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Topic: Sealed source radiotherapy

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	Learn more about Radiation therapy in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Radiation therapy (or radiotherapy) is the medical use of ionizing radiation as part of cancer treatment to control malignant cells (not to be confused with radiology, the use of radiation in medical imaging and diagnosis).
		Although radiotherapy is often used as part of curative therapy, it is occasionally used as a palliative treatment, where cure is not possible and the aim is for symptomatic relief.
		Three main divisions of radiotherapy are external beam radiotherapy or teletherapy, brachytherapy or sealed source radiotherapy and unsealed source radiotherapy.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /r/ra/radiation_therapy.html (410 words)

	Radiotherapy - MSN Encarta
		Radiotherapy, exposure of a defined portion of the body to a source of ionizing radiation, usually for the treatment of cancer.
		For this precise reason, radiotherapy must take into account the exact location of the particular tumour that is to be irradiated to minimize the exposure of normal tissues, while at the same time ensuring that the cancerous tissues are properly treated.
		Most radiotherapy is given with teletherapy techniques, which use a beam of photons to irradiate the tumour from outside the patient's body.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_781529467/Radiotherapy.html (930 words)

	Transmutable radiotherapy device - Patent 6293899
		The term "sealed source", as used herein, means that radioisotopes incorporated into a device are integral with the device and cannot be dislodged or released from the host material of the device in the environment of usage.
		The term "sealed source equivalent", as used herein, refers to a radioactive device which bears the characteristics of a "sealed source", i.e., in which the radioactive portion of the device is an integral part of the device that cannot otherwise be dislodged, released or separated from the device in the environment of usage.
		Radiotherapy devices according to the present invention are considered to be "sealed source equivalents", as they are suitable for use in applications in which "sealed sources", as defined in the prior art, were required.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6293899.html (10923 words)

	Radiation therapy
		Radiotherapy has a few applications in non-malignant conditions, such as the treatment of severe thyroid eye disease, pterygium, prevention of keloid scar growth, and prevention of heterotopic bone formation.
		Radiotherapy is commonly used for the treatment of malignant tumours (cancer), and may be used as the primary therapy.
		Three main divisions of radiotherapy are external beam radiotherapy (XBRT) or teletherapy, brachytherapy or sealed source radiotherapy and unsealed source radiotherapy.
	articles.gourt.com /en/radiotherapy (2792 words)

	Radiation therapy - Free net encyclopedia
		Image:Clinac 2100 C with patient.JPG Radiation therapy (or radiotherapy) is the medical use of ionising radiation as part of cancer treatment to control malignant cells (not to be confused with radiology, the use of radiation in medical imaging and diagnosis).
		Radiotherapy is commonly used for the treatment of malignant tumours (cancer).
		By conforming the radiotherapy treatment volume closely to the shape of the tumour, the relative toxicity of radiation to the surrounding normal tissues can be reduced, allowing a higher dose of radiation to be delivered to the tumour than would be possible using conventional techniques.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/Radiotherapy (2716 words)

	Radiotherapy - cancer cell treatment using radiation
		Radiotherapy involves the exposure of parts of the body to radiation, beams of high-energy X-rays, gamma rays or particles.
		Sometimes sealed sources of radioactivity, such as tiny wires or grains, are implanted into cancers in the body to give a high dose of radiotherapy to a localised area.
		The complications of radiotherapy depend on the radiation sensitivity of the normal tissues that lie in the path of the beam.
	hcd2.bupa.co.uk /fact_sheets/html/radiotherapy.html?print (1021 words)

	Plesiotherapy
		By placing the radiation source or sources inside or immediately adjacent to the volume of the tissue to be treated, the dose to the other tissues can be minimized because the radiation does not have to pass through any other tissue before arriving at the treatment volume.
		Since the source is moved from a shielded safe to the desired position inside the patient by remote control, the dose to the staff is insignificant.
		The strontium source is held by the rod, and a plexiglass shield protects the operator from radioactive Beta particles emitted by the strontium-90 source.
	www.avmi.net /NewFiles/RadioTherapy/Brachytherapy.html (1419 words)

