabed was perfectly flat all the energy transmitted normal to the seabed would return to the transducer and energy at other angles would be reflected away.
		The smoother the seabed the smaller the fraction of energy experiencing backscatter therefore the smaller the fraction of energy returned to the transducer.
		If the seabed is hard most of the energy is reflected but if it is soft the energy penetrates the seabed and is absorbed or reflected later as it reaches a harder level (sub-surface reverberation can be minimised by using frequencies >20 kHz or by only accepting particular angles of incidence).
	www.sea.co.uk /seabed.aspx?nav=products (384 words)

	Seabed Arms Control Treaty
		In the 1960s, advances in the technology of oceanography and greatly increased interest in the vast and virtually untapped resources of the ocean floor led to concern that the absence of clearly established rules of law might lead to strife.
		Article II provides that the "seabed zone" is to be measured in accordance with the provisions of the 1958 Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone.
		The Seabed Arms Control Treaty was opened for signature in Washington, London, and Moscow on February 11, 1971.
	www.fas.org /nuke/control/seabed/intro.htm (1027 words)

	Greenpeace exposes oil slick on the seabed off the Lebanese coast
		The scene is horrific, the seabed is completely covered with fuel oil which will threaten marine life for many years to come if it is not contained and removed immediately.
		The oil on the seabed could be brought back to the surface with currents and winds and could lead to further contamination of the coastline.
		The images are alarming and increase the need for urgent action from local authorities and support from the international community, a full damage assessment needs to be carried out to cover all the environmental impacts caused by the war and, as a priority, caused by the spill.
	www.greenpeace.org /mediterranean/news/greenpeace-exposes-oil-slick-o (607 words)

	Seabed Technology BV / Seabed Systems BV
		Seabed Technology BV / Seabed Systems BV SEABED is the system integrator for land & marine survey equipment focussing on:
		Seabed is an independent company that often participates in projects where the frontiers of technique are pushed forward but not to far.
		The Seabed team is young and flexible and always acts with a handful of common sense.
	www.seabed.nl /main_start.htm (98 words)

	reefED - GBR Explorer - Seabed (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This seabed is ecologically complex and comprises many different types of habitat but, generally, can be divided into the inter-reef area and the lagoon.
		The lagoon is a relatively open area of primarily soft sediment seabed between the mainland and the part of the seabed where the reefs start.
		The inter-reef refers to the seabed found between coral reefs and is always further offshore than the lagoon. Generally speaking, the lagoon is much narrower (in some places almost non-existent) in the northern part of the World Heritage Area than in the southern part.
	www.reefed.edu.au /explorer/landscapes/seabed/index.html (348 words)

	Untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		As a result, there has been considerable speculation as to the possibilities of seabed mining and a general belief that this will greatly enhance the availability of resources that are dwindling on dry land.
		Seabed resources of oil and gas are estimated to be about 20% of total world resources and presently earn about that share of worldwide oil and gas revenues.
		These are unique seabed minerals that are rich in platinum, cobalt, nickel, manganese and copper.
	www.physics.uoguelph.ca /summer/scor/articles/scor151.htm (533 words)

	HMS Hydro
		Seabed coring and sampling is carried out to support and enhance topographical and geophysical seabed investigations.
		MHS has the capability to define seabed sediments, sub seabed strata and analysis and report on all sediment and core samples collected in the field.
		Seabed Sediment samples are taken with a 10 Kg van veen grab sampler.
	www.mhshydro.com /seabed.html (172 words)

	Seabed mapping
		Of the seabed attributes considered important in regulating the biology of marine sands and gravels, sediment grain size, porosity or shear strength, and sediment dynamics were highlighted as the most important.
		This is important because an understanding of the sediment dynamics and geological structure of the seabed allows scientists to accurately predict the impacts of mans activities on the seabed and in particular impacts on those habitats which may be of high nature conservation or ecological value.
		For example, the horizontal range between the transducer and the seabed is affected by the frequency of the signal and the grazing-angle of the signal to the bed which is itself determined by the altitude of the transducer above the sea floor.
	www.dvz.be /WGEXT/ASC_Paper.htm (3997 words)

	Seabed Fluid Flow - Cambridge University Press
		Seabed fluid flow involves the flow of gases and liquids through the sea bed.
		Seabed fluid flow affects seabed morphology, mineralization, and benthic ecology.
		This book describes seabed fluid flow features and processes, and demonstrates their importance to human activities and natural environments.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521819504&qty=1 (252 words)

