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Topic: Seasat

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	NASA - Seafaring Satellite Sets 25 Year Trend
		Seasat's tale began in the 1970s when a group of engineers and scientists at JPL began work on an experimental satellite to study Earth and its seas, using technologies being developed to study other planets.
		"Seasat served to vault Earth science to where it is today, advancing the study of such diverse disciplines as land and sea surface topography, ice sheet and land movement, and sea surface winds," said Dr. Frank Carsey, JPL research scientist.
		Seasat data was used to pioneer radar interferometry, which can pinpoint land surface changes such as those created by earthquakes, and to measure land surface topography.
	www.nasa.gov /vision/earth/lookingatearth/Seasat_25.html (770 words)

	Seasat Satellite Source Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-31)
		Seasat was the first earth satellite dedicated to the study of the global oceans with microwave sensors.
		Seasat, which was launched June 26, 1978, and which failed October 10, 1978, carried five sensors onboard the 2290-kg platform: a radar altimeter, a scatterometer system, a synthetic aperture radar, a visible and infrared radiometer and a scanning multi-channel microwave radiometer.
		The satellite orbit is near-circular, with an inclination of 108 deg, a period of 101 min, and an altitude of a 790km.
	podaac.jpl.nasa.gov:2031 /SOURCE_DOCS/seasat.html (1094 words)

	Seasat - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Seasat was the first Earth-orbiting satellite designed for remote sensing of the Earth's oceans and had onboard the first spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR).
		Seasat was managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and was launched on 28 June 1978 into a nearly circular 800 km orbit with an inclination of 108°.
		Seasat operated for 105 days until 10 October 1978, when a massive short circuit in the satellite's electrical system ended the mission.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Seasat (267 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-31)
		Seasat's altimeter sent a radar pulse at the sea surface every second and detected varitations of 1 to 2 inches.
		Seasat measures the changes in the sea surface by using an altimeter that sends radar pulses 1000 times per second to the ocean surface.
		Seasat used a microwave altimeter to bounce pulses of radar of the surface of the ocean.
	colorado.edu /UCB/AcademicAffairs/ArtsSciences/physics/phys2900/3.html (2674 words)

	SEASAT - 1978
		Seasat was the first Earth-orbiting satellite designed for remote sensing of the Earth's oceans and had onboard the first spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR).
		Seasat was managed by JPL and was launched on June 28, 1978 into a nearly circular 800 km orbit with an inclination of 108 degrees.
		Seasat SAR signal data collected over Europe and received at the station at Oakhanger, United Kingdom (UKO) were also processed in Europe and are available there.
	southport.jpl.nasa.gov /scienceapps/seasat.html (432 words)

	Remote Sensing Tutorial Page 8-6
		The first non-military operation of radar from a spacecraft was the Seasat mission developed by JPL and launched (on a satellite) in 1976.
		Seasat's principal mission was to study various properties at and near the ocean surface, including sea surface temperature, wind speeds, and wave heights.
		Seasat included a second instrument, a radar altimeter, designed to measure height variations of the ocean surface and large waves imposed on the water.
	www.fas.org /irp/imint/docs/rst/Sect8/Sect8_6.html (1126 words)

	Remote sensing then and now - SEASAT and SURSAT (1978)
		It was to be called SEASAT and was to contain three sensors--a synthetic aperture radar with a ground resolution of 20 metres (he didn't explain the concept of' synthetic aperture' which did not require nearly as much power as a real aperture radar and mysteriously had a ground resolution which was independent of range!).
		The third was a radar altimeter, capable of determining the distance between the satellite and the sea surface to within an accuracy of five centimetres (it was to be used for measuring sea state and geodetic bulges and indentations in the Earth's crust).
		SEASAT was launched in August 1978, but due to a massive short-circuit in one of the slip ring assemblies that was used to connect the rotating solar arrays into the electrical system, the satellite failed on Oct. 10th, '78, after satisfactory operation in orbit for 105 days.
	ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca /org/history/history20_e.php (735 words)

