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	Seabird - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Seabirds, by virtue of living in a geologically depositional environment (that is, in the sea where sediments are readily laid down) are well represented in the fossil record.
		Coloniality often arises in other types of bird which do not defend feeding territories (such as swifts, which have a very variable prey source), this may be a reason why it arises more frequently in seabirds.
		Seabirds, being apex predators, suffered from the ravages of DDT until they were banned, and concern continues with other pollutants, for example Forster's Terns in San Francisco were found to have high levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), used as fire retardants.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Seabird (4223 words)

	Bird Trends: a report on results of national ornithological surveys in Canada - Migratory Birds Conservation Division - ...
		Seabird colony surveys conducted along the BC coast during the mid-1970s by the BC Provincial Museum identified colony sites and provided rough estimates of breeding birds, which can be used to detect only very large changes in nesting distribution and population size.
		However, changes at colonies where rats and raccoons have been, or still are, present were all negative, with annual rates of decrease ranging from -1 to -23% (Table 3).
		Trends based on colony censuses on Reef and East Limestone islands were very similar to those based on chick departures monitored annually at the same colonies, suggesting an increase of approximately 40% between 1985 and 1995 on Reef Island and an approximate decrease of 25% between 1989 and 1995 on East Limestone Island (Fig.
	www.cws-scf.ec.gc.ca /birds/news/bt99/ins13_e.cfm (1668 words)

	Ecosystem Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Triangle Island seabird colony is the largest in BC with the world's largest breeding population of Cassin's Auklet (1.1 million), and significant breeding populations of Rhinoceros Auklet (82,000), Tufted Puffins (52,000) and Common Murres (8,200) (Rodway 1991).
		Seabirds are conspicuous marine animals and studies of their population changes, breeding success and diets continue to increase our understanding of marine ecosystems (Furness and Greenwood 1993).
		Colonial seabirds are among the few common vertebrates in which it is possible to get a reasonable estimate of global as well as regional populations.
	www.ecoinfo.ec.gc.ca /env_ind/region/seabird/seabird_e.cfm (2474 words)

	Seabird 2000
		A national survey to assess the status of all breeding seabirds in Britain and Ireland was officially launched on April 12th 1999 at Bempton Cliff's nature reserve in Yorkshire.
		The project, titled 'Seabird 2000', is a collaboration between the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and is the third national census of all the United Kingdom's seabird colonies (the other two being in 69/70 and 85/86).
		Seabird conservation is of paramount importance as Seabird colonies are under threat through over-fishing, attacks by predators, pollution and climate change.
	www.birdsofbritain.co.uk /features/seabird2000.htm (854 words)

	Seabirds
		The large breeding colonies of seabirds have been called bazaars due to their resemblance to the loud and colourful mix of peoples and cultures found in the bazaars of the Middle East.
		People and boats have been around seabird colonies for centuries, and when the people are careful about not causing disturbances, the birds thrive.
		The major colonies are situated along the northeast and southeast portions of the Newfoundland coast.
	wordplay.com /tourism/self_guided_tours/birds (5609 words)

	BBC News \| SCOTLAND \| The 'innocent' polluters
		Colonies of seabirds are adding to environmental pollution - simply by doing what comes naturally.
		Scientists studying a seabird colony on Bass Rock off the east coast of Scotland have already measured ammonia concentrations 20 times higher than those on chicken farms.
		From there, the next step is to build up a database of global seabird colony distributions and use this to calculate the total ammonia emissions.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/low/scotland/670108.stm (444 words)

	Reduction of Seabird Bycatch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Seabirds are protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) and Washington state law, but are inadvertently entangled and killed in Puget Sound commercial drift gillnet fisheries.
		Seabird mortalities in these fisheries are a violation of MBTA, a misdemeanor offense, and may contribute to declines in local seabird colony attendance.
		Seabirds were observed in the sighting zone (between 10 and 100 meters of the corkline) in 29% of the sets, the encounter zone (within 10 meters of the net) in 14% of the sets, and were entangled in only 1.9% of the sets.
	www.wsg.washington.edu /outreach/mas/fisheries/seabird.html (1058 words)

