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	European influence in Afghanistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The debacle of the Afghan civil war left a vacuum in the Hindu Kush area that concerned the British, who were well aware of the many times in history it had been employed as the invasion route to India.
		The Afghan ruler was worried about the southward encroachment of Russia, which by 1873 had taken over the lands of the khan, or ruler, of Khiva.
		The second section of Afghan border demarcated during Abdur Rahman's reign was in the Wakhan Corridor.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War (4025 words)

	Probert Encyclopaedia: Wars (A-D) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Wars (A-D) The Achinese War was a war between Dutch colonial forces and the Muslim kingdom of Achin in northern Sumatra, lasting from 1873 to 1904.
		The Cold War was the name given to the stand-off between the Soviet Union and her allies (The Warsaw Pact) and the USA and her allies ( NATO) following the end of the Second World War.
		The Crimean War was conducted between Russia on one side and Turkey, Britain, France and Sardinia on the other and was occasioned by a conflict over the supposed right of a Tsar to protect all Christians in the Sultan's dominions.
	www.probertencyclopaedia.com /FW.HTM (1352 words)

	Afghanistan Britain War 1919
		Sensing post-World War I British fatigue, the frailty of British positions along the Afghan border, unrest in British India, and confidence in the consolidation of his power at home, Amanullah, the new ruler of Afghanistan, suddenly attacked the British in May 1919 in two thrusts.
		Afghan forces achieved some success in the early days of the war as Pashtun tribesmen from both sides of the border joined forces with them.
		Before signing the final document with the British, the Afghans concluded a treaty of friendship with the new Bolshevik regime in the Soviet Union; Afghanistan thereby became one of the first nations to recognize the Soviet government, and a "special relationship" evolved between the two governments.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/alpha/afguk1919.htm (257 words)

	The Soviet-Afghan War
		On 14 April the Afghan government requested that the USSR send 15 to 20 helicopters with their crews to Afghanistan, and on 16 June the Soviet government responded and sent a detachment of tanks, BMPs, and crews to guard the government of Afghanistan in Kabul and to secure the Bagram and Shindand airfields.
		Thus, the war required a lot of men and materiel, not only to initially enter the war in Afghanistan, but also to support the essential changes that came with the revision of the theory and practice of preparing the commanders, staffs, and forces for this kind of war.
		During the third phase of the war, the brunt of the fighting was transferred to the Afghan forces.
	www.kansaspress.ku.edu /grasovintroduction.html (6006 words)

	War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity
		The author notes that whenever British troops fell into Afghan hands, "their bodies were dreadfully mutilated and dishonoured by those fiends in human form".
		Afghans are a "villainous" lot at one point in the text, "rascals" at another and, of course, "fiends in human form".
		The notion that Afghans do not want foreigners invading and occupying their country does not exist in the story.
	www.christusrex.org /www1/news/ipc-5-8-04.html (1140 words)

	Afghanistan in the Victorian Age
		Now for a brief overview of Afghan history during the Victorian Age from the British viewpoint, and then I’ll focus a bit more on what were, of course, the highlights of the century to the British: the Afghan Wars.
		The Afghan’s Jezails (their long, matchlock muskets, crooked between the gun’s long barrel and its slender butt) easily outdistanced the Brown Bess muskets of the British troops, giving the native fighters the range advantage over their foes in addition to their advantage in knowing so intimately the harsh, rugged terrain of the country.
		Afghan troops repeatedly attacked the British en route, their sharpshooters picking the hapless Brits off as they retreated under fire, and most of the foreigners, both soldiers and civilians, were either killed or captured by the merciless tribesmen.
	surrey-shore.freeservers.com /VicAfghan.htm (4788 words)

	Second World War Books: History Page
		Although Afghanistan did not play an active role in the war, its position ensured that the kingdom and its people were not entirely untouched by the global conflict.
		As a consequence, by 1936, as well as hosting the Afghan hockey team and officials as special guests at the Olympics, Germany was beginning to increase commercial transactions and weapons deliveries in Afghanistan.
		In one scheme, to circumvent Turkish prohibitions on rail shipments of war material across its territory to Iraq, armaments for that country were to be shipped by rail from Germany to Baghdad as freight ostensibly consigned for Afghanistan.
	www.sonic.net /~bstone/history/afghanistan.shtml (2227 words)

