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Topic: Secession of Quebec

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	Reference re Secession of Quebec
		Accordingly, the secession of Quebec from Canada cannot be accomplished by the National Assembly, the legislature or government of Quebec unilaterally, that is to say, without principled negotiations, and be considered a lawful act.
		Quebec could not, despite a clear referendum result, purport to invoke a right of self-determination to dictate the terms of a proposed secession to the other parties to the federation.
		Quebec does not meet the threshold of a colonial people or an oppressed people, nor can it be suggested that Quebecers have been denied meaningful access to government to pursue their political, economic, cultural and social development.
	www.sfu.ca /~aheard/827/SCC-Que-Secession.html (979 words)

	Reference re Secession of Quebec - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Quebec cannot secede from Canada unilaterally; however, a clear vote to secede in a referendum should lead to negotiations between Quebec and the rest of Canada for secession.
		Reference re Secession of Quebec, [1998] 2 S.C.R. 217 was an opinion of the Supreme Court of Canada regarding the legality, under both Canadian and international law, of a unilateral secession of Quebec from Canada.
		Quebec was most satisfied when the court made it clear that the question of Quebec's political status was before all a political question and not a legal one.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reference_re_Secession_of_Quebec (1875 words)

	On Secession
		A unilateral secession is declared illegal and it is described as a secession that would be declared without previous negotiations between Quebec and the other provinces and the federal governement.
		Quebec could then be forced to declare its own independence without the consent of the federal governement and the provinces.
		Quebec could indeed conduct negotiations in good faith and in accordance with the underlying principles while the provinces and / or the federal government would not.
	pages.infinit.net /mseymour/frpage/fp_secession-panel.html (3217 words)

	Supreme Court of Canada - Decisions - Reference re Secession of Quebec
		In February and March 1865, the Quebec Resolutions were the subject of almost six weeks of sustained debate in both houses of the Canadian legislature.
		This is the case in Quebec, where the majority of the population is French-speaking, and which possesses a distinct culture.
		The social and demographic reality of Quebec explains the existence of the province of Quebec as a political unit and indeed, was one of the essential reasons for establishing a federal structure for the Canadian union in 1867.
	scc.lexum.umontreal.ca /en/1998/1998rcs2-217/1998rcs2-217.html (11171 words)

	cric.ca - Canada's Portal - Quick Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Quebec, Newfoundland and Manitoba (not the federal government) made references to their courts on the matter.
		The Quebec government has refused to be present as an intervener before the Supreme Court, saying that the question of Quebec sovereignty is a political issue, and has no place in the courts.
		Quebec was quick to dissociate itself from this initiative; the province's justice minister has said that he would not endorse the position presented by the amicus curiae.
	www.cric.ca /en_html/guide/supremecourt/supremecourt.html (2083 words)

	uni.ca - Ten Principles Governing Secession
		Secession of a province is legally possible under Canadian law, but it must be achieved through a constitutional amendment and supported by a consultative, province-wide referendum on a clear question conducted fairly and transparently.
		Where secession is permitted, provision is made for the involvement of both secessionist and host-state forces in the drafting of the referendum question and the supervision of the voting itself.
		Secession of all or part of the province can occur only if it is supported in a consultative, provincewide referendum on a clear question conducted according to a transparent and fair procedure.
	www.uni.ca /library/cdhowe3.html (1809 words)

	[No title]
		Realizing Quebec would pretty much be like some of the inner African nations, or like maybe Luxembourg: Sure, they have their attractions to offer, but their presence is really little more than a piece of land no one else wants that takes up space in the middle of everything....
		about 2/3 of quebec was granted to the province after it joined confederation and is inhabited by indians who have zero desire to be citizens of the republic of quebec.
		if quebec was to attempt to leave canada i wouldn't be surprised if the natives in the north petitioned to stay in canada which complicates them leaving no end as they bicker over the "sanctity" of the existing borders.
	www.strategypage.com /militaryforums/82-335.aspx (2504 words)

