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	Seabed Arms Control Treaty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Seabed Arms Control Treaty (or Seabed Treaty) is a multilateral agreement between the United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, and 84 other countries banning the emplacement of nuclear weapons or "weapons of mass destruction" on the ocean floor beyond a 12-mile (22.2 km) coastal zone.
		The Seabed Arms Control Treaty was opened for signature in Washington, London, and Moscow on February 11, 1971.
		Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Thereof, United States Department of State
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Seabed_Treaty (375 words)

	SBACT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		There were fears that nations might use the seabed as a new environment for military installations, including those capable of launching nuclear weapons.
		Paragraph 18(b) of Article V of START effectively extends the prohibitions of the Seabed Treaty by banning emplacement or tethering of launchers of ballistic or cruise missiles and mobile launchers for such missiles that move in contact with the sea floor or missiles for such launchers.
		It also extends the Seabed Treaty area of application for these missiles and launchers to the entire seafloor and beds of internal waters and inland waters, but it does not extend the verification by observation right contained in the Seabed Treaty to these additional zones.
	www.nawcwpns.navy.mil /~treaty/SBACT.html (436 words)

	China
		The Seabed Arms Control Treaty prohibits the placement of nuclear weapons or weapons of mass destruction on the seabed and the ocean floor beyond a 12-mile coastal zone.
		The "seabed zone" is measured in accordance with the provisions of the 1958 Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone.
		The final draft of the Seabed Arms Control Treaty was approved by the UN General Assembly on 7 December 1970.
	www.nti.org /db/china/sbedorg.htm (433 words)

	Arms Control Association:
		Article II provides that the "seabed zone" is to be measured in accordance with the provisions of the 1958 Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone.
		Verification activities pursuant to this Treaty shall not interfere with activities of other States Parties and shall be conducted with due regard for rights recognized under international law, including the freedoms of the high seas and the rights of coastal States with respect to the exploration and exploitation of their continental shelves.
		The Parties to this Treaty undertake to continue negotiations in good faith concerning further measures in the field of disarmament for the prevention of an arms race on the seabed, the ocean floor and the subsoil thereof.
	www.armscontrol.org /documents/seabed.asp (2225 words)

	Timor Sea Treaty between the Government of Australia and the Government of East Timor, done at Dili on 20 May 2002 (25 ...
		The treaty provides in Annex E that the Greater Sunrise field be unitised on the basis that 20.1 percent of it lies in the JPDA and 79.9 percent is attributed to Australia.
		Annex E of the Treaty provides that the Greater Sunrise field be unitised on the basis that 20.1 percent of it lies in the JPDA and 79.9 percentis attributed to Australia.
		The Treaty states that it shall be in force until there is a permanent seabed delimitation between Australia and East Timor or for thirty years from the date of its entry into force, whichever is sooner.
	www.austlii.edu.au /au/other/dfat/nia/2002/22.html (2651 words)

	Disarmament Treaties
		This was the first treaty to exclude nukes from an inhabited region of the globe.
		This treaty prohibits the placement of nuclear weapons or weapons of mass destruction on the seabed and ocean floor beyond a 12 mile coastal zone.
		This treaty is in force and most reduction in Russi are due to the removal of warheads from Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine.
	www.reachingcriticalwill.org /legal/treaties.html (1488 words)

	Submissions on the Foreshore and Seabed Bill
		That the government does not honour the Treaty, and that their foreshore and seabed proposals breach the Treaty in fundamental ways is referred to in most if not all of the resources available in the Articles, alerts and statements section of the Foreshore and seabed information page.
		Government foreshore and seabed policy breaches basic human rights was put together by Peace Movement Aotearoa about the government's policy framework in December 2003; but it remains a useful source of background information on some of the relevant international human rights standards and conventions.
		Pakeha responses to the confiscation of the foreshore and seabed
	www.converge.org.nz /pma/fsbill.htm (4576 words)

	Seabed Treaty - Voyager, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Seabed Treaty was a multilateral agreement between the United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, and 84 other countries banning the emplacement of nuclear weapons or "weapons of mass destruction" on the ocean floor beyond a 12-mile coastal zone.
		The treaty entered into force on May 18 1972.
		Like the Antarctic Treaty, the Outer Space Treaty, and the Latin American Nuclear-Free Zone, the Seabed Treaty sought to prevent the introduction of international conflict and nuclear weapons into an area hitherto free of them.
	voyager.in /Seabed_Treaty (310 words)

	NATO Basic Fact Sheet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Seabed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Thereof.
		Treaty Between the United States of America and the USSR on the Elimination of Their Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles.
		Treaty between the United States of America and the Russian Federation on Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms.(1) Further reduces US and Russian strategic offensive arms by eliminating all MIRVed ICBMs (including all "heavy" ICBMs) and reducing the overall total of warheads for each side to between 3,000 and 3,500.
	www.nato.int /docu/facts/kacta.htm (1840 words)

