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Topic: Seal mammal

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Pinnipedia

Phocidae

Fissipedia

Hooded Seal

Elephant seal

Galapagos Fur Seal

Antarctic Fur Seal

Seal (device)

Southern Elephant Seal

Crabeater Seal

Leopard Seal

Marine mammal

Carnivora

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	Seal (mammal) - MSN Encarta
		While the limbs of seals have developed into flippers, the tail has practically disappeared, making seals different from other marine mammals, such as whales, dugongs, and manatees, which have lost their hind legs and use their powerful tails for swimming.
		Seal muscles also store oxygen, and the spleen, an organ that stores oxygen-rich blood, is exceptionally large in seals, serving as a kind of biological scuba tank.
		The Baikal seal inhabits Lake Baikal in southern Russia, believed to be the deepest lake in the world, and the Caspian seal lives in the vast Caspian Sea in southwestern Asia.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761564979/Seal_(mammal).html (1513 words)

	MSN Encarta - Print Preview - Seal (mammal)
		The northern fur seal is classified as Callorhinus ursinus, the harbour seal as Phoca vitulina, the Caspian seal as Phoca caspica, and the Baikal seal as Phoca sibirica.
		The Mediterranean monk seal is classified as Monachus monachus, the Hawaiian monk seal as Monachus schauinslandi, the Caribbean monk seal as Monachus tropicalis, and the northern elephant seal as Mirounga angustirostris.
		The southern elephant seal is classified as Mirounga leonina, the leopard seal as Hydrurga leptonyx, the Weddell seal as Leptonychotes weddelli, the Ross seal as Ommatophoca rossi, and the crabeater seal as Lobodon carcinophagus.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /text_761564979___5/Seal_(mammal).html (648 words)

	Seals.com-Pinnipeds
		The Caribbean monk seal Monachus tropicalis may already be extinct, and the Mediterranean monk seal M. monachus, found largely in the eastern Aegean Sea, and Hawaiian monk seal M. schauinslandi are both endangered, mainly owing to disturbance by humans.
		In 1996 the population of Mediterranean monk seals was approximately 400–550.
		The Ross seal Ommatophoca rossi is the least known of all the seals.
	www.seals.com (1213 words)

	Harbor Seals (Phoca vitulina)
		Of the harbor seal, Phoca vitulina (Linnaeus, 1758), commonly 4 subspecies are recognized: the Eastern Atlantic harbor seal, Phoca vitulina vitulina (Linnaeus, 1758), the Western Atlantic harbor seal, Phoca vitulina concolor (DeKay, 1842), the Insular harbor seal, Phoca vitulina stejnegeri (Allen, 1902), and the Pacific harbor seal, Phoca vitulina richardii (Gray, 1864).
		Characteristic for the harbor seal are the V-shaped nostrils.
		Bigg, M.A. Harbour seal Phoca vitulina Linnaeus, 1758, and Phoca largha, Pallas, 1811.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/jaap/harbseal.htm (2139 words)

	SCS: Harp Seal (Phoca groenlandica)
		All three harp seal populations are commercially hunted, usually on their breeding grounds, and the current hunt in Canada has been described as the "largest slaughter of marine mammals in the world".
		For the 2001 sealing season Norwegian vessels were allocated hunt quotas of 15,000 adult harp seals on the West Ice (2 non-suckling pups deemed equal to 1 adult) and 5,000 adult harp seals on the East Ice (2.5 non-suckling pups deemed equal to 1 adult).
		Seal meat from the hunt was previously sold as food to fur farms but this has not occurred for the last few years as the farms are importing cheaper dried meat from Germany, many seal carcasses being left to rot near processing plants as a result.
	www.pinnipeds.org /species/harp.htm (3070 words)

	Harp Seal Factsheet (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Harp seals inhabit the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans from northern Russia, to Newfoundland and the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada.
		Harp seals are closely associated with pack ice, undergoing spring migrations of up to 2,500 km on their way to summer feeding grounds, returning south ahead of the new ice in the fall.
		Harp seals consume a wide range of prey species and their diet appears to vary with age, season, location and year.
	www.imma.org /harpseal.html (414 words)