	Ascension Island Seabird Restoration Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The two native landbird species - a rail and a night heron - are both extinct and the large seabird colonies that were once found on the mainland are now largely restricted to offshore stacks that have remained free of cats and rats.
		The sooty tern colonies or 'wideawake fairs' support colonies totalling about 150,000 pairs, but even these colonies are much reduced compared to historical levels.
		The evidence of the cat predation on seabirds can be found at several locations around the island where middens full of feathers and bones of frigatebirds and sooty terns can be found.
	www.ascension-island.gov.ac /restoration.htm (724 words)

	The Scotsman - S2 Weekend - Big Brother and the gannets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Lillian Kelly, the development manager at the Scottish Seabird Centre, says the camera technology, which was first installed closer to home - on the Bass Rock in the Firth of Forth in 1993 and on the Isle of May last summer - has already been a resounding success.
		Seabirds live on the island for nearly half the year but even in their absence the camera will be able to zoom in on the spectacular panoramas and seascapes.
		St Kildans ate seabirds and "farmed" the seabird colonies, using puffins for feathers and meat snacks, fulmars for oil and young gannets for meat.
	thescotsman.scotsman.com /s2.cfm?id=1360062002 (906 words)

	Friends of Maine Seabird Islands
		Matinicus Rock was the only Atlantic puffin colony (two pairs) within Maine to have survived the market hunting that decimated most seabird colonies in the late 1800's and early 1900's.
		The island is predominantly an Arctic tern colony (999 pairs), but also supports 198 pairs of common terns.
		The island is closed to public access during the seabird nesting season: April 1 to August 31.
	www.maineseabirds.org /html/matinicus_rock.htm (483 words)

	Science News: Seabird sales pitch: for seabirds starting their first family, home is where biologists fake it - ...
		In the discriminating eyes of a prospecting seabird, an attractive island usually means one with an established, growing colony of the same species.
		And when beckoned by the recording of a colony taped over itself to double its intensity, petrels hit the nets three to four times more often than during silent periods.
		The petrels they had netted during the sound tests revealed that most of those investigating the colony were young prospectors, not yet old enough to lay eggs.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1200/is_n9_v138/ai_9396979 (1485 words)

	St Kilda - World Heritage Site Nomination Document
		St Kilda is for the most part, deserted in the winter months, but 17 species of seabird come ashore in spring and summer to breed on St Kilda, rendering the archipelago the largest seabird colony in Great Britain and Ireland.
		Populations of seven species of seabird breeding on the archipelago qualify as biogeographically important, in the context of the north-east Atlantic Ocean and the associated coastal fringe.
		Only 44 gannet colonies occur in the world and St Kilda is by far the largest, about half as large again as the second largest colony on Bass Rock, off the east coast of Scotland.
	www.kilda.org.uk /kildanomdoc/level2p3.htm (566 words)

	SCAR » Bulletin 136
		the fact that the colony is an exceptional "natural research laboratory" providing for research on the Antarctic petrel, snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea) and south polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki), and their adaptation to breeding in the inland/interior of Antarctica.
		The colonies of breeding seabirds are the most conspicuous biological element in the Area.
		The main colonies of snow petrels are located in separate parts of the scree-slope that are characterised by larger rocks.
	www.scar.org /publications/bulletins/136/sssi23 (1900 words)

	The Rolex Awards: new techniques for seabird conservation, S. Kress
		It was the persistence – and growth – of the Matinicus Rock colony, the last in US waters, that inspired Kress’s mission to restore Atlantic puffins to their other ancestral haunts in Maine.
		His peers were sceptical – nobody had successfully re-established an extirpated seabird colony anywhere in the world.
		Kress tries to recreate in the minds of wild seabirds the sense of presence he experienced himself that first day on Eastern Egg Rock, to convince the birds they are in a thriving colony of their own kind.
	www.rolexawards.com /laureates/laureate-30-kress.html (1175 words)