	Radiation Therapy-- Biotechnology Stocks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Although radiotherapy is often used as part of curative therapy, it is occasionally used as a
		One of the best-known was the CHART (Continous Hyperfractionated Accelerated RadioTherapy) regime for lung cancer, which used 2 or 3 smaller fractions per day in the treatment of lung cancer.
		The differences relate to the position of the radiation source; external is outside the body, while sealed and unsealed source radiotherapy has radioactive material delivered internally.
	www.biotech100.com /biotechnology_encyclopedia/radiation_therapy.htm (1123 words)

	Brachytherapy - Sealed source radiotherapy - The Doctors Lounge(TM)
		Sealed source radiotherapy or brachytherapy is the application of radiation from close range and is used for techniques where the radioactive source is placed inside the area requiring treatment.
		The greek word "brachy" means close or nearby, and is the opposite of "tele" which means far or at a distance.
		Superficial tumours can be treated using sealed sources placed close to the skin.
	www.thedoctorslounge.net /oncology/procedures/brachytherapy.htm (264 words)

	Medical Dictionary - RADIOTHERAPY EQUIPMENT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Teletherapy apparatus produces radiation beams outside the body and directs them through the skin, varying the point of entry to the body to reduce the average dose at the skin if the area to be treated is deep within the body.
		Alternatively, sealed radioactive sources may be placed within body cavities to provide localized radiotherapy in a particular organ.
		Radiotherapy is a complex subject, usually conducted in a special department employing doctors expert in cancer treatment, radiographers (therapy), physicists for treatment planning and dose calculations and technicians to manage the apparatus.
	www.sweb.cz /kemike/medic/entries/RADIOTHERAPY_EQUIPMENT.html (226 words)

	Implantable radiotherapy device - Patent 6030333
		A radiotherapy device according to claim 1, wherein said source of radiation comprises one or more radioisotopes which are incorporated directly into the material of said template by a technique selected from the group consisting of ion implantation, ion beam assisted deposition, sputtering, evaporation, laser ablation and plating.
		A radiotherapy device according to claim 20, wherein said filament has an aspect ratio of at least 3 to 1 and extends along a principal axis, wherein radiation is emitted from said filament in a substantially elongated radiation pattern extending along and radially from said principal axis.
		The radiation source is incorporated into the template in accordance with a predetermined distribution so as to achieve a predetermined radiation pattern, the shape of which is determined at least in part by the distribution of the radiation source on the exterior surfaces of the template and not solely by the shape of the template.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6030333.html (9324 words)

	Radiation Therapy for Cancer: Q & A - National Cancer Institute
		Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy, x-ray therapy, or irradiation) is the use of a certain type of energy (called ionizing radiation) to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors.
		The sealed sources deliver most of their radiation mainly around the area of the implant, so while the area around the implant is radioactive, the patient’s whole body is not radioactive.
		The energy (source of radiation) used in internal radiation comes from the radioactive isotope in radioactive iodine (iodine 125 or iodine 131), and from strontium 89, phosphorous, palladium, cesium, iridium, phosphate, or cobalt.
	www.cancer.gov /cancertopics/factsheet/Therapy/radiation (3920 words)

	Radiation Safety Department of WVU
		A radiotherapy patient is defined as a patient who has been given radionuclides orally or intravenously or has received a sealed source implant.
		It is the physician's responsibility to have all therapy patients housed in a private room if they have received sealed source implants or have been administered more than 30 millicuries of a radionuclide.
		Patients receiving other types of radiotherapy should be either in bed or on the far side of the bed when staff or visitors are in the room.
	www.hsc.wvu.edu /rsafety/manualch9/chapter9b.htm (1352 words)

	Brachytherapy Side Effects & Personalized Cancer Treatment Options
		Radiotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses energy carried by waves or a stream of particles that can alter a cancer cell's genetic material, rendering continued growth impossible.
		Brachytherapy, also known as sealed source radiotherapy and endocurietherapy, is a type of radiotherapy in which radiation is delivered inside the area requiring treatment.
		Interstitial brachytherapy, in which radiation sources are inserted into the tissue itself; for example, prostate cancer brachytherapy employs the insertion of a series of tiny catheters into and around the tumor.
	www.cancercenter.com /brachytherapy.cfm (933 words)