	SEASAT Platform Guide Document
		SEASAT was in a near-circular, polar orbit at an altitude of 805 kilometers and at an inclination of 108 degrees.
		SEASAT was in a near-circular, polar orbit, at an altitude of 805 kilograms and an inclination of 108 degrees.
		The SEASAT altimeter carrier frequency was 13.5 GHz and operated in chirp pulse mode with a 3.2-microsecond uncompressed pulse width and 3.125-nanosecond compressed pulse width.
	nsidc.org /data/docs/daac/seasat_platform.gd.html (1088 words)

	[No title]
		Seasat's altimeter sent a radar pulse at the sea surface every second and detected varitations of 1 to 2 inches.
		Seasat measures the changes in the sea surface by using an altimeter that sends radar pulses 1000 times per second to the ocean surface.
		Seasat used a microwave altimeter to bounce pulses of radar of the surface of the ocean.
	www.colorado.edu /physics/phys2900/3.html (2674 words)

	Jet Propulsion Laboratory
		The radar instruments on Seasat measured the satellite's distance from the sea surface, measured near-surface ocean winds and took pictures using radar rather than light for illumination.
		Seasat also carried a visual and infrared radiometer that provided measurements that were used to judge the results of the radar instruments.
		Seasat was launched on June 26, 1978, on an Atlas Agena rocket from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California.
	www.jpl.nasa.gov /missions/past/seasat.html (255 words)

	2004 MAPLD International Conference - SEASAT Mishap
		The Seasat spacecraft failed on October 9, 1978, after satisfactory operation in orbit for 105 days, as a result of a loss of electrical power in the Agena bus that was used as part of the spacecraft.
		That the Seasat organization was not fully aware of these potential failure modes was due to a breakdown in communication within the contractor's organization.
		But the experience of Seasat illustrates the risks that are associated with the use of equipment that is classified as "standard" or "flight proven." The uncritical acceptance of such classifications by the Seasat engineering staff submerged important differences in both design and application from previously used equipment.
	klabs.org /mapld04/tutorials/mishaps/seasat.htm (814 words)

	40+ Years of Earth Science - Seasat
		Objectives: Seasat A was the first satellite designed for sensing of the Earth's oceans with active microwave instruments.
		The major difference between Seasat-A and previous Earth observation satellites was the use of active and passive microwave sensors to achieve an all-weather capability.
		Description: Seasat-A was injected into a near-circular polar orbit with an apogee of 798 kmand a perigee of 775 km.
	www.earth.nasa.gov /history/seasat/seasat.html (395 words)

	Seasat Scatterometer Global Dealiased Wind Vectors '78 (Wentz et al) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-31)
		The original SEASAT SASS wind vectors that were produced in 1980 by the SEASAT project were plagued by many systematic errors.
		This rectangular area, which is called a strip, is aligned such that the 1500-km dimension is perpendicular to the SEASAT nadir subtrack and the 100-km dimension is parallel to the subtrack.
		It is 0 for the first strip in SEASAT orbit 1 (i.e., the strip at the equator for the ascending node) and increases by 1 when going from one strip to the next if there is no data gap.
	podaac.jpl.nasa.gov:2031 /DATASET_DOCS/seasat_windvect_wentz.html (7127 words)

	eoPortal directory: SEASAT
		Launch of SEASAT: June 27, 1978 (Atlas-Agena from Vandenberg AFB, CA); end of mission (abrupt power system failure in its 1,502 orbit, due to a massive short circuit in one of the slip ring assemblies that was used to connect the rotating solar arrays into the electrical system) on October 10, 1978.
		SEASAT is considered to be the first oceanography mission, it collected more information about the oceans than had been acquired in the previous 100 years of shipboard research.
		VIRR is a supporting instrument on Seasat (of SR heritage on NOAA-1) with the objective to provide images of visual reflection and thermal infrared emission from oceanic, coastal, and atmospheric features that might aid in interpreting the data from the other Seasat sensors (also some quantitative measurements of SST and cloud top height).
	directory.eoportal.org /pres_SEASAT.html (2561 words)