	Canada: Federal government to change rules on Quebec secession (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Since the 1995 Quebec referendum, in which the supporters of Quebec's secession fell just 50,000 votes short of a majority, Chretien has repeatedly said that a bare majority would be insufficient to trigger negotiations on secession.
		But while introducing new impediments to Quebec's secession, the Supreme Court went beyond the original terms of reference of the federal government and stipulated that the federal government and the other nine provinces have a “binding” constitutional obligation to negotiate secession if a “clear majority” of Quebecers answer yes to a “clear” question authorizing secession.
		Thus the court ruled that the obligation to negotiate secession only has constitutional force if a “clear majority” vote yes in answer to a “clear question,” but it refused to define either a clear majority or a clear question, saying that this should be decided by the politicians.
	www.wsws.org /articles/1999/dec1999/que-d04.shtml (1631 words)

	Secession (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Philosophical work on secession can be divided into three categories: (1) attempts to articulate the conditions under which a group has the moral right to secede; (2) examinations of the compatibility or incompatibility of secession with constitutionalism, (3) attempts to determine what position international law should take regarding secession.
		Consensual secession is secession that results either from a negotiated agreement between the state and the secessionists (as occurred when Norway seceded from Sweden in 1905) or through constitutional processes (as the Supreme Court of Canada recently envisioned for the secession of Quebec.
		Philosophical work on secession falls into three main categories: (1) attempts to develop an account of the moral right to secede (understood either as a claim-right or as a mere liberty), (2) investigations of the compatibility or incompatibility of secession with constitutionalism, and (3) attempts to determine what posture international law should adopt concerning secession.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/secession (5220 words)

	Anxiety Grows in Ottawa Over Quebec's Threat of Secession (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		If Quebec separates from Canada, the move would be most severely felt across the river in the predominantly French-speaking region known as the Outaouais, where nearly a third of the workers could lose their federal jobs.
		Ironically, Pigott and other officials said, the Quebec side of the river was deliberately developed in the 1970s to give Hull an equal share of the seat of government and transform Ottawa from a capital city to a capital region shared by the French and English cultures.
		Even if Quebec doesn't separate, there will have to be a rationalizing of the duplication of services, a downsizing," Pigott said, referring to the insistence of even staunch federalists that Canada's 1982 constitution be reformed to transfer many federal responsibilities to the country's 10 provinces.
	www-tech.mit.edu /V112/N11/quebec.11w.html (696 words)

	Quebec puts secession back on Agenda [Free Republic]
		With support for secession hovering around 40 percent, opinion polls show the majority of Quebecers are fed up with talk of splitting with Canada and want the provincial government to focus on bread-and-butter issues like health care and the economy.
		Quebec seeks the ability to control their economic and trade policies, perhaps situating themselves in the middle of a bidding war between the EU nations and the NAFTA bloc, likely with the intention of becoming a full partner in NAFTA, but on their own terms, not Canada's.
		Secession is governed by federal laws in Canada, and a referendum on secession in Quebec would have to be approved by the federal parliament and senate.
	www.freerepublic.com /forum/a3914ffe840bb.htm (2234 words)

	Self Determination & Secession - James Crawford, 1997
		"secession" is the process by which a particular group seeks to separate itself from the state to which it belongs, and to create a new state on part of the territory of that state.
		The key difference between secession and devolution is that the former is essentially a unilateral process, whereas the latter is bilateral and consensual.
		It is necessary to distinguish unilateral secession of part of a state and the outright dissolution of the predecessor state as a whole.
	www.tamilnation.org /selfdetermination/97crawford.htm (13046 words)