	MDAdvice.com - Radiation Therapy Informative Material: Radiation Therapy and You: Internal Radiation Therapy: What To ...
		Internal radiation therapy places the source of the high-energy rays as close as possible to the cancer cells so that fewer normal cells are exposed to radiation.
		In brachytherapy, the radioactive source, sealed in a small container, is placed on the surface of the body near the tumor or a short distance from the affected area.
		The radioactive source also may be delivered to the tumor through tubes; this is called remote brachytherapy.
	www.mdadvice.com /topics/radiotherapy/info/radintther.html (1379 words)

	Radiotherapy
		Overall, only about 50% of those who receive radiotherapy in the hope of a cure are actually cured, partly due to the fact that in the aftermath of radiation treatment, tumour cells produce cytokines that promote the growth of new blood vessels to replace those killed by the radiation treatment.
		curative or radical radiotherapy : when there is a likelihood > 20-30% to eradicate all cancer cells capable of cell division in the primary and regional areas; the patient is expected to have a normal life span.
		palliative radiotherapy : for advanced tumors with metastases, elderlies, cachectic patients; it uses low doses (=> no side effects) and less complex techniques to improve quality of life by reducing symptoms related to compression, invasion, obstruction, or mass effect; palliative RT is not expected to extend the life span.
	focosi.immunesig.org /radiotherapy.html (4314 words)

	UCSF Office of Environmental Health and Safety Radiation Protection Handbook
		In this form of therapy, sealed sources are implanted to irradiate a relatively restricted area for a specified period.
		In this form of therapy, sealed sources of cesium-137 in the form of tubes or spherical pellets, Ir-192 seeds contained in a nylon ribbon, or a single lr-192 source on a wire are used to irradiate a relatively restricted area for a specified period.
		The sources can be advanced to the distal end of a treatment delivery catheter to irradiate a segment of the coronary artery in selected patients at the time of balloon angioplasty and/or stent placement.
	www.ehs.ucsf.edu /Manuals/RP/oehsRPChapter9.asp (2979 words)

	Radiation therapy
		Radiotherapy is commonly used for the treatment of tumors.
		The most common tumors treated with radiotherapy are breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, head and neck cancers, gynaecological tumors, bladder cancer and lymphoma, although the cancer's stage (progress) and invasion into lymph nodes, as well as other health and (unfortunately) monetary factors affect which treatment will have the greatest possibility of success.
		In order to spare interstitial tissue (such as skin or organs which radiation must pass through in order to treat the tumor) several angles of exposure are utilized such that the radiation beams overlap on top of each other at the tumor, providing a much larger absorbed dose there than in the surrounding, healthy tissue.
	www.mrsci.com /Cancer-Treatments/Radiation_therapy.php (2222 words)

	Radiation Oncology \| Radiation Therapy- External, Internal & Chemotherapy \| Radiation Oncology Treatment
		The radiation sources can be sealed or unsealed, depending on whether it is protected in any case.
		In external therapy, radiation is applied from an external source, specifically to the cancerous portion.
		Internal radiation can be performed by injecting an unsealed source or implanting a sealed source at the diseased portion.
	www.outsourcestrategies.com /radiation_oncology.htm (316 words)

	Wikinfo \| Radiation therapy
		Other rare uses are to wipe out the immune system prior to transplant to reduce the incidence of tissue rejection, called TBI or Total Body Irradiation; to calm hyperactive muscles -- such as might cause twitchy eyes -- with mild superficial treatments; and to form scar tissue around a STENT to reinforce the vascular wall.
		The side effects can occur during treatment (acute side effects such as soreness and redness over the affected area; nausea and vomiting) or long after treatment has finished (late side effects reflecting permanent organ damage).
		Images, some of which are used under the doctrine of Fair use or used with permission, may not be available.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Radiation_therapy (678 words)