	Haxby Worldwide Gravity Grid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-31)
		The utility of SEASAT altimeter data to geophysics is a result of their high sensitivity and uniform global coverage.
		The precision of SEASAT measurements is about 0.05m, and the distance between adjacent SEASAT tracks is at most 1.5 degrees of longitude.
		The digitized lineations served as input for an anisotropic surface fitting algorithm that was applied in the vicinity of the lineations to revise the gridded sea surface topography.
	www.ngdc.noaa.gov /seg/cdroms/grav99v1/document/html/haxby.htm (364 words)

	Threshold Retracker Documentation
		For basic threshold retracking, the position on the leading edge of the return waveform is found by locating the first range bin to exceed a percentage of the maximum waveform amplitude.
		For Seasat and Geosat altimeter data this is complicated by the fact that a DC bias exists in the range bins preceding the location of the actual return waveform.
		The magnitude of the DC bias is different for the two satellites and is also known to vary with location and time in a given satellite dataset.
	icesat4.gsfc.nasa.gov /data_processing/threshold.html (2289 words)

	[No title]
		Seasat SAR obtained extensive ocean and land coverage of North America and portions of Europe plus surrounding seas during July-October 1978.
		With the recent transfer of the Seasat SAR raw data to Sony D1 media through efforts at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, we recommend that the entire Seasat SAR data catalog be reprocessed and made available for scientific use.
		The Seasat SAR provided extensive of coverage of North America (Figures 1-3) and portions of eastern Canada (Figure 4) and the United Kingdom (Figure 5) from July -October 1978.
	psc.apl.washington.edu /ASFUWG/Seasat/seasat.txt (816 words)

	SEASAT and GEOSAT Altimetry Data for the Antarctic and Greenland Ice Sheets
		The SEASAT data were collected for a continuous 90 days in 1978, at latitudes of between 72 degrees South and 72 degrees North.
		Data from SEASAT were acquired for a continuous 90 days in 1978; and data from GEOSAT, between April 1985 and September 1986.
		Precision of surface elevations derived from SEASAT and GEOSAT altimetry measurements is directly proportional to the precision of the missions' orbits.
	nsidc.org /data/docs/daac/nsidc0053_seasat_geosat.gd.html (2179 words)

	SEASAT Synthetic Aperture Radar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-31)
		Seasat was launched on June 28, 1978 carrying the first imaging Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) system used as a scientific sensor from earth orbit.
		A SAR antenna (2m x 10m) was mounted on the spacecraft with its boresight oriented at a 20 degree angle from the vertical direction, pointing right of the flight path.
		The resolution of the Seasat SAR images is about 25m by 25m (in range and azimuth).
	gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov /records/GCMD_SEASAT_SAR.html (540 words)

	GPN-2003-00033 - Artist's Concept of Seasat-A
		Seasat A was designed for monitoring the Earth's oceans with active microwave instruments.
		The scientific objectives were to collect data on sea-surface winds, oceanography, sea-surface temperatures, wave heights, wavelength and direction, atmospheric water, and sea ice features.
		Seasat-A was launched on June 16, 1978, on an Atlas-Agena launch vehicle from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California.
	grin.hq.nasa.gov /ABSTRACTS/GPN-2003-00033.html (131 words)

