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Topic: Second Battle of Kosovo

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	Battle of Kosovo (1448) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Second Battle of Kosovo (Hungarian: második rigómezei csata) (October 17–October 20, 1448) was fought at Kosovo Polje between a Hungarian-led Catholic coalition under John Hunyadi against an Ottoman-led coalition under Sultan Murad II.
		The two-day battle in Kosovo saw both sides taking heavy casualties and left the Ottoman force in command of the field at the end of second day.
		This battle demonstrated that the Hungarian army with a big heavy cavalry attack was not able to defeat a regular Turkish army, repeated also in the battle of Mohacs.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo_(1448) (587 words)

	Kosovo Battle
		The Battle at Kosovo Polje is one of the focal points of their memories, and as such played a vital role in the Serbian culture.
		"The battle of Kosovo, one of the most decisive moments in the century-long struggle of the Serbs against the Turks, quickly became the subject of legend." The poets, bards or minstrels of Serbia were touched to their poetic souls, and wrote the legend of Kosovo.
		On Vidovdan, June 15th (by the old calendar) a solemn requiem to the Kosovo warriors was held in Krusevac, the ancient capital of Prince Lazar, and the foundation of the monument dedicated to the Kosovo martyrs was laid.
	www.kosovo.net /kosbitka.html (6170 words)

	Carl K. Savich - The Kosovo Crisis: Origins and History
		Are the roots to the conflict in Kosovo found in the historical development and evolution of the region, in "ancient ethnic hatreds", in the occupation of the region by foreign powers, in the demographic changes which resulted from war and occupation, the migrations and immigration, or in recent political policies.
		By 1455, all of Kosovo fell to the Ottoman Turks.
		5% of the population of Kosovo, 1, 226, 736.
	www.snd-us.com /history/savich_kosovo-origins.htm (13446 words)

	History of Kosovo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Second Battle of Kosovo was fought over the course of a two-day period in October 1448, between a Hungarian force lead by John Hunyadi and an Ottoman army lead by Murad II.
		In 1989, the autonomy of Kosovo and the northern province of Vojvodina was drastically reduced by a Serbia-wide referendum.
		Kosovo's Albanians refused to participate in the referendum, portraying it as illegitimate: as it was a Serbia-wide referendum and Albanians are a minority in Serbia as a whole, their participation would not have changed the outcome of the referendum whichever way they voted.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Kosovo (4537 words)

	Kosovo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		On an island was Svrčin, and on the coast Štimlji, and in the mountains was the Castle of Nerodimlje.
		The 1918-1929 period of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians witnessed a raise of the Serbian population in the region and a decline in the non-Serbian.
		Kosovo is one of the poorest economies in Europe, with a per capita income estimated at 964 Euro (2004).
	www.higiena-system.com /wiki/link-Kosovo (6048 words)

	CNN.com - Presidential battle in Kosovo - November 19, 2001
		The battle for president -- the troubled province's first since being stripped of autonomy in 1990 -- is being fought between Kosovo's two main ethnic Albanian political parties.
		They are the Democratic Party of Kosovo (PDK), headed by the former leader of the Kosovo Liberation Army (UCK) Hasim Thaci; and the Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK), led by veteran activist and historian Ibrahim Rugova.
		In the battle for seats in the parliament the campaign has been almost a rerun of local elections in November 2000, when all ethnic Albanian parties focused on independence rather than local issues.
	archives.cnn.com /2001/WORLD/europe/11/16/kosovo.poll/index.html (624 words)

	Battle of Kosovo by Seth Ward (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The second Battle of Kosovo, in 1448, involved individuals still celebrated as national heroes in Hungary and even Albania, and was the last stepping stone on the way to Ottoman conquest of Constantinople and its domination of southeastern Europe until the twentieth century.
		The legend of Kosovo The strategic importance of the fall of Kosovo in 1389 may be debated; and the second battle is often entirely overlooked.
		But the importance of Kosovo in the national narrative of the Serbs and of most of the neighboring peoples is not based on merely on its actual historical significance, and cannot be underestimated.
	www.du.edu /~sward/kosovo.html (3836 words)