	TAP: Vol 13, Iss. 5. Second Thoughts. Robert Kuttner. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Only history can judge whether the Afghan war was a bold stroke or a blunder, depending on the secondary effects.
		Even during the Cold War, something genuinely close to a permanent security crisis, there were lively arguments about everything from nuclear strategy to a broad range of economic and social questions.
		The brief Afghan war is an accomplished fact, but everything about its aftermath is subject to debate.
	www.prospect.org /print/V13/5/kuttner-r.html (767 words)

	A Brief Background on Afghanistan-A View From a Grain of Sand
		The US saw the potential of a vast unified force, with the authority of religion and God behind them: this was the only force big and vital enough to defeat the Soviets.
		They branded the war “a holy war”;, recruiting young muslim men, mostly uneducated and unemployed, from around the world in the name of Islam to fight the ‘communist infidels”.
		There were thousands of Afghans who genuinely fought, without being paid, to liberate their country, and who were not aligned with any of the fundamentalist groups.
	www.viewgrainofsand.com /afghanhistorypage.htm (3753 words)

	The History Guy: The Afghan Civil War (1978-Present)
		By 1988, the dragging war and internal changes in Soviet politics prompted Moscow to agree to the 1988 Geneva Accords, which led to the withdrawal of the Soviet army in February of 1989.
		At this point, the war entered its second phase, in which the rebel groups, who never truly formed a cohesive or united front against the Communists, continued the war against the Marxist government in Kabul.
		The fifth and current phase of the civil war opened on October 7, 2001 with the beginning of punishing aerial bombardments, missile attacks and special forces commando missions against the Taliban and bin Laden's forces by the United States and the United Kingdom (the Allies).
	www.historyguy.com /afghan_civil_war.html (2423 words)

	The Last Toryboy
		The Afghan leader, Dost Mohammed, was easily deposed (his son, also called Dost Mohammed, took over at the end of the war), but the British expeditionary force was forced to retreat in the face of Afghan resistance, and while retreating they were massacred on the way back to India.
		Things then went sour, with the British garrison at Kabul being massacred, and in a replay of the first Afghan war a British retaliatory punitive expedition (the Battle of Maiwand) was a victorious slaughter for the British.
		That was the war aim of the United States recent intervention in Afghanistan, and it was accomplished, fairly easily.
	eubanana.blogspot.com /2003_12_01_eubanana_archive.html (1949 words)

	Afghanistan Country Study
		The Afghan ruler was worried about the southern movement of Russia, which in 1873 had taken over the lands of the khan (ruler) of Khiva.
		The Afghan response was viewed by the British as unsatisfactory, and on November 21, 1978, British troops entered Afghanistan at three points.
		An Afghan uprising against the British was, unlike that of the First Anglo-Afghan War, foiled in October 1879.
	www.gl.iit.edu /govdocs/afghanistan/TheSecondAnglo-AfghanWar.html (1404 words)

	yourDictionary.com • Counterterrorism Glossaries
		In the First Afghan War, the British attempt to extend their empire to include Afghanistan.
		The Third British Afghan War was probably shortened by First World War.
		The Soviet war with several Muslim factions in Afghanistan.
	www.yourdictionary.com /library/chrono.html (367 words)

	Royal Armouries: Afghan Wars
		The Afghan Wars were part of the complicated intrigue of the 'Great Game'; a secret war between Britain and Russia waged in the passes, mountains and deserts of central Asia in the latter half of the 19th century.
		The Second Afghan War (1878-80) was another attempt by the British to insert a king favorable to their position against the Russians.
		However, in 1919 the Afghans attacked the British in the Third Afghan War.
	www.royalarmouries.org /extsite/view.jsp?sectionId=1027 (367 words)

	Afghanistan, Islamic Fascism
		The First Afghan War, however, was one of the legendary disasters in British Imperial history.
		The Second Afghan War was somewhat more successful, establishing at least a protectorate over the country.
		Meanwhile, a Holy War (Jihâd) was being conducted by Orthodox Muslims in Afghanistan, against the Soviet Union.
	www.friesian.com /afghan.htm (4816 words)