	Seal (mammal) - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Elephant Seal, largest and heaviest seal, named for the trunklike extension of the snout in males.
		Harbor Seal, medium-sized seal, with a short, thick fur coat covered with gray blotches.
		Marine Mammal : pictures of marine mammals : seals and sea lions: Northern Fur Seals
	encarta.msn.com /Seal_(mammal).html (197 words)

	World Almanac for Kids
		The various forms, known also as fur seals, hair seals, elephant seals, sea lions, and leopard seals, are widely distributed throughout the marine regions of the frigid and temperate zones; only the monk seals of the genus Monachus are tropical.
		The sea lions are the larger of the eared seals.
		Pelagic sealing, or the hunting of seals in the ocean, was prohibited by the agreement, which permitted capture only of immature or bachelor seals, taken at the outskirts of the breeding grounds under government supervision.
	www.worldalmanacforkids.com /explore/animals/seal.html (987 words)

	SCS: Harbour Seal (Phoca vitulina)
		The harbour seal population in the Baltic Sea was severely depleted in the 20th century by hunting, pollution and the PDV virus.
		The report also recommended that authority be given to kill seals which pose a threat to public safety and property at locations such as docks and marinas, and that commercial fishermen be allowed to kill seals that destroy their catch or gear.
		Hokkaido seals appear to be the largest with an average length of 1.9m for adult males and 1.7m for adult females.
	www.pinnipeds.org /species/harbour.htm (4139 words)

	Hawaiian Monk Seal
		A dynamic seascape and a disappearing seal : a biogeographical analysis of the population ecology of the Hawaiian monk seal.
		Seals and seascapes: covariation in Hawaiian monk seal subpopulations and the oceanic landscape of the Hawaiian Archipelago.
		Composition of the Hawaiian monk seal population at Kure Atoll, 1990.
	www.nmfs.hawaii.edu /library/monkseal.html (1989 words)

	Dead Seals in the North Sea, the Wadden Sea and the Kattegat/Skagerrak Area, December 2002
		In the present and definitively last seal report, you will find the final overview of documented dead common and grey seals in the area, which was affected by the pdv epizootic over the entire time of the pdv epidemic between May 2002 and February 2003.
		Detailed information on a regional breakdown of dead seal numbers and positive pdv cases in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are included in the report compiled by the Sea Mammal Research Unit, St. Andrews, UK on 29.02.03 (see Annex).
		The first report of a pdv positive seal in that area was given by the Zoological Department of the National University of Ireland, Galway, on the 08.10.02, which was one of four common seals found dead on 21.09.02 on the Aran Islands, Republic of Ireland.
	cwss.www.de /news/news/Seals/01-seal-news.html (1546 words)

	MSN Encarta - Print Preview - Seal (mammal) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The various forms, known also as fur seals, hair seals, elephant seals, sea lions, walruses, and leopard seals, are widely distributed throughout the marine regions of the frigid and temperate zones; only the monk seals and the subspecies of the Californian sea lion found in the Galápagos Islands are tropical.
		Representatives of three families of seals exist: the eared seals, walrus, and the true seals.
		All three families represent a reversion to aquatic habitat from ancestral land dwellers; they have become almost perfectly adapted to life in the water and resort to shores or ice floes only to breed and to rear their young.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /text_761564979___1/Seal_(mammal).html (140 words)

	Pinniped - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		"winged foots") are large marine mammals belonging to the former biological suborder Pinnipedia (sometimes now a superfamily) of the order Carnivora.
		The pinnipeds now fall within the suborder Caniformia and comprise the families Odobenidae (walruses), Otariidae (sea lions, eared seals, and fur seals), and Phocidae (true seals).
		The smallest pinniped, the Galapagos fur seal, weighs about 30 kg (66 lbs.) when full-grown and is 1.2 meters (4 feet) long; the largest, the male southern elephant seal, is over 4 meters (13 feet) long and weighs up to 2,200 kg (4,850 lb, more than 2 tons).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Seal_(mammal) (237 words)