	La télédétection d'hier à aujourd'hui - SEASAT et SURSAT
		On l'appellerait SEASAT et il devait comporter trois capteurs - un radar à synthèse d'ouverture d'une résolution au sol de 20 mètres (il n'a pas expliqué la notion de «synthèse d'ouverture» qui n'avait pas besoin d'autant de puissance qu'un radar à ouverture normale et qui avait mystérieusement une résolution au sol indépendante de la portée).
		Après que l'ESA ait obtenu des privilèges relatifs à la réception des données de SEASAT, la NASA est revenue sur sa décision et a permis que le Canada et l'ASE reçoivent les données.
		SEASAT a été lancé en août 1978, mais en raison d'un important court-circuit dans l'un des contacts entre les générateurs solaires tournants et le système électrique, le satellite a subi une défaillance majeure le 10 octobre 1978, après avoir bien fonctionné en orbite pendant 105 jours.
	www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca /org/history/history20_f.php (760 words)

	Seasat SAR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-31)
		Seasat is a NASA/JPL Earth observation mission (operated by NASA/GSFC) carrying the first spaceborne SAR system for science applications.
		The Seasat SAR image CCT is based on a Johnson Space Center CCT format and has been applied for the SAR case (see [6]).
		This GSAR CCT format differs from that of the MDA Seasat processor and is based on the so-called Standard Family of CCT Formats (see [13]).
	eoweb.dlr.de:8080 /short_guide/D-Seasat-SAR.html (1319 words)

	Seasat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-31)
		Although only approximately 42 hours of real time data was received, the mission demonstrated the feasiblity of using microwave sensors to monitor ocean conditions, and laid the groundwork for future SAR missions.
		SASS (Seasat-A Satellite Scatterometer) - L-band (1.275 Ghz), wind speed accuracies of +/- 2 m/s and 20° (direction).
		SMMR (Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer) - The experiment was passive, and operated at 6.6, 18, 37, 10.7 and 21 Ghz (600 km swath width).
	www.skyrocket.de /space/doc_sdat/seasat.htm (252 words)

	[No title]
		The impact of Seasat-A scatterometer data on the numerical prediction of the Queen Elizabeth II storm,
		The impact of Seasat-A scatterometer data on the numerical prediction of the Queen Elizabeth II storm Duffy, D.G.; Atlas, R.,
		Intercomparison of the SEASAT, SASS, SMMR and altimeter derived winds Fernandez, D.M.; Vesecky, J.F.; Napolitano, D.J.; Khuriyakub, B.T.; Mann, J.A.,
	www.coaps.fsu.edu /lib/db/scat_source1.dat (16769 words)

	Remote Sensing Tutorial Page 14-12
		Seasat was the first U.S. satellite that, as an original intention, had as its primary mission, monitoring oceanic surface phenomena, such as sea state (surface wave parameters, including wavelength, period, and height), surface wind fields, internal waves, currents and eddies, and sea ice characteristics.
		The microwave systems on Seasat were described on page 8-6; on that same page is the remarkable map of fractures systems in the global ocean floor.
		Radar images from Seasat over land surfaces proved so invaluable that the impression may be that we subordinated the marine applications.
	www.fas.org /irp/imint/docs/rst/Sect14/Sect14_12.html (1981 words)

	Coop Report 1, Dr. Brian F. Phelps
		On June 27, 1978, Seasat, an experimental geophysical remote-sensing satellite, was launched.
		Section 2, ``The Seasat Spacecraft'', presents a general description of Seasat's capabilities, including a simplified explanation of each on-board remote-sensing instrument.
		The Seasat transmissions are received by the Spaceflight Tracking Data Network (STDN) and relayed to the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC).
	www3.sympatico.ca /brianfp/topics/coop/1/html/report1.html (3724 words)

	Seasat Quicklook
		Seasat was the first satellite designed for remote sensing of the Earth's oceans with synthetic aperture radar (SAR).
		The experiment operated at Ku-band and had 10 cm vertical accuracy.
		Seasat-A Satellite Scatterometer (SASS) - used to measure wind speed and direction.
	leonardo.jpl.nasa.gov /msl/QuickLooks/seasatQL.html (441 words)

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