	History
		It was overrun by Persians in the late 1730s; by the Afghans, who held Sind and the Punjab during the latter half of the 18th cent.; and by the Sikhs, who rose to power in the Punjab under Ranjit Singh (1780&endash;1839).
		The British attempted to subdue the anarchic northwest during the First Afghan War (1839&endash;42) and succeeded in conquering Sind in 1843 and the Punjab in 1849.
		The turbulence of the region was intensified by the fierce forays of Baluchi and Pathan tribespeople from the mountainous hinterlands.
	www.axn-travel.com /himalaya/destinations/pakistan/info/history.shtml (2673 words)

	Third Afghan War, 1919
		Despite German and Turkish agitation, Afghanistan remained neutral during the war, thanks in large part to British subsidies (instituted as a settlement of the second Afghan war).
		With the end of the war these were eager to return to civilian life, and the Commander-in-Chief India had to intervene directly to forestall the threat of mutiny.
		An Afghan claim in 1947 for a Pathan state along the North West Frontier provoked tension with newly independent Pakistan, but was peacefully resolved.
	www.regiments.org /wars/20thcent/19afghan.htm (846 words)

	Afghan Wars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		One column seized Kandahar, a second occupied the Khyber Pass, while the third, under Major-General Sir Frederick Roberts advanced along the Kurram Valley towards Kabul only to find his way blocked at Peiwar Kotal by an Afghan force of 18,000 men and 11 guns.
		The main Afghan attack took place in the Tochi-Kurram valley area where the Waziristan Militia deserted to the enemy.
		In Baluchistan the British stormed the Afghan fortress of Spin Baldak on 27 May. Spin Baldak guarded the road to Kandahar and its capture reduced the chance of an Afghan invasion by that route.
	www.national-army-museum.ac.uk /pages/afghan.html (963 words)

	King
		The Second Afghan War, saw the Derajat Mountain Battery at Roberts' side throughout the war; from the heights of Peiwar Kotal and Charasia to the defense of Kabul and then on to that most famous march south to Kandahar.
		After the war, the Battery saw service during the Third Afghan War of 1919, the Mohmand Campaigns of 1933 and 1935 and operations in Waziristan against the Fakir of Ipi from 1936 on..
		Between the wars, the Battery saw service in the Third Afghan War of 1919, the Red Shirt and Afridi Disturbances of 1930-31, the Mohmand Campaign of 1933, and operations against the Fakir of Ipi in Waziristan in the late 1930's.
	www.king-emperor.com /article1.htm (1784 words)

	2003 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		February 15 - Global protests against war on Iraq - more than ten million people protest in over 600 cities worldwide, the largest war protest to take place before the war occurred.
		War on Terrorism : Authorities in Pakistan capture Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, the suspected mastermind of the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks along with money man Mustafa Ahmed al-Hawsawi.
		November 12 - Occupation of Iraq : In Nasiriya, Iraq, at least 23 people, among them the first Italian casualties of the 2003 Iraq war are killed in a suicide bomb attack on an Italian police base.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/As_of_2003 (2759 words)

	Sgt David MacAdie:2nd Afghan War 1878-80:The Research by David Bews:Highland Archives
		This fighting continued for three days before the Afghans retired and this was only because when the main Kotal position was captured so was most of the Afghan ammunition, food and all their guns, as the little battles went on the Afghan ammunition and food began to run out and were forced to withdraw.
		The Afghans started to attack the Sherpore on the 14th Dec and by the 16th the Sherpore was surrounded and with the snow now blocking all the passes to and from India, no more reinforcement would be arriving, the future did not look good.
		All through the night the Afghan waves attacked and with the use of star shells fired by the cannons, the soldiers continued to fire on the flickering red and white shadows dancing of their appearances, which made the battlefield look as if the Devil had open the gates of hell and let his followers out.
	www.internet-promotions.co.uk /archives/caithness/sgtmcadie.htm (4590 words)

	Anglo-Afghan Wars
		wars were fought as a result of Afghan refusal to accept British interference in their...
		Wars and the Anglo-American War of 1812 and that little one I can't remember the name...
		Wars and the North-West Frontier 1839 - 1947'.
	www.historyfizz.co.uk /k.php?qkw=Anglo-Afghan+Wars&type=s (442 words)