	Oceans in the Nuclear Age: Nuclear Free Zones
		Finally, there are also two treaties that apply to the seas entirely: both the 1971 Seabed Treaty and the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea apply broadly to all of the oceans, albeit in specific ways.
		Article 88 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea states that “[t]he high seas shall be reserved for peaceful purposes.” [13] It also sets forth documentation requirements for the carriage of nuclear material and that vessels in such carriage observe precautionary measures.
		This treaty is similar to, and may have been inspired in part by, the “Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies,” 18 U.S.T. See Narrative of the U.S. State Department on the Seabed Treaty, at http://www.state.gov/t/ac/trt/5187.htm.
	www.law.berkeley.edu /centers/ilr/ona/pages/zones2.htm (2366 words)

	[No title]
		(2) Until such a Treaty is concluded, the Secretary of State is encouraged to promote any international actions necessary to adequately protect the environment from adverse impacts which may result from any exploration for and commercial recovery of hard mineral resources of the deep seabed carried out by persons not subject to this chapter.
		In establishing these terms, conditions, and restrictions, the Administrator shall consider the state of the technology, the processing system utilized and the value and potential use of any waste, the environmental effects of the exploration or commercial recovery activities, economic and resource data, and the national need for hard mineral resources.
		Any licensee or permittee who surrenders a license or permit, or relinquishes any such right, shall remain liable with respect to all violations and penalties incurred, and damage to persons or property caused, by the licensee or permittee as a result of activities engaged in by the licensee or permittee under such license or permit.
	uscode.house.gov /download/pls/30C26.txt (6589 words)

	lunar2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Moon Treaty is the only one of the four documents drafted by COPUOS not yet in force; the Secretary General has not yet received deposition of the instruments of ratification by five nations, as required by the treaty itself.
		The Moon Treaty also represents the only one of the four agreements which became deeply imbedded in controversy immediately upon its resolution of approval by the General Assembly.
		This treaty was the culmination of the time when the world's underdeveloped nations were attempting to use international forums to assert their rights as sovereign nations and to obtain their share of the world's and space's resources.
	lunar.arc.nasa.gov /results/ice/moon.htm (414 words)

	Treaty Documents on Arms Control and Non-Proliferation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		START II : Treaty between the United States of America and the Russian Federation on Further Reductions and Limitations of Strategic Offensive Arms, text.
		Treaty of Rarotonga (South Pacific Nuclear-Free Zone Treaty), 1985.
		Treaty of Tlatelolco (Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America), 1967.
	www.clw.org /archive/coalition/libtreat.htm (244 words)

	NTI: WMD 411
		1971 Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Seabed and Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Thereof (Seabed Treaty): The Seabed Treaty bans placement of nuclear weapons or WMD beyond a 12-mile coastal zone.
		The Seabed Treaty is usually thought of as a nuclear arms limitation treaty.
		1995 Southeast Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (Treaty of Bangkok): The Bangkok Treaty prohibits the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons in Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.
	www.nti.org /f_wmd411/f1b2_1.html (1522 words)

	Arms Control Treaties
		Argentina has not yet ratified the treaty and Cuba is the only country that has neither signed nor ratified the treaty.
		A companion treaty to the TTBT, the PNET provides for verification through national technical means, data exchanges and visits to sites of explosions in certain instances.
		Bilateral ratified treaty between the US and USSR, which requires parties to eliminate all intermediate-range missiles (IRMs), shorter-range missiles (SRMs), and associated launchers, equipment, support facilities, and operating bases worldwide and to ban flight testing and production of these missiles as well as production of their launchers.
	www.seattleu.edu /artsci/history/us1945/docs/actrty.htm (1144 words)

	In Liberty & Freedom-L.O.S.T.
		The Bush administration is pushing for ratification of the UN's Law of the Sea Treaty, which would give control of the oceans and their riches to the world body.
		That treaty was ratified by anonymous voice vote, after midnight, as the Senate adjourned for vacation.
		By taxing all efforts to develop the wealth of the seabed, the UN would be given a huge revenue stream, independent of national governments, to push its agenda for international socialism.
	www.inlibertyandfreedom.com /l.o.s.t.htm (3247 words)

	La'o Hamutuk Bulletin Vol.7, No.1 April 2006
		The Treaty on Certain Maritime Arrangements in the Timor Sea (CMATS Treaty) (Treaty text), often referred to in Timor-Leste as the "Sunrise Agreement," allocates oil and gas revenues from formerly disputed areas (see maps 1 and 2), but delays deciding which country's territory includes which areas of the sea and seabed.
		No maritime boundaries: Article 2 of CMATS says that the treaty is without prejudice to the positions of both countries on maritime boundaries or territorial claims, setting aside discussion of their conflicting claims for as long as the treaty is in effect.
		The CMATS Treaty repeatedly states that neither party shall claim sovereign rights (article 4.1), discuss maritime boundaries (articles 4.6 and 4.7) or engage in any legal process in relation to maritime boundaries or territorial jurisdiction (4.4, 4.5).
	www.laohamutuk.org /Bulletin/2006/Apr/bulletinv7n1.html (12141 words)