	PRBO Conservation Science: Seabird Aware Project
		The aim of the brochure is to encourage kayakers, pilots, fisherman, and others to respect the sensitive nature of seabirds by providing interesting information on their life histories, and specifics regarding the dangers of too-close contact.
		Colonies of breeding seabirds like the Common Murre are particularly vulnerable to human disturbance.
		Seabirds have fascinating adaptations that allow them to thrive in harsh conditions, including wind and wave swept sea cliffs.
	www.prbo.org /cms/index.php?mid=276&module=browse (1363 words)

	[No title]
		The seabird colony has continued to grow, and in 2003 the island supported 1,213 pairs of common terns (COTE), 799 pairs of Arctic terns (ARTE), 31 pairs of roseate terns (ROST), 28 pairs of Atlantic puffins (ATPU), and 1,123 pairs of laughing gulls (LAGU).
		The colony has continued to grow rapidly, and during the 2003 breeding season, 317 pairs of common terns, 229 pairs of Arctic terns, and two pairs of Roseate terns nested on the north end.
		During the early 1990's the colony experienced a decline in the nesting population which was likely associated with the dramatic increase in nesting terns at the nearby Seal Island NWR.
	www.fws.gov /northeast/petitmanan/progsumm03.htm (3206 words)

	New Georgia Encyclopedia: Oglethorpe University (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In 1835 the state of Georgia chartered Oglethorpe University as a Presbyterian institution named after James Edward Oglethorpe, the founder of the colony.
		Before that, Georgia Presbyterian families sent their sons to Princeton College in New Jersey, but the long distance suggested the need for a similar institution in the South.
		For the college athletic teams, Jacobs chose an unusual mascot—a small, persistent seabird that, according to legend, inspired Oglethorpe while on board the ship Anne on the way to Georgia.
	www.newgeorgiaencyclopedia.org /nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1450&pid=s-71 (1124 words)

	Alcoa: Environment: Progress Reports: Protecting a Seabird in Australia
		The seabird colony is about 600 strong today, protected from humans and predatory animals through programs implemented jointly by the Victoria state government's environmental authority, the local community, and the smelter.
		The Australasian gannet is relatively rare on a world scale, largely because of the seabird's highly restricted breeding range on islands in New Zealand and, to a lesser extent, Australia.
		In addition, the Point Danger area and the wetlands surrounding the smelter are seeing the return of and an increase in other native birds, such as the southern emuwrens and masked lapwings.
	www.alcoa.com /global/en/environment/initiatives/gannet.asp (712 words)

	News from the Seabird Islands: Summer Updates from Project Puffin
		In addition to views of the seabird cliffs with puffins, razorbills, murres, and fl guillemots, the camera also includes views of the Matinicus Rock light and a glimpse into an underground puffin burrow.
		Seabirds may be present throughout the day, but morning and early afternoon hours are best as they often spend afternoons at sea.
		Least Terns - petite, narrow-winged seabirds on Maine’s list of endangered species - are extremely vulnerable to disruption by predators at their nesting colonies and it is believed their appearance on Stratton Island is related to recent colony failure at nearby Higgins Beach, some three miles away.
	www.projectpuffin.org /island_news.html (3209 words)

	Falklands seabird colony destroyed (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Conservation groups across the world are aghast that a globally-important South Atlantic seabird site, containing hundreds of pairs of breeding albatrosses and penguins, has been almost completely destroyed by a blaze started accidentally by British troops attempting to remove ordnance from a remote island in the Falklands.
		No-one dreamt that such a colony was at risk from fire as no-one normally goes to the island.
		The RSPB, which is actively involved in the seabird census work on the Falklands, is seeking an absolute assurance from the Ministry of Defence that there will be an enquiry into this incident and that appropriate steps will be taken to ensure that this can never happen again.
	www.worldtwitch.com /cgi-bin/index.pl/noframes/read/152 (856 words)