	BattleKosovo
		This battle, also known as the second battle of the Maritza, is known in the Turkish chronicles as "Sirf sindigi" (the destruction of the Serbs).
		A second battle of Kosovo was fought in 1448.
		The final and conclusive battle was not fought until 1439 for the fortress at Smederevo on the Danube, Nonetheless, it is Kosovo which has lived in the Serbian tradition as the moment of annihilation and enslavement.
	www.warchronicle.com /serbia/Battle_of_Kosovo.htm (663 words)

	Kosovo, US Congress, 5-1990
		Kosovo is where -- 600 years ago -- the Serbs, although outnumbered, fought a valiant battle against the Islamic invaders of Christian Europe.
		And it was because of this veneration through the centuries that Kosovo has become as sacred to the Serbians as Mecca is to the Moslems, the Vatican is to the Roman Catholics, Jerusalem is to the Jews, and Canterbury is the the Anglican Church.
		The 1398 battle of Kosovo is the most important date in all Serbian history, not because of the result of the battle itself, but because it began the greatest trial of the Serbian people and difficulty from which they emerged with their religion, language, culture and Western values intact.
	www.srpska-mreza.com /Kosovo/events-1998/Kosovo-US-Congress-5-90.html (3685 words)

	A Short History of Kosovo
		However in 1389, in the famous Battle of Kosovo Polje, the Serbs and their allies were defeated by the Ottoman Turks and shortly Kosovo became part of the Ottoman Empire.
		As a result, the region of Kosovo became underpopulated and, attracted by available fertile land, was resettled by Albanians moving eastward from the hills of Albania.
		Kosovo was at the time, and indeed still is an integral part of the territory of Serbia within the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
	lamar.colostate.edu /~grjan/kosovohistory.html (8614 words)

	Sultan Murad the Second
		Sultan Amurath the Second was a tall, pale, goodlooking man. He was very fluent and literate and is perhaps best known as the father of Mahomed or Mehmed the Conqueror.
		The Crusaders were defeated at the Battle of Derbendi and the Segadin Agreement concluded with them in 1444.
		In 1448 he defeated the Hungarians at the second Battle of Kosovo (October 17), and in 1451 all prisoners of war were set free
	www.naqshbandi.org /ottomans/khalifa/s6_detail.htm (734 words)

	The UnderLine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Kosovo, for those not up on the region's history, was started by the Slavs in the seventh century.
		After the Second Battle of Kosovo in 1448, things were pretty peaceful until 1913.
		Seems the Serbs (all forty thousand of them) in Macedonia – a neighbor of Kosovo – are protesting NATO's actions against Serbia.
	home.att.net /~frankfab/underline/under07.html (574 words)

	The Battle of Kosovo (Serbian Epic Poems)
		The Battle of Kosovo cycle of heroic ballads is generally considered the finest work of Serbian folk poetry.
		With the appearance of the collections of Serbian folk poems by Vuk Stefanovic Karadzic, the brilliance of the poetry in the Kosovo and related cycles of ballads was affirmed by poets and critics as deeply influential as Goethe, Jacob Grimm, Adam Mickiewicz and Alexander Pushkin.
		The Kosovo battle resulted in heavy losses on both sides, but seems to have been devastating for the Serbs in that most of their leaders and nobility were killed or driven into exile.
	members.tripod.com /Balkania/resources/history/battle_of_kosovo.html (11858 words)

	Medal of Emperor John VIII Palaeologus (obverse) by PISANELLO
		Western efforts against the Turks failed, and the union stirred dissension among the Byzantines, who refused to submit their church to the papacy.
		John's spirit was broken, and intrigues over the succession, coupled with news of the Turkish victory over the Hungarians in the Second Battle of Kosovo in October 1448, hastened his death.
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	gallery.euroweb.hu /html/p/pisanell/medals/palaigol.html (256 words)

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