	Quebec - Secession would be legal if it worked
		In effect, the parts that mention Quebec would be deleted, and other parts, such as those dealing with the distribution of seats in Parliament, would be modified to reflect a smaller, reshaped Canada.
		So Quebec's secession would be endorsed by international law if other countries began to believe the Quebec government could govern all of Quebec's territory, all by itself.
		Until Quebec's future was settled, nobody in Canada could be sure of the value of their bank deposits, pensions, passports, stocks, or contracts.
	www.tamilnation.org /selfdetermination/countrystudies/quebec/quebec1.htm (1899 words)

	uni.ca - Canada Insurance Plan
		In fact, a refusal by Quebec to agree with the Canadian people living in Quebec on a division of the territory or on the issue of the provinceís boundaries would jeopardize the right of the Government of Quebec to pursue secession after a majority YES vote.
		In short, any refusal by the Quebec government to discuss and negotiate the issues of the territory and boundaries of the Province of Quebec with the Canadian People in Quebec after a clear referendum result would be considered a grave and serious denial of fundamental constitutional principles as established by the Supreme Court of Canada.
		It is evident and logical that secession would not give separatists and their followers the benefits and advantages attached to the sovereignty of the Canadian State, such as the passport, currency and citizenship, as they would have knowingly and voluntarily forfeited such benefits.
	www.uni.ca /library/cip.html (6549 words)

	Hungry for survival? - performing arts in secession-minded Quebec Performing Arts & Entertainment in Canada - Find ...
		In March this year Quebec premier Lucien Bouchard chose Montreal's premier English-language theatre, the Centaur, to address an audience of 400 hand-picked Anglos.
		Much of politics, like some of life, is drama: Bouchard knew staging such an address in such a location would be the right venue to confront 'anglo angst', and discuss differing perceptions of reality.
		Quebec has been the last province to attack mounting public deficits, but in March, Bouchard announced huge cuts in education, health, you name it.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1319/is_n2_v30/ai_18590145 (892 words)

	Public Administration in Canada 4th Edition
		You can read the full text of the Quebec Secession Reference to understand the reasons for these positions.
		In 1998 Quebec's Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs, Joseph Facal, published a document on Quebec Sovereignty and the Rule of Law in which he asserts that the Supreme Court recognized the separatists' claims.
		Quebec separation is not the only challenge to national unity in Canada, as there are groups dedicated to the independence of he Western provinces as well.
	polisci.nelson.com /017616653X/quebec.html (586 words)

	[No title]
		The Supreme Court ruled that the answer to this question is “No.” It said that no institution of the province of Quebec can, under the Constitution of Canada, unilaterally effect the secession of Quebec from Canada.
		It is the Constitution that establishes Quebec as a province of Canada.
		It is the Constitution that grants powers to and is the source of legal authority of the legislative and executive institutions of the Government of Quebec, to be exercised only within the limits prescribed by the Constitution.
	www.cbc.ca /newsinreview/oct98/quebec/three.htm (897 words)

	Compass Vol. 13 #4, Books: Gleanings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Robert A. Young, The Secession of Quebec and the Future of Canada.
		uch has been written on the secession of Quebec, on both sides and in both languages, and some of it is of high intellectual quality.
		Third, in Canada one party, Quebec, considers itself a nation, while ROC sees itself as a country that would be mutilated by secession.
	gvanv.com /compass/arch/v1304/gleaning.html (715 words)

	Secessionist movements of Canada - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Quebec Sovereignism seeks independence from Canada for the province of Quebec.
		Given the narrow federalist victory in 1995, a reference was made by the Chrétien government to the Supreme Court of Canada in 1996 regarding the legality of a unilateral secession of Quebec; this resulted in the passage of the Clarity Act in 2000.
		The Saguenay region is on both shores of the Saguenay river in Quebec.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Secessionist_movements_of_Canada (1242 words)

	Quebec Secession? - MTG Salvation Forums
		Quebec is a somewhat divided province where some folks (mostly the young) yearn for Quebec to be an independant state from Canada, mostly to ensure that the Quebec culture and language is protected from the constant English influence from the rest of the country.
		Quebec demands that everything in Canada must be presented in french as well as english.
		The answer, known as the Quebec Secession Reference Case, said that there was no way in either the constitution nor in international law that Quebec could legally seperate.
	forums.mtgsalvation.com /showthread.php?p=1603320 (2723 words)