	Seabed - where to anchor
		Moreover, the seabed might even be unusable for anchoring, as is the case with cables, telephone lines or pipelines, which will be indicated on the nautical chart as illustrated on the right.
		Also the seabed might be foul, which is indicated on nautical charts by a
		A rocky seabed might perhaps provide even better holding, but also increases the risk of a permanent mooring when the chain or anchor itself gets jammed under a heavy boulder.
	www.sailingissues.com /yachting-guide/seabed.html (307 words)

	Seabed Treaty (1971) \| Nuclear Arms Control Treaties \| atomicarchive.com
		In the 1960s, advances in the technology of oceanography and greatly increased interest in the vast and virtually untapped resources of the ocean floor led to concern that the absence of clearly established rules of law might lead to strife.
		And there were concurrent fears that nations might use the seabed as a new environment for military installations, including those capable of launching nuclear weapons.
		The Seabed Arms Control Treaty was opened for signature in Washington, London, and Moscow on February 11, 1971.
	www.atomicarchive.com /Treaties/Treaty7.shtml (273 words)

	CRS Report: 95-471 - Deep Seabed Mining: U.S. Interests and the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea - NLE
		Among the objections to the seabed mining regime were that it was based on a controlled centrally planned economic model that preempted free-market private enterprise, and it did not give the United States and other states with major economic interests in seabed mining a voice in decision-making commensurate with their interests.
		Furthermore, seabed mining provisions could be amended and become binding on the United States without our consent, and future revenues from the deep seabed could be distributed to national liberation movements over our objections.
		The United States also objected to the requirement that seabed mining applicants would have to turn over one-half of their mine site to the Seabed Authority to be developed by its operating arm, the Enterprise, and transfer technology to the Enterprise or possibly to developing countries.
	www.ncseonline.org /NLE/CRSreports/Marine/mar-33.cfm?&CFID=357915&CFTOKEN=94074182 (2329 words)

	seabed - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Mining, in its broadest sense, the process of obtaining useful minerals from the earth’s crust.
		On April 30 a long-awaited treaty governing the use of the seas and the exploitation of seabed resources was adopted by the United Nations Law of the Sea Conference, by a vote of 130-4.
		The treaty, which was to be open for signature in Kingston, Jamaica, beginning in December, will enter into...
	encarta.msn.com /seabed.html (175 words)

	Schlumberger, Seabed
		The Seabed data model is a commercially supported ready to run solution and incorporates advanced, off-the-shelf database technology—simplifying usage.
		To allow further collaboration with the industry, the Seabed data model is now published as an open specification.
		The Seabed data model is not an update or an upgrade.
	www.slb.com /content/services/software/opensystems/seabed.asp?in=merak.com&printView=true& (280 words)

	The imperative to ban seabed mining
		It's not only the location and economic value of seabed minerals which are at issue, but the technology which might be employed to extract them.
		Advocates of seabed mining contend that it generates less waste than comparable extraction on land.
		Banning all seabed mining is not an extreme position: it is an absolute imperative.
	www.minesandcommunities.org /Action/press1077.htm (1645 words)

	Seabed Arms Control Treaty
		The undertakings of paragraph 1 of this article shall also apply to the seabed zone referred to in the same paragraph, except that within such seabed zone, they shall not apply either to the coastal State or to the seabed beneath its territorial waters.
		Verification activities pursuant to this Treaty shall not interfere with activities of other States Parties and shall be conducted with due regard for rights recognized under international law, including the freedoms of the high seas and the rights of coastal States with respect to the exploration and exploitation of their continental shelves.
		The Parties to this Treaty undertake to continue negotiations in good faith concerning further measures in the field of disarmament for the prevention of an arms race on the seabed, the ocean floor and the subsoil thereof.
	www.state.gov /t/ac/trt/5187.htm (2392 words)

	Asia Times: PNG-Australia venture points the way for seabed mining
		The promise of a technological breakthrough for seabed miningcoincides with efforts by the International Seabed Authority, (ISA) anagency based in Jamaica, to formulate a code which will govern theexploitation of minerals from the seabed.
		The code, which is expected to be approved this year, follows twodecades of contentious negotiations among more than 150 countries, seekinga convention to ensure that the financial benefits of seabed minerals arenot exploited by any one country, group of countries, or commercialinterest, and are shared by all.
		The Seabed Authority mandate is to regulate the exploitation of themineral resources of the international seabed.
	www.atimes.com /oceania/AB19Ah01.html (733 words)