	1919 - THE THIRD AFGHAN WAR: AN INTRODUCTION
		Strategically, the Afghans and their Pathan allies took the offensive at the outset on each front except in Southern Baluchistan, where a pre-emptive British strike into Afghanistan forestalled any planned or potential Afghan incursions into India.
		The Afghan army, on paper, posed a significant threat to the thinly spread Northwest Frontier Force in 1919.
		Although the manpower of the Indian army reached 750,000 during the Afghan war, only a fraction of this was on, or reached, the frontier.
	www.magweb.com /sample/smwa/safgh.htm (1483 words)

	secondafghan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		The Second Afghan War stemmed from the British fear of Russian invasion of their Indian territories via Afghanistan.
		Although at one point it looked as if the initial rush of the Afghans would overwhelm the British force, the 3rd Ghurka Rifles and 2nd Sikhs formed square and stood fast until the rest of the line steadied and the Afghans were repulsed.
		Elements of the old Afghan Regular Army and Ghazi religeous fanatics flocked to his cause and, at Maiwand in July 1880, he defeated a British brigade: forcing it to retreat to Kandahar.
	www.sirgarnet.com /second_afghan_war.html (576 words)

	The Second Anglo-Afghan War and the March to Kandahar - FAQ
		When the Amir, Sher Ali Khan, was not quick enough to accept British influence, with Russians in Kabul and a British envoy, General Sir Neville Chamberlain, refused entry to the country at the Khyber Pass, the British invaded.
		It had heroic aspects in that it was a rescue mission and the day after Roberts arrived, on September 1st, he defeated Ayub Khan and the Afghan army, effectively ending the conflict of the Second Afghan War.
		My interest in the march from Kabul to Kandahar, and the war in general, came about when a 3rd cousin kindly sent me the service record for my three-times great uncle who served in the 72nd Foot, and when I then discovered his brother was also on the march my interest accelerated.
	www.garenewing.co.uk /kandahar/faq.html (1699 words)

	army deserters in the second world war
		We have collected together, here, an incredible resource site devoted purely to army deserters in the second world war, here you will find quality resources, articles, links, news items, and masses and masses of information all about army deserters in the second world war
		War U.S. Civil War Photographs ( Army of Northern...
		After four days free in his second escape attempt he was caught...
	www.second-world-war.org /articles/army-deserters-in-the-second-world-war.html (187 words)

	The Second Anglo-Afghan War 1878-80 and the March from Kabul to Kandahar August 1880
		Army Surgeons in the Afghan War and on the March to Kandahar.
		It is also the home of the Kabul to Kandahar Database Project, a collection of names, family histories and stories concerning those who participated in General Sir F. Robert's march from Kabul to relieve the beseiged garrison at Kandahar in August 1880.
		To learn more about the war, the march to Kandahar and other aspects of the campaign, have a look at the FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) and the features as well as using the navigation links at the top and bottom of each page.
	www.angloafghanwar.info (304 words)

	Anglo-Afghan Wars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Three major Anglo-Afghan wars occurred in the span of only 70 years between Afghan tribes and the British-Indian territory.
		The British were never successful at making Afghanistan a colony but were able to won over the control of Afghan foreign affairs in each competition with Russian Czar empire.
		The Bala-e-Hisar fort at Kabul, photographed from the British Residency during the Second Anglo-Afghan War, which accomplished nothing except the defeat of the 'forward school' of British policy in India towards the Russian advance on Central Asia.
	www.afghan-network.net /Culture/anglo-afghan.html (206 words)

	WHKMLA : History of the Second Anglo-Afghan War, 1878-1880
		Afghanistan continued to be of strategic importance for Britain, the foreign policy of which at that time has to be seen in the context of Anglo-Russian rivalry.
		A small Russian mission was present in Kabul; the British demanded Emir SHER ALI to admit a British mission (force), which he stubbornly refused.
		In August the British left Kabul and marched on Kandahar; the city was taken on Sept. 1st, in the final action of the war.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/military/19cen/afghanwar2.html (431 words)

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