	Cons (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		If Quebec were to seceed, many businesses would leave Quebec to avoid hurting themselves.
		* Quebec would not necessarially be included in trade agreements with the USA and the world community if it is not recognized by the world as a nation.
		Boarder disputes could arrise within Quebec itself, as some groups such as the abiorginals and the angolophones do not want to seceed from Canada.
	www.unc.edu /~jgehlbac/Cons.html (337 words)

	TABLE OF CONSTITUTIONAL TEXT CITATIONS USED IN THE REFERENCE RE THE SECESSION OF QUEBEC relying on the Statutes and ...
		in a referendum in the province of Quebec.
		It's an exercise in mesmerisation to convince the legal community and the general public that a vote in a referendum is a democratic section 3 vote under the Constitution.
		The Reference re the Secession of Quebec is judicial fraud, quackery and treason.
	bilderberggroup.tripod.com /RefSecTextTable.htm (4415 words)

	E Law: Why Québec Secession Matters - Notes
		[8] Québec Secession, para 87 (such a majority, like the question that produced it, should be "free of ambiguity").
		For how Québec might be seen to have "won" Québec Secession, see James A Thomson, "Getting Out: Secession and Constituional Law" (1999), E Law (this issue).
		[32] Québec Secession, para 26 (bracketed material added, but emphasis, as indicated at the end of the quotation, is from Québec Secession)..
	www.murdoch.edu.au /elaw/issues/v6n1/simmonds61_notes.html (1079 words)

	The Cree, the Inuit, and Quebec Secession
		Tragically their desire to separate and to establish French language and culture as supreme within the province of Quebec, without granting a similar right of separation to indigenous Canadians, is a continuation of the old tradition of Eurocentric colonialism, whether of the old French or the Anglo varieties.
		The Inuit and Cree peoples living within the current boundaries of Quebec are making it very clear that they do not wish to be part of a separate Quebec and that they will choose to remain in Canada.
		The boundaries of Quebec are the end result of a process of colonialism and are quite arbitrary.
	arcticcircle.uconn.edu /HistoryCulture/Cree/forbes.html (957 words)

	Backgrounder QUEBEC SECESSION REFERENCE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The government of Canada believes that there is no legal basis for the government of Quebec's continued assertion that it can unilaterally declare the independence of Quebec.
		On February 26, 1997, the Court also granted leave to intervene to Makivik Corporation, representing the Quebec Inuit and to the Chiefs of Ontario.
		Filing of the Attorney General of Canada's Factum: The Attorney General's factum (the written statement of facts and legal argument) on the Reference was filed with the Court on February 28, 1997.
	canada.justice.gc.ca /en/news/nr/1998/rpybk.html (849 words)

	[No title]
		The Supreme Court ruled that the answer to each part of this question is “No.” International law does not give the National Assembly, legislature or Government of Quebec the right to effect the secession of Quebec from Canada unilaterally.
		• The Court ruled that Quebec does not meet the threshold of a colonial people or an oppressed people, nor could it be suggested that Quebecers have been denied meaningful access to government to pursue their political, economic, cultural, and social development.
		Since the right to unilateral secession does not exist, and since negotiations would have to take place, “aboriginal interests would have to be taken into account.”
	www.cbc.ca /newsinreview/oct98/quebec/second.htm (226 words)

	Reference to the Supreme Court of Canada on Quebec Secession (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Reference to the Supreme Court of Canada on Quebec Secession
		Supreme Court Decision: Reference re Secession of Quebec (August 20, 1998)
		Declaration by the honourable Anne McLellan and the honourable Stéphane Dion on the Supreme Court decision (August 21, 1998)
	canada.justice.gc.ca /en/ps/const/ref.html (151 words)

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