	Skeptical Senate eyes sea treaty - The Washington Times: World Briefings - March 07, 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The committee sent the treaty to the Senate floor on a 19-0 vote, but it never received a full floor vote and has been sent back to the committee for further consideration.
		The treaty had unanimous support of Democrats on the committee, and there is no indication that support has slipped.
		Inhofe also is leading a group of five senators in circulating a letter questioning the tax implications of the treaty based on language requiring payment to the seabed treaty's governing authority of a percentage of revenue from oil, gas or other commercial exploration outside of economic zone waters.
	www.washtimes.com /world/20050306-102143-1173r.htm (1022 words)

	Inside Indonesia 62 - ?????? The new Timor Gap
		The 1972 seabed treaty was based on the now superseded international law principle of 'natural prolongation' of the continental shelf.
		However, the seabed boundary (governing oil and gas) was left unresolved to honour the existing Timor Gap Treaty.
		Australia by making the 1997 EEZ delimitation treaty with Indonesia has put itself in a weak position internationally if it wishes to argue that the seabed boundary (governing oil and gas) should be at a different location than the water column boundary (governing fisheries).
	www.insideindonesia.org /edit62/mckee3.htm (2270 words)

	General Maori index
		Discussion framework on customary rights to the foreshore and seabed, written by Te Ope Mana a Tai Steering Group, August, 2003.
		Seabed and Foreshore Act, 2004 together with Committee and government reports.
		A guide to the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi (as expressed by the Courts and the Waitangi Tribunal) (pdf).
	www.wcl.govt.nz /maori/rauemi/index.html (196 words)

	McEnteer Consultants - Foreshore/Seabed, Treaty of Waitangi, Business, Enviromental & Mineral Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		John McEnteer travels throughout the country on a regular basis and has an extensive network of contacts in Maoridom, the general community and strong connections in political and business circles.
		McEnteer Consultants was established in 1992 to specialise in environmental resource management, Treaty of Waitangi issues and business development from a dual cultural perspective.
		Committed focus and substantive experience on energy and Maori mineral development as well as foreshore and seabed issues have become specialty areas.
	www.mcenteer.com (142 words)

	TIME.com: Torpedo for the Seabed Treaty -- Jul 19, 1982 -- Page 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In his final rejection of the treaty, President Reagan announced last week that the U.S. would neither sign, nor adhere to, the pact.
		The complex treaty negotiations, which began in 1974, involved diplomats from 154 countries.
		The U.S. mining industry, which anticipates a rich haul of minerals such as manganese, cobalt and nickel from the seabed, was elated.
	www.time.com /time/archive/preview/0,10987,953549,00.html (540 words)

	PMA Action Alert - Seabed & Foreshore Submissions
		This situation was summed up by the Waitangi Tribunal when they said they accepted the government had the right to pass legislation based on their foreshore and seabed policy, but the real issue was whether it was right for them to do so.
		This kind of restrictive test would simply not be acceptable to, nor inflicted on, anyone else - try for a moment to imagine having your cultural beliefs, customs and practices all defined and restricted by legislation, and having the right to exercise them contingent on your proving their 1840 origins.
		Oral submissions are the opportunity to expand on one or more points in your submission, and to talk about points on the Foreshore and Seabed Bill which are not covered in your written submission.
	www.arena.org.nz /sbpma5.htm (3699 words)

	Sink the Law of the Sea Treaty!
		Despite the Senate's refusal thus far to ratify the treaty, it went into effect in 1995, and elements of the vast regulatory apparatus it outlines are already in operation.
		Article 170 of LOST describes the "Enterprise," a UN organ that would supervise all scientific, commercial, and military use of "the Area" — all regions of the world's oceans, including the seabed and superadjacent atmosphere, beyond the territorial limits of coastal nations.
		In December 1969, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution banning the exploration of the ocean floor beyond each nation's territorial limits, pending the completion of an international seabed treaty.
	www.getusout.org /artman/publish/article_104.shtml (3191 words)

	Avoiding Armageddon . Lesson Plan 3 \| PBS
		Despite treaties that limit development and testing of nuclear weapons, nuclear proliferation continues.
		Disarmament and nonproliferation efforts have often been reflected in global treaties and agreements, a series of which have been established since the late 1950s.
		Or, they can submit their ideas to a local newspaper in the form of a letter to the editor.
	www.pbs.org /avoidingarmageddon/getInvolved/involved_02_01_lesson3.html (523 words)

	NRDC: The Internet and the Bomb - Appendix A: Nuclear and Arms Control Treaties and Agreements
		Some 470 treaties deposited with the UN, including registration, date entered into force, location of text, and participants with their signature, ratification/accession/succession and reservations.
		The 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, 17 April to 12 May 1995, is extensively documented on the Internet.
		Any questions, comments or suggestions should be sent to the authors at warkin@igc.org and rnorris@nrdc.org.
	www.nrdc.org /nuclear/nuguide/appa.asp (709 words)

	USAF Counterproliferation Center: Biological, Chemical, Space, Missile and Nuclear Treaties and International Law & ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Treaties and International Law, U.S. House of Representatives Internet Law Library
		The Conventional Arms Transfer Project, of the Council for a Livable World, with links on treaties, budgets, etc.
		Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (1967) (
	www.au.af.mil /au/awc/awcgate/cpstreat.htm (684 words)

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