	Seabed rose 30m as Earth's crust ruptured - Science - www.theage.com.au
		The Earth began to move 40 kilometres below the seabed, a massive rupturing of the Earth's crust off the north-western tip of Sumatra.
		A section of seabed, 1000 kilometres long, rose up to 30 metres at a spot 250 kilometres south-west of the city of Banda Aceh and 1600 kilometres north-west of the Indonesian capital of Jakarta.
		Earthquakes are commonly associated with ground shaking that occurs as seismic waves travel through the earth.
	www.theage.com.au /news/Science/Seabed-rose-30m-as-Earths-crust-ruptured/2004/12/27/1103996495552.html (640 words)

	Simulated seabed systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The fate and effects of such compounds can be studied in a simulated seabed system.
		The test results from the simulated seabed systems can be used for predictions of the dose-related disappearance and effects of pollutants to natural seabeds, for estimations of tolarable discharges, and for studies of environmental effects during dredging and remedial actions.
		Simulated seabed systems are recommended by the Norwegian Oil Industry Association for studies of environmental effects caused by discharges of organic-based drilling fluids to the seabed.
	www.sintef.no /units/chem/environment/lab/sim_seabed.htm (200 words)

	Beehive.govt.nz Foreshore Consultation - Foreshore and Seabed: A Framework
		Current provisions in law which vest the foreshore and seabed in the Crown will be repealed and replaced with a public domain title, vesting the full legal and beneficial ownership of the land in the people of New Zealand.
		The proposed public domain title, which supports the environmental management regime applying to the foreshore and seabed, will provide a clear and stable basis for the government to discharge its responsibility to ensure the sustainable management of the foreshore and seabed on behalf of all New Zealanders.
		On occasions there may be reasons for public access to parts of the foreshore and seabed to be limited or even excluded, for example around working ports, urupa and sensitive wildlife areas (eg nesting of seabirds).
	www.beehive.govt.nz /foreshore/framework/home.cfm (1846 words)

	Visa woes hit seabed delegates - JAMAICAOBSERVER.COM
		The difficulties being experienced by the seabed delegates, mostly ambassadors and high-ranking government officials, were disclosed by ISA secretary-general, Satya Nandan in his report to the 12th session of the ISA now underway at the Jamaica Conference Centre in downtown Kingston.
		Kingston has been host to the headquarters of the International Seabed Authority since it was established under the United Nations Law of the Sea Convention, which was signed in Montego Bay in December 1982.
		Among the issues being discussed is that of the draft regulations on sulphides and crusts, in terms of production sharing and joint venture participation and the differences in the nature of the two mineral deposits for which regulations are being considered.
	www.jamaicaobserver.com /news/html/20060814T000000-0500_111168_OBS_VISA_WOES_HIT_SEABED_DELEGATES.asp (715 words)

	LIKE A BEACHED WHALE
		The authority which Iwi and Hapu exercised to safeguard and protect them was a fundamental component of mana and tino rangatiratanga because the seabed and foreshore were of the people as surely as the people were of them.
		The Crown however unilaterally claimed the right to own the seabed and foreshore as part of what it assumed to be its absolute sovereignty after 1840.
		On Thursday June 19 the Court of Appeal overruled the earlier decisions and decided that the eight Iwi could have their claim to the Marlborough seabed and foreshore (the area between the high and low tide marks) considered by the Maori land Court.
	aotearoa.wellington.net.nz /he/taku.htm (1340 words)

	SEABED ARMS CONTROL TREATY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Article II provides that the "seabed zone" is to be measured in accordance with the provisions of the 1958 Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone.
		The undertakings of paragraph 1 of this article shall also apply to the seabed zone referred to in the same paragraph, except that within such seabed zone, they shall not apply either to the coastal State or to the seabed beneath its territorial waters.
		Verification activities pursuant to this Treaty shall not interfere with activities of other States Parties and shall be conducted with due regard for rights recognized under international law, including the freedoms of the high seas and the rights of coastal States with respect to the exploration and exploitation of their continental shelves.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /acda/treaties/seabed1.htm (2190 words)

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