	Three Arch Rocks National Wildlife Refuge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Seabird species breeding on this refuge include fork-tailed storm-petrel, Brandt's cormorant and pigeon guillemot.
		The refuge also supports the largest breeding colony of common murre south of Alaska and is the only pupping site on the north Oregon coast for the federally threatened Steller sea lion.
		To prevent disturbance to extremely sensitive seabirds, Three Arch Rocks National Wildlife Refuge is closed to public entry year-round and waters within 500 feet of the refuge are closed to all watercraft from May 1st through September 15th.
	www.fws.gov /pacific/oregoncoast/3archrocks (379 words)

	Grace E
		Seabird conservation in the Cook Islands has been largely conducted through traditional methods of protection of natural resources and use of seabirds for food by local Polynesian peoples, but management of several colonies may be shared with the national government in the future.
		Seabirds are likely to be particularly vulnerable to predation because of life history characteristics including low adult mortality, low fecundity, and extended breeding period.
		Traditional methods of observation of seabirds at their colonies to understand the breeding biology are not possible for the Marbled Murrelet, which nests in old growth forests, not in colonies.
	www.pacificseabirdgroup.org /publications/ab27.html (17727 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Unfortunately, these islands are used by a variety of nesting seabirds which are adversely affected by human disturbance and habitat alteration of the islands.
		A single visit to a seabird colony, during critical periods of the nesting cycle, can eliminate an entire year’s production from a variety of species.
		Objectives: Increase awareness in the general public regarding the life history needs of nesting seabirds, and the effects of disturbance on the birds Develop and implement a “Universal Signage” project that identifies seabird nesting islands from the water, indicating that the islands are closed to public access during the nesting season.
	www.fws.gov /birds/waterbirds/manem/projects/1.doc (210 words)

	Spring 3--Zone 1: Air (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Seabird colonies should be considered sensitive during the entire spring period.
		Aircraft should maintain a distance of 8 km seaward and 3 km landward and an altitude of 3000 m above the top of a seabird colony.
		Caribou frightened by low-flying aircraft are often prone to injuring themselves on rough ice.
	collections.ic.gc.ca /Arctic/maps/maisp3z1.htm (357 words)

	Seabird Colony Register - The Shiant Isles
		Immature puffins in the colony, up to the age of 4-5, do not yet have their own burrow and are not counted separately.
		As a very rough rule of thumb, there will be three puffins in a colony for every occupied burrow.
		The three main surveys from which the data has been taken are Operation Seafarer (1969-1970), the Seabird Colony Register (1985-87, with some gaps covered in 1988), and Seabird 2000 (1999-2001, with gaps to be covered in 2002).
	www.shiantisles.net /nat_hist/nh05.htm (300 words)

	Seabird 2000 Survey
		This year saw the third census of all breeding seabirds in Britain and Ireland, following on from Operation Seafarer in 1969/70 and the Seabird Colony Register census in 1985/87.
		The other species are reasonably straightforward to census, but we have struggled for years to come to a satisfactory estimate of the size of our breeding colony, mostly based around a combination of numbers of chicks and adults ringed each year and the substantial number of retraps.
		The whole colony occupies approximately 35,400 square metres (8.5 acres), perhaps one fifth to one quarter of the area of the Island above the rocky shoreline.
	website.lineone.net /~kmandjs/census.htm (1728 words)

	Edward C. Murphy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Behavioral, population, and community ecology of birds (seabirds, woodpeckers, passerines) and mammals (Dall sheep); intrapopulation variation in life history strategies.
		Seabird colony studies, Cape Thompson Alaska, 1977, 1979 and 1982 [Nat.
		Seabird responses to fluctuating prey availability in the eastern Bering Sea.
	mercury.bio.uaf.edu /~ed_murphy (762 words)

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