	Seal article - Seal Seal Seal Seal mammal Seal (2003 album) Seal British soul SEAL - What-Means.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Seal, a mechanical device to contain pressure, or exclude contamination from an enclosure.
		Seal, a device used to seal or produce a physical impression
		Seal, a synonym for a pinniped, a large marine mammal
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/Seal (135 words)

	Seals (BMLSS Information) (sea mammals)
		A Bearded Seal, Erignathus barbatus, was found near Leenane (the entrance is Killary harbour), in south County Mayo, on the west coast of Ireland.
		Seals are a rare sight off the mid-Sussex coast, but a few have been seen off Shoreham beach before.
		The seal swam at the surface and dived on occasions and appeared to be in good health.They have been seen as occasional vagrants before, notably off Shoreham a few miles to the west.
	www.glaucus.org.uk /seals1.htm (3248 words)

	Puget Sound Shorelines: Species - Harbor Seal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Seals like to "haul out" on protected beaches, spits, bars, rocks and log rafts to bask in the sun and sleep.
		The highest mortality rate for harbor seals occurs during the first few months of life; pups may be stillborn, premature, or they may starve.
		Pinnipeds (seals, seal lions, and walruses) spend part of their lives in the water but depend on land to give birth and raise young.
	www.ecy.wa.gov /programs/sea/pugetsound/species/seal.html (761 words)

	The Marine Mammal Center
		She was rescued by The Marine Mammal Center, and transported to its hospital in Sausalito, California.
		The Marine Mammal Center is appealing to the public to curtail the amount of illegal harbor seal “rescues.” Since late February, The Center has rescued eleven harbor seals; the public illegally handled half of them.
		The Marine Mammal Center is proud to present the 21st annual Run For The Seals race, Saturday, March 8, 2003 at Rodeo Beach in the Marin Headlands, Sausalito.
	www.marinemammalcenter.org /learning/comm/pressreleases2003.asp (665 words)

	* Harp Seal - (Animals): Definition (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Unlike sea lions and eared seals which use their fore flippers for propulsion, harp seals use their hind flippers in a side-to-side action to propel themselves through the water...
		The Harp Seal (Phoca groenlandica) is a marine mammal that spends most of its life in the sea, but also goes onto ice floes.
		An earless seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus) of the North Atlantic and Arctic oceans whose pups are hunted for their fine white fur.
	en.mimi.hu /animals/harp_seal.html (257 words)

	Grey Seal
		Another concern relating to the fisheries is that the grey seal acts as a vector of the cod worm, Phocanema.
		Since the life cycle of the cod worm is a complex one, the importance of the grey seal therein is hard to determine.
		The grey seal populations in Scotland and Canada are regulated because of the codworm problem.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/jaap/greyseal.htm (951 words)

	The Mammal Society: Grey Seals (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Grey seals are gregarious at these haul-outs, sometimes forming large groups of several hundred animals, especially when they are moulting their fur in the spring.
		Seals try to take salmon from fish farm nets in sea lochs and either damage the fish or tear the nets and release valuable fish in the process.
		Of 3,000 seals known to have died from the virus in British waters, only 300 were grey seals.
	www.mammal.org.uk /gseal.htm (867 words)

	sleep (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Animals vary widely in their amounts of sleep, from 2 hours a day for giraffes to 20 hours for bats.
		Seals and dolphins "sleep" with alternate hemispheres of their brains asleep and the other awake.
		Seals need to do this so they can breathe above water while sleeping.
	encyclopedia.mysleepcenter.com /sleep.htm (580 words)

	WDFW-Trends and Status of Harbor Seals in Washington State:
		Seal numbers began to recover after the cessation of bounties in 1960 and passage of the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) in 1972.
		The current management philosophy for marine mammals that assumes a density-dependent response in population growth with MNPL >K/2 is supported by growth of harbor seal stocks in Washington waters.
		Observations of Harbor Seal Predation on Hood Canal Salmonids from 1998 to 2000
	wdfw.wa.gov /wlm/research/papers/harbor_seals/harborsealtrends.htm (312 words)