	Chapter 246-240 WAC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The provisions of this chapter apply to all licensees who use sealed sources in the healing arts and are in addition to, and not in substitution for, other applicable provisions of these regulations.
		The test sample shall be taken from the source or from the surfaces of the device in which the source is permanently or semipermanently mounted or stored on which one might expect contamination to accumulate.
		The licensee shall immediately withdraw the source from use and cause it to be decontaminated and repaired or to be disposed of in accordance with department regulations.
	www.doh.wa.gov /ehp/rp/wac/246-240.htm (4091 words)

	Radiation therapy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is used as palliative treatment (where cure is not possible and the aim is for local disease control or symptomatic relief) or as therapeutic treatment (where the therapy has survival benefit but is not curative).
		Radiotherapy has a few applications in non-malignant conditions, such as the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia, severe thyroid eye disease, pterygium, prevention of keloid scar growth, and prevention of heterotopic bone formation.
		There is also interest in the fact that high LET particles such as carbon or neon ions may have an antitumour effect which is independent of tumour hypoxia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Radiotherapy (2583 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In Brazil while moving, a radiotherapy institute a left over sealed radiotherapy source resulted in an exposure to 249 people of whom several either died or suffered severe health problems (International atomic Energy Agency, 1988).
		certain sealed sources from diagnostic instruments, may cause much more severe injuries (such as destruction of tissue, necessitating amputation of body parts) and should therefore be undertaken with the utmost care.
		Unsealed sources are usually liquids that are applied directly and not encapsulated during use; sealed sources are radioactive substances contained in parts of equipment or apparatus or encapsulated in unbreakable or impervious objects such as seeds or needles.
	www.toxicslink.org /docs/06014_Beware_Of_These_Radiations.doc (1015 words)

	Brachytherapy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In cases such as cervix brachytherapy where a Heyman capsule was used, radiation exposure from manual loading could be appreciable as all the sources had to be placed individually while the patient was anaesthetized on the operating bed.
		The metal tubes allowed the development of standard sizing and strength sources so that source numbers could be calculated first, and then prepared to facilitate a single step procedure to manually afterload.
		The source would have been prepared in a hot lab as a source train and inserted in a theater or ward.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sealed_source_radiotherapy (1182 words)

	Source Recovery
		The Alaron / Chase Environmental's Sealed Source Recovery Business provides customers with the ability to consolidate sources prior to disposal, have the components disassembled to separate the source from lead shielding, and recycle their Americium rather than disposal.
		Radioactive sources are used in a range of applications in industry, medicine and research.
		When the source is no longer required or radioactive decay has rendered the source unfit for its original purpose, the source itself must be replaced and either recycled or sent to a licensed disposal facility.
	www.alaron-nuclear.com /text/source.html (210 words)

	Department for Nuclear Application
		Gamma tomography is complementary to radiotracer and gamma sealed source techniques largely used for analyzing industrial process units The feasibility of gamma and X-rays transmission and emission tomography, as well as of related electrical CT in industry will be investigated in order to further facilitate the transfer of CT technology to IAEA MS developing countries.
		The objective of the CRP is to generate know how and expertise in participating laboratories for making miniature radioactive sources and their quality assessment with a view to make such sources locally available for potential use in medicine and industry.
		The demand and scale of industrial applications of sealed sources seems to be nearly stable.
	www-naweb.iaea.org /napc/iachem/crps.asp (2297 words)

	Thoracic Cancer Treatment Center - Our Services (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The goal of chemotherapy may be to cure a specific cancer, to control the tumor growth when a cure is not possible, to relieve symptoms such as pain, to shrink tumors before surgery or radiotherapy, and to enhance the radiotherapy or to destroy microscopic metastasis after a tumor has been surgically removed.
		Chemotherapy is given either before surgery or radiotherapy (referred to as neo-adjuvant treatments), instead of surgery or radiotherapy (referred to as primary treatments), concurrently with radiotherapy or after surgery or radiotherapy (referred to as adjuvant treatments).
		Methods of delivering radiotherapy from outside the body include standard radiotherapy, intra-operative radiotherapy, stereotactic radiotherapy, and 3-D conformal radiotherapy.
	www.dfci.harvard.edu /pat/adult/thoracic-cancer/our-services.html (1812 words)

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