	[No title]
		Hooded seals are not as gregarious as harp seals.
		Hooded seals are thought to wander more widely than harp seals but little is known about their distribution after leaving the molting patches in the Denmark Strait.
		The pelts of hooded seals are not differentiated from other species in the trade statistics, therefore the main purchasers of Canadian hooded seal pelts are the same as for harp seals: Norway, Canada and China.
	www.ifaw.org /ifaw/general/default.aspx?oid=13020 (564 words)

	ed1Kids' Page
		Harbor seals are found all over the world, and pups are born at different times of year depending on where you study them.
		Harbor seal mothers feed their pups milk, just as human mothers do (that's one of the things that makes a seal a mammal).
		The seal in this picture is protecting her pup from another male harbor seal who might bother or injure her pup (the male is to her right).
	online.sfsu.edu /~halmark/kidspage3.htm (937 words)

	The Marine Mammal Center
		Public Participation is Needed in The Marine Mammal Center’s Harbor Seal Health Study.
		Click here to read about The Marine Mammal Center’s lead role in the successful efforts to help two wayward humpback whales back to the ocean.
		Click here to help The Center continue to respond to these and other extraordinary marine mammal rescues.
	www.marinemammalcenter.org (332 words)

	Guadalupe Fur Seal
		The Guadalupe Island for which they were named is listed as a seal sanctuary, and many of the seals live on or around that island, making their homes on the beaches and in rocky caves.
		The male seals grow to an average length of 7 feet (2.2 meters) and weight of 415 pounds (188 kg).
		Female fur seals mate just days after giving birth to their pups, and they will alternately feed and nurse for about eight to nine months after the pup is born.
	www.unitedstatesfauna.com /guadalupefurseal.php (485 words)

	1994 NMML Publication List (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Male- biased secondary sex ratios of northern fur seals on the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, 1989 and 1992, p.
		Status of the northern fur seal population in the United States during 1992, p.
		Prey of juvenile northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) in the Southern California Bight.
	nmml.afsc.noaa.gov /library/exchange/XCH94.HTM (1714 words)

	MMPA
		Mar. 15: Seal hunt protests held in 30 countries.
		Perceptions about the current seal population and sustainability concerns are critical factors in a person's decision to either support or oppose the seal hunt.
		Support for the seal hunt increases to majority levels when Canadians are informed that the current federal policy on seal hunting requires that no nursing seals are hunted, that it is done in a humane manner, that the quotas are set at sustainable levels and that no large commercial vessels are used.
	www.furcommission.com /resource/pressMMPA.htm (1240 words)

	World review of interactions between marine mammals and fisheries (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Fiscus, C.H., 1982 Predation by marine mammals on squids of the eastern North Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea.
		Perez, M.A. and M.A. Bigg, 1981 An assessment of the feeding habits of the Northern fur seal in the eastern North Pacific Ocean and eastern Bering Sea.
		Tikhomirov, E.A., 1966 Certain data on the distribution and biology of the harbor seal in the Sea of Okhotsk during the summer-autumn period and hunting it.
	www.fao.org /docrep/003/x6860e/X6860E10.htm (6987 words)

	The Difference Between Seals and Sea Lions (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Pinnipeds, fin-footed marine mammals, are divided into two categories: earless seals (true seals) and eared seals (sea lions).
		Earless seals like the Northern elephant seal and harbor seal are believed to have descended from a line of terrestrial mammals similar to otters.
		Eared seals like the California sea lion and the Northern fur seal are believed to have descended from a bear-like mammal.
	www.sfgate.com /getoutside/pinnipeds.html (118 words)

	APRIL-MAY 2002 Acquisitions (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Marine mammals: notice of intent to prepare an environmental assessment for issuing a bowhead whale subsistence quota to the Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission (AEWC) for the years 2003 through 2007.
		Longline bycatch of birds and mammals in New Zealand fisheries, 1990/91 - 1995/96, and observer coverage.
		The development of diving in marine endotherms: preparing the skeletal muscles of dolphins, penguins, and seals for activity during submergence.
	nmml.afsc.noaa.gov /library/acquisitions/APRMAY02.HTM (3355 words)

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